CPH 309 Exam 1 Study Guide – Flashcards
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epidemic
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the occurrence in a community or region of cases of an illness, specific health-related behavior, or other health-related events clearly in excess of normal expectancy
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pandemic
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an epidemic occurring worldwide, or over a very wide area, crossing international boundaries, and usually affecting a large number of people
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epidemiology
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concerned with the distribution and determinants of health and diseases, morbidity, injuries, disability, and mortality in populations
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population
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all the inhabitants of a given country or area considered together
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distribution
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implies that the occurrence of diseases and other health outcomes varies in populations, with some subgroups of the populations more frequently affected than others
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determinant
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any factor that brings about change in a health condition or other defined characteristic
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exposures
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pertain either to contact with a disease-causing factor or to the amount of the factor that impinges upon a group or individuals
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outcomes
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all the possible results that may stem from exposure to a causal factor
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morbidity
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illness due to a specific disease or health condition
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mortality
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causes of death
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quantification
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counting of cases of illness or other health outcomes; means the use of statistical measures to describe the occurrences of health outcomes as well as to measure their association with exposures
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natural history of disease
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the course of disease from its beginning to its final clinical endpoints
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prepathogenesis
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before a disease agent has interacted with a host
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pathogenesis
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after the agent has interacted with a host
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primary prevention
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the prevention of disease before it occurs embodies general health promotion and specific prevention against diseases
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secondary prevention
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during the early stages of pathogenesis and includes activities that limit the progression of disease
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tertiary prevention
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directed toward the later stages of pathogenesis and includes programs for restoring the patient's optimal funtioning
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interdisciplinary science
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uses information from many fields
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observational science
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capitalizes upon naturally occurring situations in order to study the occurrence of disease
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descriptive epidemiology
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studies that are concerned with characterizing the amount and distribution of health and disease within a population
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analytic epidemiology
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examines causal hypotheses regarding the association between exposures and health conditions
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Hippocrates
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suggested that environmental factors such as water and air quality were the causes of disease
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the Black Death
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killed 1/3 of the population of Europe caused by Yersinia Pestis
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Paracelsus
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founders of toxicology contributions involve dose response relationship and the idea of a target organ for chemicals
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John Graunt
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recorded descriptive characteristics of death and birth data said to be the first to employ quantitative methods to describe the population vital statistics
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Ramazzini
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founder of the field of occupational medicine created elaborate descriptions of occupational diseases
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Sir Percival Pott
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first individual to describe an environmental cause of conacer
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Edward Jenner
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discovered the smallpox vaccine
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John Snow
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Cholera outbreak in London discovered the source of the outbreak
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miasmatic theory of disease
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disease was transmitted by a miasm, or cloud, that clung low on the surface of the earth
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William Farr
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developed a more sophisticated system for codifying medical conditions explored the link between mortality and population density
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Robert Koch
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developed Koch's postulates
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Koch's Postulates
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1. the organism must be observed in every case of the disease 2. it must be isolated and grown in pure culture 3. the pure culture must, when inoculated into a susceptible animal, reproduce the disease 4. the organism must be observed in, and recovered from, the experimental animal
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Pandemic Influenza
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Spanish Flu killed 1/3 of the world's population
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discovery of penicillin
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Alexander Fleming
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epidemiologic transition
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a shift in the patterns of morbidity and mortality from causes related primarily to infectious and communicable diseases to causes associated with chronic, degenerative diseases
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demographic transition
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a shift from high birth rates and death rates found in agrarian societies to much lower birth and death rates in developed countries
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operations research
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a type of study of the placement of health services in a community and the optimum utilization of such services
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disease management
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refers to a method of reducing healthcare costs by providing integrated care for chronic conditions
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risk
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the probability that an event will occur
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risk factor
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an exposure that is associated with a disease, morbidity, mortality, or adverse health outcome
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risk assessment
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quantitative measurements of risks to health
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ethics
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norms for conduct that distinguish between acceptable and unacceptable behavior
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norms for conduct
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promote the aims of research promote the values that are essential to collaborative work accountable to the public help build public support promote important moral and social values
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external validity
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generalizability of the findings to the population from which the data have been taken
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vital events
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deaths, births, marriages, divorces, fetal deaths
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public health surveillance
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systematic and continuous gathering of information about the occurrence of diseases and other health phenomena
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syndromic surveillance
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using health related data that precede diagnosis and signal a sufficient probability of a case or an outbreak to warrant further public health response
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registry
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a centralized database for collection of information about a disease
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bar chart
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shows the frequency of cases for categories of a categorical variable such as the yes/no variable
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histograms
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shows the frequency for cases of continuous variables
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continuous variable
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a variable that could have an infinite number of values along a continuum
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pie chart
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shows proportion of cases according to several categories
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ratio
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the value obtained by dividing one quantity by another
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proportion
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type of ratio in which the numerator is part of the denominator
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rate
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the denominator involves a measure of time
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count
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the number of cases of a disease or the health phenomenon being studied
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incidence
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occurrence of new diseases or mortality within a defined period of observation
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population at risk
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those members of the population who are capable of developing the disease or condition being studied
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incidence rate
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new cases/total population * multiplier
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prevalence
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the number of existing cases of a disease or health condition, or deaths in a population at some designated time
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point prevalence
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refers to all cases of a disease, health condition, or deaths that exist at a particular point in time relative to a specific population from which the cases are derived
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period prevalence
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refers to all cases of a disease within a period of prevalence
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lifetime prevalence
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denotes cases diagnosed at any time during the person's lifetime
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prevalence
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number of persons ill/population
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crude rate
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a type of rate that has not been modified to take account of any of the factors such as the demographic makeup of the population that may affect the observed rate
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reference population
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the population from which cases of a disease have been taken
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case fatality rate
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number of deaths due to X/cases of X*100
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proportional mortality ratio
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mortality due to a specific cause during a period of time/mortality due to all causes during the same time period *100
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cause specific rate
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mortality/population size at midpoint of a time period *multiplier
