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Keyboards

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An input device used to enter characters at the location marked by the insertion point or cursor Can be wired or wireless Typically contains: Standard alphanumeric keys Numeric keypad Function keys Delete and Backspace keys Control and Alternate keys Arrow directional keys and special keys

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Mobile Devices

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Mobile devices often use: Slide-out keyboard Pen or touch input (on-screen keyboard) Keyboard dock

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Pointing and Touch Devices

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Pointing devices are used to: Select and manipulate objects Input data Issue commands to the computer Common types of pointing devices: Mouse Pen/stylus Devices that use touch input

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Mice

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Mouse Common pointing device that the user slides along a flat surface to move a pointer around the screen and clicks its buttons to make selections Older mechanical mice use a ball Optical or laser mice track with light Touch mice support two-dimensional gestures

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Perceptual Computing

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Users control devices with 3D gestures, voice commands, and facial expressions Noncontact system Allows for full body input and input from a slight distance away

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Pens/Styluses

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Stylus Pen-like device used to draw or write electronically on the screen Also called digital pen, electronic pen, tablet pen Pen input is being used for: Photography, graphic design, animation Industrial design, document processing, and healthcare applications Navigating through a document Issuing commands

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Pen-Based Computers and Mobile Devices

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Pen input used with mobile devices and tablet computers Used to input handwritten text and sketches and to manipulate objects If handwriting recognition is used, written text can be converted to editable typed text

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Digital Writing Systems

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Pen-based systems that capture handwritten input as it is being written Requires special paper with a grid of dots Handwritten input can be transferred to computer

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Signature Capture Devices

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Found at check out counters to record customer signatures

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Graphics Tablets

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Pen tablets or digitizing devices Flat, touch sensitive tablet typically connected to computer using a USB port

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Touch Screens

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Display devices that are touched with the finger to select commands or otherwise provide input to the computer Common on portable computers, smartphones, and other mobile devices

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Multi-touch

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Can recognize input from more than one finger at a time

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Table PC

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Large screen computer either built into a table or designed to be used on a table

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Other Pointing Devices

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Gaming devices Trackballs Control buttons and wheels Touch pads

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Augmented Reality

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Computer generated images are overlaid on top of real-time images Today, most often with smartphones using camera input, location info, and other data Displays appropriate information related to images captured by the smartphone

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Scanners, Readers, and Digital Cameras

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Source documents Already exists in physical form (photographs, checks, or product label) Source data automation Captures data directly from a source document Saves time Increases accuracy Utilizes scanning or reading devices

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Scanners

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Scanners (Optical Scanners) Input devices that read printed text and graphics and transfers them to a computer in digital form Data is typically input as a single image Can scan photos, documents, images Types of scanners Flatbed Portable 3D Receipt and business card scanners

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Scanning Quality and Resolution

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Quality of scanned images indicated by optical resolution Measured in number of dots per inch (dpi) Can often be specified when image is scanned Can be changed when scanned image is edited Higher resolution means betterquality but larger file size

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Barcode Readers

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Input devices that read barcodes Barcodes Machine-readable codes that represent data as a set of bars Common Types Universal Product Code (UPC) ISBN DataBar QR Codes

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Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Readers

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Technology used to store and transmit data located in RFID tags RFID tags contain tiny chips and radio antennas Can be attached to objects Read by RFID readers Tags only need to be within range of the reader, rather than in the line of sight

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Applications for RFID readers

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Tracking inventory and assets Electronic toll collection Tracking patients in hospitals Ticketing applications Speeding up ID process of travelers at border crossings

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Types of RFID Readers

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Handheld, portal, and stationary Slow to catch on in retail industry due to privacy and security issues

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Optical Mark Readers (OMRs)

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Input data from special forms to score or tally exams, questionnaires, ballots

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Optical Character Recognition (OCR) Devices

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OCR is the ability of a computer to recognize scanned text characters and convert them to electronic form as text, not images OCR software is used to identify each character and convert it to editable text Used to process turnaround documents like monthly bills

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Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR) Readers

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Also called check scanners Used primarily for banking Read the special magnetic characters printed at the bottom of checks High volume readers process deposited checks Used to facilitate remote deposits and electronic check processing

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Biometric Readers

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Used to input biometric data such as an individual's fingerprint or voice Can be stand-alone or built into another piece of hardware Most often used for access control, to authorize electronic payments, log on to secure Web sites

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Mobile Deposits

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Mobile remote deposit capture Transmit check informationvia smartphone app and camera App optimizes the check front and back images and transmits images and deposit data to your bank

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Digital Cameras

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Take pictures and records them as digital images Can either be still cameras or video cameras Integrated into many portable computers and mobile phones

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Digital Still Cameras

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Primary appeal is that images are immediately available Camera quality is measured in megapixels Typically use flash memory for storage Camera phones can be used to read barcodes, remotely deposit checks, etc.

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Digital Video Cameras

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Digital camcorders, PC video cameras (PC cams, webcams) Built-in or stand alone Store images on digital media (flash memory, DVDs, hard drives, etc.)

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Applications of digital videos cameras

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Surveillance video cameras Video conferences and Webinars Face recognition systems

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Audio Input

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Audio Input The process of entering audio data into the computer

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Voice Input and Speech Recognition Systems

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Voice Input Inputting spoken words and converting them to digital form via microphone or headset Can be used for podcasts and with VoIP (Voice over IP) systems Provides spoken instructions to computer when used with speech recognition systems

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Music Input Systems

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Used to input music Existing music can be input using CDs or a Web download For original compositions, microphones, keyboard controllers, and guitar controllers can be used to input music

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Display Device

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Presents output visually on some type of screen Monitor Display device for a desktop computer

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Display Screen

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Screen built into a variety of devices Notebook and other portable computers Mobile phones and mobile devices Handheld gaming devices, home entertainment devices, kitchen appliances Digital photo frames, e-book readers, smart watches Digital signage systems, digital billboards

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Display Device Characteristics

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Color vs. Monochrome Displays Images are formed using pixels Most displays today are color displays CRT vs. Flat-Panel Displays Cathode ray tube (CRT) displays: large, bulky, and heavy Flat-panel displays: take up less desk space; use less power

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Size and Aspect Ratio

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Device size measured diagonally from corner to corner

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Screen Resolution

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Number of pixels used on a display determines resolution Affects the amount of information that can be displayed on the screen at one time Can be changed to match users' preference

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Video Adapters, Interfaces, and Ports

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Video cards determine the graphic capabilities of a computer VGA, DVI, and HDMI are the three most common interfaces to connect monitors to a computer Ports exposed in the system unit cases are to connect monitors to computers New option is to use USB ports

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Wired vs. Wireless Displays

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Wired display are physically connected to the system via a cable Wireless displays connect using a wireless network connection (Wi-Fi, Bluetooth)

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2D vs. 3D Displays

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Most displays are 2D 3D displays use filters, prisms, and multiple lenses to create the 3D effects zw2

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Wearable Displays

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Project images from a mobile device to a display screen built into glasses

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Touch and Gesture Capabilities

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Kiosks and portable gaming devices Mobile phones and media tablets

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Flat Panel Display Technologies

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Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs) Use charged liquid crystals between sheets of glass or plastic Requires backlighting Light Emitting Diode (LED) Displays Used in alarm clocks and Christmas lights Currently used to backlight LCD panels

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Special Types of OLEDs

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FOLED (Flexible OLED) OLED displays built on flexible surfaces such as plastic or metallic foil TOLED (Transparent OLED) Displays are transparent Emit light toward top and bottom of display surface PHOLED (Phosphorescent OLED) Process that results in much more conversion of electrical energy into light instead of heat

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Interferometric Modulator (IMOD) Displays

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Essentially a complex mirror that uses external light to display images Designed initially for mobile phones and portable devices Images are bright and clear, even in sunlight

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Plasma Displays

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Use layers of gas between two plates of glass Being replaced by LCDs

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E-Paper

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Used for e-readers and other devices Easier to read in direct sunlight Content can change wireless Only uses power to change images, not maintain an image Use electronic ink Monochrome or color

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Data and Multimedia Projectors

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Display output from a computer to a wall or projection screen Found in classrooms and conference rooms Can be wireless or integrated into devices Some contain an iPod dock Pico projectors are pocket-size and connect mobile and portable devices Hologram projectors used to display 3D images 3D projectors are designed to project 3D images that are viewed with 3D glasses

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Printing Technology

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Impact Printers (Dot Matrix) Print mechanism strikes an inked ribbon to transfer ink to the paper Used to produce multipart forms Non-Impact Printers (Ink-Jet/Laser) Use liquid ink or toner Produce higher quality images Much quieter than impact printers

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Color vs. Black and White

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Colors printers use magenta, cyan, yellow, and black ink

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Print Resolution

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Measured in dpi (dots per inch) More dots per inch results in higher quality output 300 dpi for general purpose printing; 1,200 dpi for photographs; 2,400 dpi for professional applications

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Print Speed

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Measured in pages per minute (PPM) Range from about 15 to 65 ppm

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Personal vs. Network Printers

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Personal printers connect directly to a single computer Network printers connect directly to a home or an office network; some can perform cloud printing Connection Options USB connection most commo

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Multifunction Capabilities

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Copy, fax, scan, print All-in-ones

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Laser Printers

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Use toner powder and technology similar to that of a photocopier to produce images on paper The standard for business documents Print one entire page at a time Generally faster and have better quality output than ink-jet printers Can be black and white or color Common print resolution for laser printers is between 600 and 2,400 dpi Use toner cartridges

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Ink-Jet Printers

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Sprays droplets of ink to produce images on paper Use ink cartridges Usually print in color Often the choice for home use Relatively inexpensive with good-quality output Print more slowly than laser printers Potential applications for the future Dispensing liquid metal, aromas, computer chips and other circuitry, "printing" human tissue

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Special Purpose Printers

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Barcode, label, and postage printers Photo printers Portable and integrated printers Wide-format ink-jet printers 3D printers

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Audio Output

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Voice, music, and other audible sounds Common audio output devices Computer speakers Headphones and headsets Earphones and earbuds

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System Software vs. Application Software System Software

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System Software The operating system and utility programs that control a computer system and allow you to use your computer Enables the boot process, launches applications, transfers files, controls hardware configuration, manages files on the hard drive, and protects from unauthorized use

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System Software vs. Application Software Application Software

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Application Software Programs that allow a user to perform specific tasks on a computer Word processing, playing games, browsing the Web, listening to music, etc.

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The Operating System

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Operating System A collection of programs that manage and coordinate the activities taking place within a computer Acts as an intermediary between the user and thecomputer andbetween the application programsand system hardware

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Functions of an Operating System

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Interfacing with Users (typically via a GUI) Booting the Computer Loads essential part of operating system (kernel) into memory Reads opening batch of instructions Determines hardware connected to computer Configuring Devices Device drivers are often needed; can be reinstalled if needed Plug and Play devices are recognized automatically

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Functions of an Operating System continued

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Managing Network Connections Manages wired connections to home or office network Manages wireless connections at home, school, work, or on the go Managing and Monitoring Resources and Jobs Makes resources available to devices and programs Monitors for problems and attempts to correct those that arise Schedules jobs Jobs to be printed Files to be retrieved from hard drive

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Functions of an Operating System continued 2

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File Management Keeps track of stored files on computer so they can be retrieved when needed Files usually viewed in a hierarchical format Security Passwords Biometric characteristics Firewalls

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Processing Techniques for Increased Efficiency Multitasking

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Multitasking The ability of an operating system to have more than one program (task) open at one time CPU rotates between tasks Switching is done quickly Appears as though all programs executing at the same time

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Multithreading

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Multithreading The ability to rotate between multiple threads so that processing is completed faster and more efficiently Thread Sequence of instructions within a program that is independent of other thread

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Multiprocessing and Parallel Processing

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Multiprocessing and Parallel Processing Multiple processors (or multiple cores) are used in one computer system to perform work more efficiently Tasks are performed sequentially

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Memory Management

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Memory Management Optimizing the use of main memory (RAM) Virtual memory Memory-management technique that uses hard drive space as additional RAM

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Buffering and Spooling

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Buffering and Spooling Buffer Area in RAM or on the hard drive designated to hold data that is used by different hardware devices or programs Buffering or Spooling Placing items in a buffer so they can be retrieved by the appropriate device when needed

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Differences Among Operating Systems

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Command Line Interface Require users to input commands using the keyboard Graphical User Interface Graphics based interface Used by most operating systems

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Categories of Operating Systems

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Categories of Operating Systems Personal (Desktop) Operating Systems Designed to be installed on a single computer Server (Network) Operating Systems Designed to be installed on a network server Client computers still use a personal operating system Server operating system controls access to network resources Mobile and embedded operating systems are also common

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The Types of Processors Supported

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The Types of Processors Supported Desktop, mobile, server processors 32-bit or 64-bit CPUs

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Support for Virtualization and Other Technologies

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New types of buses Virtualization Mobility Security concerns Power-consumption concerns Touch and gesture input The move to cloud

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Internet Monitors

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Locked-down system with restricted functionality Essentially just a monitor that provides Internet access Users can run apps but can't change settings so easierfor businesses to provideInternet access withoutmuch maintenance

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Operating Systems for Personal Computers and Servers

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DOS (Disk Operating System) DOS traditionally used a command-line interface Dominant operating system in the 1980s and early 1990s PC-DOS Created originally for IBM microcomputers MS-DOS Created for use with IBM-compatible computers Can enter DOS commands in Windows

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Windows

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Windows The predominant personal operating system developed by Microsoft Corporation Windows 1.0 through Windows Vista Windows 1.0 released in 1985 Windows 1.0 through Windows 3.x were operating environments for DOS Windows 95, Windows 98, and Windows ME Designed for personal computers

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Windows NT (New Technology)

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Windows NT (New Technology) First 32-bit version of Windows designed for high-end workstations and servers Replaced by Windows 2000

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Windows XP

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Windows XP Replaced both Windows 2000 and Windows Me

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Windows Vista

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Replaced Windows XP Introduced the Aero interface and Sidebar feature

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Windows 7

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Windows 7 Released in late 2009 Home Premium (primary version for home users) Professional (primary version for businesses) Libraries feature gives you virtual folders

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Windows 8

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Current version of Windows Designed to be used with smartphones, desktop computers, with or without a keyboard or mouse Supports multi-touch input Includes Start screen, tiles, and charms bar

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Windows Server

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Windows Server The version of Windows designed for server use Windows Server 2012 is the latest version Supports both virtualization and cloud computing

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Windows Home Server

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Preinstalled on home server devices Designed to provide services for a home network Can be set up to back up all devices in the home on a regular basis

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Mac OS

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Mac OS Proprietary operating system for computers made by Apple Corporation Based on the UNIX operating system Originally set the standard for graphical user interfaces Mac OS X Family Mac OS X Mountain Lion and Mac OS X Mavericks Mac OS X Server Server version of Mac OS X

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UNIX

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UNIX Operating system developed in the late 1960s for midrange servers Multiuser, multitasking operating system More expensive, requires high level of technical knowledge; harder to install, maintain, and upgrade "UNIX" initially referred to the original UNIX operating system, now refers to a group of similar operating systems based on UNIX Single UNIX Specification A standardized UNIX environment

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Linux

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Developed by Linus Torvalds in 1991—resembles UNIX but was developed independently Is open-source software; has been collaboratively modified by volunteer programmers all over the world Originally used a command line interface, most recent versions use a GUI Strong support from mainstream companies, such as IBM, NVIDIA, HP, Dell, and Novell Individuals and organizations are switching to Linux and other open source software because of cost

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Smart Cars

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Use of computers in cars has skyrocketed Self-driving systems and self-parking systems Lane departure and blind spot detection systems Windshield displays Collision warnings and auto brake systems Keyless entry and ignition systems Distraction-prevention systems Safety of gadgets is a concern

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Operating Systems for Mobile Devices

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Windows Phone 8, Windows RT, and Windows Embedded Windows Phone Latest version of Windows designed for smartphones Windows Phone 8 is based on the Windows 8 operating system Windows RT Designed for tablet use Windows Embedded Designed primarily for consumer and industrial devices that are not personal computers

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Operating Systems for Mobile Phones and Other Devices

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Android Linux-based operating system created with current mobile device capabilities in mind Can create applications that take full advantage of all the features a mobile device has to offer Open platform Current version is Android 4.3, also known as Jelly Bean Devices support multitasking, multiple cores, NFC mobile payment transactions, Internet phone calls

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iOS

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iOS Designed for Apple Mobile phones and mobile devices Current version is iOS 7 Supports multitasking Includes Safari Web browser, the Siri intelligent assistant, Facetime video calling, AirDrop to send items to others, and apps for email, messaging, music, and search

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Blackberry OS and Blackberry PlayBook OS

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Blackberry OS and Blackberry PlayBook OS Designed for Blackberry devices Mobile Linux Other mobile operating systems based on Linux besides Android and iOs Ubuntu, webOS, Firefox OS, and Tizen

question

Other mobile operating systems based on Linux besides Android and iOs

answer

Ubuntu, webOS, Firefox OS, and Tizen

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Operating Systems for Larger Computers

answer

Larger computers sometimes use operating systems designed solely for that type of system IBM's z/OS is designed for IBM mainframes Windows, UNIX, and Linux are also used with servers, mainframes, and supercomputers Larger computers may also use a customized operating system based on a conventional operating system

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Weather Forecasting in the Alps

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Weather forecasting is difficult in the Alps due to complex topography and intense precipitation Supercomputer Piz Daint is Linux based, uses CPUs and GPUS, and runs at 750 teraflops Can run 30 weather forecasting models simultaneously Cooled with water from anearby lake

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Utility Programs

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Utility Program Software that performs a specific task, usually related to managing or maintaining the computer system Many utilities are built into operating systems (for finding files, viewing images, backing up files, etc.) Utilities are also available as stand-alone products and as suites

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File Management Programs

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Enable the user to perform file management tasks, such as: Looking at the contents of a storage medium Copying, moving, and renaming files and folders Deleting files and folders File management program in Windows 8 is File Explorer To copy or move files, use the Home tab to copy (or cut) and then paste To delete files, use the Delete key on the keyboard or the Home tab

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Sending to the Cloud

answer

Add cloudlocationsto theSend Tomenu GoogleDrive, SkyDrive,etc.

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Search Tools

answer

Search Tools Designed to search for documents and other files on the user's hard drive Windows 8 has Search charm to search for files, apps, and Store items Are often integrated into file management programs Third-party search tools are also available

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Diagnostic and Disk Management Programs

answer

Diagnostic programs evaluate your system and make recommendations for fixing any errors found Disk management programs diagnose and repair problems related to your hard drive

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Uninstall and Cleanup Utilities

answer

Uninstall and Cleanup Utilities Uninstall utilities remove programs from your hard drive without leaving bits and pieces behind Important to properly uninstall programs, not just delete them Cleanup utilities delete temporary files Files still in Recycle Bin Temporary Internet files Temporary installation files

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File Compression Programs

answer

File Compression Programs Reduce the size of files to optimize storage space and transmission time Both zip and unzip files WinZip (Windows users) and Stuffit (Mac users)

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Backup and Recovery Utilities

answer

Make the backup and restoration process easier Creating a backup means making a duplicate copy of important files Can use a recordable or rewritable CD or DVD disc, a USB flash drive, or an external hard drive Good backup procedures are critical for everyone Individuals should back up important documents, e-mail, photos, home video, etc. Performing a backup can include backing up an entire computer (so it can be restored at a later date) Can do the backup manually or use backup utility programs (stand alone or those built into operating systems) Can also backup individual files are they are modified

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The Future of Operating Systems

answer

Will continue to become more user-friendly Will eventually be driven primarily by a voice interface, touch, and/or gesture interface Likely to continue to become more stable and self-healing Will likely continue to include security and other technological improvements as they become available Will almost certainly include improvements in the areas of synchronizing and coordinating data and activities among a person's various computing and communicating devices May be used primarily to access software available through the Internet or other networks

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Software Ownership Rights

answer

Software Ownership Rights Specify the allowable use of the program Software license Gives you the right to use a software program Specifies the conditions under which the buyer can use the software

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Open Source Software

answer

Open source software Programs with source code made available to the general public Use is growing In addition to Linux and other open source operating systems, there are manyopen source apps Open source is typicallycheaper Can also be more stable and secure

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Commercial Software

answer

Commercial Software Copyrighted software developed and sold for profit Typically comes with a single-user license

question

Shareware

answer

Copyrighted software distributed on the honor system Consumers should either pay for it or uninstall it after the trial period

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Freeware

answer

Copyrighted software programs that are given away by the author for others to use free of charge

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Public Domain Software

answer

Software that is not copyrighted and ownership rights have been donated to the public domain

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Desktop vs. Mobile Software

answer

Personal computers use desktop software Smartphones and other mobile devices typically require mobile software called apps Specifically designed for a specific type of device Wide range of software available via app stores(Google Play, Apple AppStore, etc.)

question

Mobile Ticketing

answer

Download ticket to mobile device to use for admittance Tickets for movies, sporting events, concerts, etc. Boarding passes Custom tickets

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Installed vs. Cloud Software Installed

answer

Installed Software Must be installed on the computer before it can be run Can be purchased in physical form Can be downloaded from the Internet

question

Cloud

answer

Cloud Software Is delivered on-demand via the Web Also called Software as a Service (SaaS) and cloudware Includes free software and fee-based software Advantages of cloud software Files can be accessed from any computer with an Internet connection Ease of implementation Improved collaboration capabilities Always working with the most current version of software

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Potential disadvantages of cloud software

answer

Potential disadvantages of cloud software Online applications tend to run more slowly Have file size limits Cost may eventually exceed the cost of purchasing a similar installed version of the software

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Airline Apps

answer

American Airlines is issuing media tablets to all cabin personnel and iPads to all pilots Replaces paper manuals and maps Expected to be able to provide passengers with additional servicessuch as connection and weather info and food purchases and other in-flight transactions

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Software Suites

answer

Collection of software programs bundled together and sold as a single software package Office suites are used by most businesses/individuals to produce documents and typically include: Word processing software Spreadsheet software Database software Presentation graphics-software Provide a common interface among programs in the suite

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Latest version of Office

answer

Latest version of Office is 2013 (traditional installed)/365 (subscription) Office on Demand Read mode

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Common Software Commands

answer

Toolbars, Menus, Keyboard Shortcuts, and the Ribbon Provide access to most commands in application programs Keyboard shortcuts can be used

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Ribbon

answer

Ribbon used in Microsoft Office 2007 and later Commands are organized into groups located on tabs Contextual tabs appear on the Ribbon as needed and contain special commands

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Editing a Document

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Editing a Document Changing the content of the document, such as inserting or deleting words Insertion point Indicates the current location in a document, which is where the changes will be made Typing text inserts the text at the insertion point location Delete and Backspace keys delete text Text and objects can typically be selected and moved, copied, deleted, or formatted

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Formatting a Document

answer

Formatting a Document Changes the appearance of the document Changes font face, font size, and/or font color Changes line spacing or margins Adds page numbers and/or borders

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Getting Help

answer

Getting Help Often built into the program and typically contains: Table of Contents Browsing Search Online help (via manufacturer's Web site and independent sites) Offline help (periodicals, books, tutorial videos, classes)

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Word Processing Concepts

answer

What Is Word Processing? Using a computer and word processing software to create, edit, save, and print written documents such as letters, contracts, and manuscripts Common Word Processing Software Programs Microsoft Word Corel WordPerfect Apple Pages

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Gesture Input with Microsoft Office

answer

Microsoft Office and Windows 8 support gestures to replace mouse commands Tap, Press and hold, Slide, Swipe, Pinch, and Stretch

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Creating a Word Processing Document

answer

Creating a Word Processing Document Word wrap Automatically returns the insertion point to the next line when the end of the screen line is reached Character formatting (font face, size, style, or color) Paragraph formatting (line spacing, indentation, alignment, and styles) Page formatting (margins, paper size, orientation, headers, footers, etc.) Document formatting (footnotes, end notes, table of contents, index, background, theme)

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Tables, Graphics, and Templates

answer

Tables, Graphics, and Templates Tables Allow content to be organized in a table consisting of rows and columns Graphics or Drawing Features Allow images to be inserted into a document (clip art, photographs, drawn images, etc.) and then modified Templates Help users create new documents quickly

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Word Processing and the Web

answer

Word Processing and the Web Most word processing programs today include Web-related features allowing you to: Send a document as an e-mail message Include Web page hyperlinks in documents Create or modify Web pages Create and publish blogs Collaborate with others online

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Spreadsheet Concepts

answer

What Is a Spreadsheet? Documents containing a group of numbers and other data organized into rows and columns Spreadsheet software includes the following tools Formulas, data analysis tools, charts, and graphs Most widely used spreadsheet programs: Microsoft Excel Corel Quattro Pro Apple Numbers

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Creating a Spreadsheet

answer

Creating a Spreadsheet Worksheet: a single spreadsheet Workbook: a collection of worksheets saved in a single file Worksheets are divided into rows and columns Cell The intersection of a row and a column Each cell is identified by a cell address, such as A1 Cell pointer is used to select a cell Cell pointer can be used to select more than one cell (range or block)

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Entering Data into a Spreadsheet Cell

answer

Entering Data into a Spreadsheet Cell Labels Text-based entry in a worksheet cell that identifies data on the worksheet Constant Values Numerical entry in a worksheet cell Formulas Perform mathematical operations on the content of other cells Usually reference the cell address, not the current data in a cell Use mathematical operators; begin with an = sign

question

Function

answer

Function A named, pre-programmed formula Hundreds of functions that can be used in spreadsheets

question

Absolute vs. Relative Cell Referencing

answer

Absolute vs. Relative Cell Referencing Relative cell references Cell addresses are adjusted as the formula is copied Absolute cell references Formulas are copied exactly as they are written Appropriate when you want to use a specific cell address in all copies of the formula Use $ to make cell references absolute: $B$6

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Charts and What-If Analysis

answer

Charts and What-If Analysis Most spreadsheet programs include some type of charting or graphing capability Can create charts from the data in the spreadsheet (do not have to reenter it) Charts change accordingly if the data in the spreadsheet changes When cell contents are changed, formulas are automatically recalculated What-if-analysis Tool frequently used to help make business decisions

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Spreadsheets and the Web

answer

Spreadsheets and the Web Most spreadsheet programs have built-in Web capabilities enabling the user to: Save the current worksheet as a Web page Insert hyperlinks inserted into worksheet cells Select and copy ranges of cells to a Web publishing or word processing program to insert spreadsheet data into a Web page as a table Send a workbook as an e-mail message Collaborate online

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Database Concepts

answer

What Is a Database? A collection of related data that is stored in a manner enabling information to be retrieved as needed Database Management System (DBMS) Software that allows the creation and manipulation of an electronic database Most widely used relational database programs Microsoft Access Oracle Database IBM's DB2

question

Data in a database is organized into fields (columns), records (rows), and tables

answer

Data in a database is organized into fields (columns), records (rows), and tables Field (column) A single type of data to be stored in a database Record (row) A collection of related fields Table A collection of related records Database file Collection of related tables

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Creating a Database

answer

Creating a Database Database file is created first Contains objects, such as tables, forms, and queries Tables can then be created Typically, the table structure is specified first Table structure includes: Field name (unique identifying name) Data type (text, number, date, object) Field size (maximum number of characters) Default value (initial content of the field) The table is named and saved Tables can be created in either Datasheet or Design view

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Data can be displayed

answer

Data can be displayed using a form or Datasheet view Data can be edited

question

Queries and Reports

answer

Queries and Reports Query A question; a request for specific information from the database Contains criteria to specify the records and fields to be included in the query results Is named and saved so it can be run again at a later time

question

Reports

answer

Reports Created when a more formal output is desired Associated with either a table or a query Data is displayed in the specified location Databases and the Web Many Web sites use one or more databases to: Keep track of inventory Allow searching for people, documents, products, or other information Searching for products on a retail store's Web site Place real-time orders

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Presentation Graphics Concepts

answer

What Is a Presentation Graphic? An image designed to visually enhance a presentation Can be used in electronic slide shows, as well as in printed reports

question

Slide

answer

Slide A one-page presentation graphic that can be displayed in a group with others to form an electronic slide show Electronic Slide Show A group of electronic slides that are displayed one after the other on a computer monitor or other display device Presentation Graphics Software Used to create presentation graphics Most common presentation graphics programs Microsoft PowerPoint Corel Presentations Apple Keynote

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Creating a Presentation

answer

Creating a Presentation Preformatted slide layouts can often be used New slides can be added to a new or existing presentation as needed Slides can contain a variety of elements Text Images Charts Audio clips Video clips

question

Presentation Graphics and the Web

answer

Presentation Graphics and the Web Presentation graphics programs can be used to generate Web pages or Web page content Slides can include hyperlinks Users can usually control Web-based presentations accessed via a Web browser

question

Graphics and Multimedia Concepts

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Graphics Graphical images, such as digital photographs, clip art, scanned drawings, and original images created using a software program Multimedia Technically refers to any application that contains more than one type of media Often used to refer to audio or video content Large variety of graphics and multimedia software used to: Create or modify graphics Edit digital audio or video Play multimedia files Burn CDs and DVDs

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Graphics Software (Digital Imaging Software)

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Used to create or modify images Painting Programs Typically used to create bitmap images (Microsoft Paint) Drawing Programs (Illustration programs) Typically create images using mathematical formulas Popular programs include Adobe Illustrator, CorelDRAW, and Corel Painter

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Image Editing or Photo Editing Programs

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Image Editing or Photo Editing Programs Designed for touching up or modifying images Correcting brightness/contrast Cropping/eliminating red eye Optimize file size for the Web Adobe Photoshop, Apple iPhoto, etc.

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Audio Capture and Editing Software

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Audio Capture and Editing Software Used to create and edit audio files Sound recorder software captures sound from a microphone Ripping software captures sound from a CD Edits and applies special effects Common consumer products Windows Sound Recorder, Apple GarageBand, Audacity

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Video Editing and DVD Authoring Software

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Video Editing and DVD Authoring Software Video Editing Software Modifies existing videos Prepares video clips for presentations or Web sites DVD Authoring Software Organizes content to be transferred to DVD DVD Burning Software Records data on recordable or rewritable DVDs Common consumer video editing programs include Roxio Creator, Apple iMovie, etc.

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Media Players

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Media Players Programs designed to play audio and video files Music CDs, downloaded music, online audio Downloaded and online video Important to adhere to copyright laws when using digital music Media players include: RealPlayer, Apple QuickTime, Windows Media Player, etc.

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Graphics, Multimedia, and the Web

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Graphics, Multimedia, and the Web Often used by individuals and businesses to create Web sites or content to be shared via the Web Company logos Web site banners Games Tutorials Videos Demonstrations Other multimedia content

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Other Types of Application Software

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Desktop and Personal Publishing Software Educational, Entertainment, and Reference Software Note Taking Software and Web Notebooks CAD and Other Types of Design Software Accounting and Personal Finance Software Project Management, Collaboration, and Remote Access Software

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