Corrections Chapter 1 – Flashcards
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_____is simply the study of punishment.
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penology
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The _____is a theory of corrections that offenders were sick and needed to be diagnosed and treated.
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Medical model
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The Walnut Street jail had the reformation of the offender as its primary objective. T/F
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True
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Most offenders are sentenced to probation and supervised in the community by probation or parole officers. T/F
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True
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The ____Era, from 1910 to 1935, emphasized inmate manufacture of products that could help to make the prisons self-sustaining.
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Industrial Prison
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From 1991 to 2000, crime decreased significantly. T/F
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True
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The avoidance of judicial intervention in the operation of prisons and the judgement of correctional administrators is the ______.
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hands-off doctrine
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The correctional system handles an extremely large percentage of criminals. T/F
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False
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Public attitudes have consistently supported rehabilitation criminal offenders. T/F
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True
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What happens to the number of clients processed and managed by the criminal justice system each year? A. it decreases B. it remains the same C. it varies widely D. it increases
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D. it increases
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This system was known as the "congregate and silent" system. A. Pennsylvania system B. Auburn system C. Irish system D. fee system
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B. Auburn system
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This Italian physician concluded that criminals had traits that made them throwbacks to earlier stages of evolution. A. Cesare Beccaria B. Voltaire C. Cesare Lombroso D. Lenardo da Vinci
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C. Cesare Lombroso
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The United States has a single, nationwide system of corrections. T/F
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False
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_____is the correctional goal emphasizing the infliction of pain or suffering.
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Punishment
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Recently, the principle of restoration of the damage resulting from crime has increased in importance. T/F
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True
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This correctional era advocated an environment that emphasized reformation, education, and vocational programs, and focused offenders' attention on the future. A. Reformatory Era B. Rehabilitative Era C. Industrial Prison Era D. Retributive Era
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A. Reformatory Era
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Which of the following was a problem with the Pennsylvania system? A. It made inmates mentally ill. B. It was expensive. C. It had low productivity. D. All of these.
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D. All of these
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The three major components of the criminal justice system are ____, ______, and ______.
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police, courts, corrections
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The Retributive Era is a return to the Positive School of criminality, in which offenders have free choice to commit their crimes. T/F
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False
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This theorist suggested that criminal laws should be organized so that the punishment for any act would outweigh the pleasure that would be derived from the act. A. Cesare Beccaria B. Cesare Lombroso C. Gabriel Tarde D. Jeremy Bentham
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D. Jeremy Bentham
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There is a large numerical difference between the number of crimes reported and the number of offenders convicted and facing any specific correctional sanction. T/F
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True
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The effect of punishment on an individual offender that prevents that person from committing future crimes is _____.
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specific deterrence
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General deterrence presumes that others in society will not commit crimes because they see that there is a punishment for such acts and that individuals receive the prescribed punishments. T/F
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True
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The three governmental levels of correctional systems are _____, ______, and _______.
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federal, state, local
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What was the first prison designed to house sentenced offenders in the United States? A. Cherry Hill B. Walnut Street Jail C. Eastern State Penitentiary D. Sing Sing
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B. Walnut Street Jail
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What theory links crime causation to punishment, based on offenders' free will and hedonism? A. the Classical School B. the Positive School C. the hedonistic calculus D. none of these
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A. the Classical school
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England used _____in the 17th and 18th centuries to remove criminals from society by sending them to its colonies.
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transportation
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The original features of the Pennsylvania system included all but which of the following? A. separation B. silence C. working with other inmates D. reformation of inmates
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C. working with other inmates
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The existence of physical features common in the early stages of human evolution is called ______.
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atavism
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The number of offenders on probation, in prison, and parole has decreased significantly. T/F
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False
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This sheriff of Bedfordshire, England, encouraged reform of English jails in the late 1700's. A. William Penn B. John Howard C. Stuart Mill D. Immanuel Kant
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B. John Howard
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How do correctional agencies achieve the short-term protection of society? A. by detaining inmates in jail or incarcerating them in prison. B. by rehabilitating offenders C. by granting bail D. all of these
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A. by detaining inmates in jail or incarcerating them in prison
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The stages of this system were solitary confinement, special prison, open institutions, and ticket of leave. A. Pennsylvania system B. Irish system C. Auburn system D. none of these
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B. Irish system
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Enforced idleness, lack of professional programs, and excessive size and overcrowding of prisons is characteristic of the period of ______.
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transition
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Which school recognized that there was much ground between total free will and determinism? A. Chicago School B. Neoclassical School C. Criminological Theory School D. Enlightenment School
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B. Neoclassical School
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______ is defined as the range of community and institutional sanctions, treatment programs, and services for managing criminal offenders.
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Corrections
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Prisons were developed in colonial times as a punishment for crime. T/F
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False
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This 18th-century theorists is recognized as the founder of the Classical School of criminology. A. Jeremy Bentham B. Voltaire C. Cesare Beccaria D. Cesare Lombroso
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C. Cesare Beccaria
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During the 1950's, the rehabilitation of offenders replaced punishment as the penal system's primary objective. T/F
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True
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The amount of money directed to criminal justice agencies has decreased greatly in recent years. T/F
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False
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The amount of money that criminal justice agencies receive has expanded exponentially. T/F
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True
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This early colonial bail system enabled the rich to pay a fee and be released. A. fee system B. bond system C. system of marks D. Auburn system
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A. fee system
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The idea that the main objective of an intelligent person is to achieve the most pleasure and the least pain is part of the _______.
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hedonistic calculus
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The ______is one of the earliest known penal codes.
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Code of Hammurabi
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What is the belief that criminals do not have complete choice over their criminal actions and may commit acts that are beyond their control? A. the Classical School B. the Neoclassical School C. the hedonistic calculus D. the Positive School
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D. the Positive School
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What is a legislative authorization to provide a specific range of punishment for a specific crime? A. penal code B. law C. correctional system D. punishment
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A. penal code
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Pennsylvania's first two prisons were the ______ and the _______.
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Western State Penitentiary, Eastern State Penitentiary
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What did the Quakers' criminal code include? A. capital punishment for the most serious crimes B. bloody corporal punishments instead of imprisonment C. the use of stocks and pillories instead of detention D. free food and lodging for inmates
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D. free food and lodging for inmates
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What is the term for correctional staff who aid in the policy development process? A. correctional officers B. correctional psychologists C. correctional policy analysts D. wardens
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C. correctional policy analysts
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How do correctional agencies fulfill their mission? A. by assisting courts in the decision to grant bail B. by supervising offenders in the community under court jurisdiction C. by imprisoning offenders who receive a sentence of incarceration from the courts D. all of these
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D. all of these
