Congress of Vienna and Nationalism – Flashcards
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what was the congress of Vienna
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the peace conference after the fall of Napoleon consisting of the leader/monarchs of Europe
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what topics did the congress of Vienna have to deal with
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France, democracy, nationalism, and how to break up Napoleon's empire
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what was the congress of Vienna also called
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concert of Europe
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when did the Congress of Vienna begin and what happened
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after Napoleon's first exile and went on for 8 months until Napoleon's final defeat at the Battle of Waterloo
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what had Europe been like for the past 24 years before the Congress of Vienna
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constant war
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what 2 things did the European powers hope to create through the congress of Vienna
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a balance of power and lasting peace
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what countries were part of the big 5
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Austria, Great Britain, France, Prussia, Russia
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what was the big 5
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5 main countries in the congress of Vienna and most powerful in Europe
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who was Austrian Empire's foreign minister
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Metternich
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what did Metternich do
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set the agenda for the congress of Vienna
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what were Metternich's 3 broad goals for the Congress of Vienna
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containing France's power, restoring a balance of power, returning monarchs to throne
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who was the restoration of monarchs to throne influenced by
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Hobbes
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what was the main way they contained France
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by making the weak and divided countries surrounding France stronger to prevent France from dominating them
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what were the weak and divided nations that were made more powerful so France wouldn't overpower them
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kingdom of the Netherlands, German Confederation, Switzerland, Italian kingdoms
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Kingdom of Netherlands (contain France)
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united former Austrian Netherlands and the Dutch Republic into the Kingdom of Netherlands
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German Confederation (contain France)
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was created under the leadership of Austria and Prussia
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Switzerland (contain France)
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restored Switzerland because it had been taken over by France
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Italian Kingdoms (contain France)
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restored independence of the Italian Kingdoms after Napoleon had control of them
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what did the great powers want to do to France in order for a balance of power
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they wanted to take away Napoleon's empire but not weaken France too much
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why did the Great powers want take away Napoleon's empire but not weaken France too much (2 reason) (balance of power)
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if they punished France too much it would leave them bitter and they might want to take revenge and didn't want France to become too weak because they wanted it to balance other powerful nations so they wouldn't become too powerful
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although France wasn't able to take land from smaller powers which countries took advantage of this because they weren't important to the balance of power and what countries they took advantage of (balance of power)
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Prussia, Austria, and Russia took from Poland and smaller German states
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why did they have a balance of powers
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so one nation wouldn't rise up against the rest like France did
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what was the restoration of monarchs
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restoring the monarchs to Europe which had fallen in the Age of Napoleon including France
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what was a big threat from the french revolution to the monarchs (restoration of monarchs)
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democracy
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who was returned to France (restoration of monarchs)
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Louis XVIII
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what was France's new government, what country was it similar to, and what does it mean (restoration of monarchs)
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constitutional monarchy (the legislative body would limit the king) and was similar to Great Britain
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Metternich created a series of what throughout Europe
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alliances
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what were the alliances 2 main goals (which Metternich had created in the concert of Europe)
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to prevent another great war breaking out across the continent and if another revolution were to break out the other monarchs would help and make sure democracy didn't threaten their system
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what was the most famous alliance (created by Metternich in the concert of Europe)
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the Holy Alliance=Austria, Prussia, and Russia
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what were the 2 main (short term) legacies of the congress of Vienna
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first continent wide peace conference in which the nations of Europe would unify for a peace and containing democracy
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what was the short term legacy of the French Revolution and Napoleon in France
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ended the absolute monarchy in France and created a constitutional monarchy
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what was the long term legacy of the French Revolution and Napoleon (3)
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democracy was a main idea for the lower class in Europe, rise of Nationalism, and huge citizen armies/ idea of total war
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what was a Chinese premier's answer when asked in 1968 about what he thought the legacy of the French Revolution was
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too soon to tell
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what 2 things did nationalism do during the 19th century in Europe (in his words and mine and overall)
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state formation (France) and imperial disintegration (disintegration of empires)---it ruined empires and created states/nations
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what 6 things led to the first world war
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nationalism, the industrial revolution, liberalismI(equality), socialism (economy-rich to poor), communism(equality through dictatorship) and imperialism(taking over countries)
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what are the 2 beliefs of nationalism
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the belief that the interests of a particular nation-state are of primary importance and the belief that a people who share a common language, history, and culture should have an independent nation free of foreign domination
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brief history of Europe before nationalism
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Europe was rules by hundreds of kings (princes) and as time passed some kings became more powerful than others, conquering the land of others, and others remained small kingdoms, but as more time passed the strongest kingdoms expanded into empires ruling over other ethnic and cultural groups
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at the end of the history of Europe before nationalism what were Europe's kingdoms/empires like/ during the French Revolution---examples
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there were multi ethnic empires like the Austrian empire, tiny kingdoms like Germany, and nation states ruled by kings like France and Europe
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what twin ideas did the French Revolution release
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democracy and nationalism
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what 3 main ideas about nations did the French Revolution release that include the twin ideas from the French Revolution
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1. nation states should be created 2. states should be based on the people 3. countries shouldn't be private property of the monarch
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what 2 things could nation states both be or be one (with some examples)
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controlled by and represented by the people like a republic and/or a home for a specific group of people (Jews, Czechs, Poles, French, Germans)
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what 2 things (that are linked) triggered nationalist movements across Europe
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Napoleon's conquests and domination of Europe and French nationalism
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what was the reaction of the congress of Vienna
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a conservative reaction
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after the congress of vienna what 2 ideas were monarchs of Europe terrified by and why
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democracy and nationalism because it threatened the monarch's power
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after the congress of vienna what did they try to do to Europe
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put it back to the way it was before the French Revolution
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after the congress of vienna what were Europe's 2 types of nations/empires
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multi Ethnic empires and divided nations
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what were multi ethnic empires trying to do
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ethnicities trying to free themselves from Foreign domination and establish their own nation states
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what were divided nations
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one ethnicity divided among various empires trying to com together to be one nation
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what are 3 examples of multi ethnic empires
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Spanish New World Empire, Austrian Empire, Ottoman Empire
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what are 2 examples of divided nations
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Germans and Italians
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until when was Austria able to maintain its empire
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world war I
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although Austria was able to maintain its empire what was happening
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various minorities began to achieve more rights within the empire
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what minority in the Austrian empire became most independent
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the Hungarians who formed a quasi-independent state (though still ruled by Austria)
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what did the Austrian's empire name become
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Austrian-Hunagiran empire
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what happened to the Austrian-Hunagiran empire after WWI
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the various ethnic groups in it formed their own nation states
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what had been happening to the Ottoman empire
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it had been losing territory for a long time and this continued more when Greece was the first to gain independence
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until when would the Ottoman empire survive
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end of WWI like the Austrian-Hungarian Empire
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what happened to the Ottoman Empire after it broke apart at the end of WWI
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the main part became Turkey and the rest went under the control of England or France
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what happened to Italy after the congress of Vienna
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it was divided: Austria controlled many provinces in northern Italy and the Spanish Bourbons controlled southern Italy and the rest became small independent states
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what is a province
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a section of a country or territory
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what was the most powerful independent Italian state
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Piedmont-Sardinia
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what did Piedmont-Sardinia want to do and what did it do so what did it mean for Italy
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it wanted to expand its power and fought a war in which it gained control of Northern Italy from the Austrians, it untied northern Italy
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after uniting Northern Italy what did Piedmont-Sardinia do
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it reached an agreement with the Spanish Bourbon rulers to give southern Italy to them and the Italian nationalists had revolted against them
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after the north and south of Italy were untied what happened
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the Sardinian king, Emmanuel was declared king of all of Italy
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what is a coalition
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a temporary alliance forming a state
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what happened to Germany after the congress of vienna
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39 German states were formed into a loose coalition called the German Confederation which was dominated by Prussia and Austria
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who was the Prussian king
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Wilhelm
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what did the king of Prussia do
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chose Bismark as it's prime minister
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what did Bismarck intend to do (2)
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unite Germany and increase Prussia's power
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why did Prussia lead in the unification of Germany
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it had a prime minister, Bismarck
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what did Bismarck do and why
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he formed an alliance with Austria and went to war with Denmark to expand the German Confederation and unite German speaking provinces of Schleswig and Holstein
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what province did Prussia gain
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Schleswig
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what province did Austria gain
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Holstein
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what was the 7 weeks war
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Prussia provoked Austria to declare war on them and Prussia won gaining more territory
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after Prussia gained full control of the German confederation what did he do
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stirred up German nationalism
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what did Prussia not have control of
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a few German states in the south
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why did Bismarck want to go to war with France
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to increase nationalism in the southern independent states and make them join the German Confederation
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how did Bismarck make France begin a war with them
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he made a fake telegraph in which the German king insulted France
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what happened after the fake telegraph
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French pride rose and they declared war
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what was the war between France and Prussia called
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Franco-Purssian war
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what happened after France declared war
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Prussia immediately invaded France because they had been planing it for a while
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what happened after the Prussians invaded France
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they defeated the main French force and captured the French king Napoleon III
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after the Prussians won what happened
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the independent German states joined the German Confederation
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what happened to the king of Prussia after the victory and what was his name
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Wilhelm became Kaiser of a new German empire of Reich
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what had happened as result of nationalism
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empires began to weak, Germany became strongest power, balance of power was over and a war was on its way
