Compare and Contrast Essays
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Shi'ites vs Sunni (Shi'ites
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- \"Party of Ali\" - believe religious leadership rightfully belonged to Ali and his descendents - Shi'ite rulers rarely achieved power - mourn death of Husayn and his family
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Shi'ites vs Sunni (sunni
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- followers of \"tradition\" - feels that the community should elect leaders who were the most qualified (best moral values - not corrupt) - Sunni rulers sometimes order that Ali be cursed in public prayer - supported the first three caliphs - consider caliphs to be Imams
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Shi'ites vs Sunni similarities
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- follow teachings of the Quran and Hadith - agree that Muhammad commended Ali at Ghadir-al Khumm
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Umayyad Caliphate (661-750) vs Abbasid(Abbas family) Caliphate (750-1258) UMAYYAD
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- presided over an ethnically defined Arab realm - ruled from Damascus - army: almost entirely of Muslim Arabs - adopted administrative practices from the Byzantine and Sasanid Empires - coinage - decade of unrest(fell in 750) - rebellion overthrew the last caliph - smaller than abbasid
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Umayyad Caliphate (661-750) vs Abbasid(Abbas family) Caliphate (750-1258) ABBASAID
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- founded by descendants of muhammad's uncles - moved from baghdad - Theology and religious law became preoccupations at court - expanded territory - ruled from Baghdad - ruling elite was more cosmopolitan - influenced by greece, iran, central asia, and africa - mamluks - fell under control of savage mountain warriors - much larger than umayyad
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Umayyad Caliphate (661-750) vs Abbasid(Abbas family) Caliphate (750-1258) SIMILARITIES
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- spread the Islamic religion - influenced by other cultures - both were influenced by monotheism -
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Islam Christianity Judaism ISLAM
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- God called Allah - Quran and Hadith - Five pillars - Shariah law - Muhammad
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Islam Christianity Judaism CHRISTIANITY
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Holy trinity - Bible - 10 commandments - Jesus and 12 disciples
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Islam Christianity Judaism JUDAISM
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- Torah - 12 tribes - Abram, Moses, David, Solomon
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Islam Christianity Judaism SIMILARITIES
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world spread religions (of 7) - impacted relations between groups of ppl - monotheistic - People \"of the book\" - Abrahamic (Abraham was the first practicer of monotheism) - All have prophets
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Byzantium (East) The Latin West Kievan Russia BYZANTIUM
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- Interpretation of religious doctrine differed from those in the West - Eastern Orthodox (patriarch) - Kept Roman imperial law intact - rises - trade center
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Byzantium (East) The Latin West Kievan Russia THE LATIN WEST
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Interpretation of religious doctrine differed from those in the East - weakens - manorialism - Roman catholicism (pope) - political power based on landholding
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Byzantium (East) The Latin West Kievan Russia KIEVAN RUSSIA
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Russia - good relations with the east - political power came from trade - Slavic languages - Vladimir I : promoted Orthodox Christianity (988) - Political power derived from trade (not landowning)
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Byzantium (East) The Latin West Kievan Russia SIMILARITIES
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came from old rome (East and West) - Monotheistic - feudalism (West and Kievan) - Orthodox (East and Kievan) - All large trade centers - Headed by a king (w/ complete power) - Rulers promoted specific religion - social hierarchy
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Byzantium (East) 600-1200 The Latin West 600-1000 Kievan Russia 900-1200 BYZANTIUM
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- originated from E.Roman Empire - large trade crossroad (constantinople) - stretched from Adriatic Sea -> Eastern Side of Black Sea - Religious schism (1054) - \"The plague of Justinian\" crisis - territorial losses deprived long periods of peace (arab armies) - pressure from north/south - Ottoman Empire takes over Constantinople (1453 - \"Istanbul\") extra: - women's significance decreased over time - Hagia Sophia \"Sacred Wisdom\"
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Byzantium (East) 600-1200 The Latin West 600-1000 Kievan Russia 900-1200 THE LATIN WEST
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- \"medieval\": the time between the Greco-Roman civilization and the Renaissance - Charlemagne's rise marked a shift of focus for Europe(away from mediterranean and toward the north and west) - was first of all three - lost land to the vikings - crusades (won 1 out of 11) - self-sufficient economy (+trade) - investiture controversy (popes vs kings) - monasticism (Rule of Benedict) - revival between 1000-1200 - technology: new plow, efficient draft harnesses, use of horses over oxen, horse collar - cities: Florence, Brescia, Pavia, and Siena built new walls
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Byzantium (East) 600-1200 The Latin West 600-1000 Kievan Russia 900-1200 KIEVAN RUSSIA
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- repeated linguistic/territorial changes - choice eastern orthodox over roman catholicism (Vladimir I) (a consequential choice) - trade along navigable rivers -introduction of Cyrillic near 988 - extension of eastern orthodoxy=latin christianity barrier of expanding east -influenced Christianity -> Eastern Slavs - political power came from trade, not landowning - large cities may have reached 30k/50k people - peak of culture as the rule of law spread
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DEVELOPMENT Byzantium (East) 600-1200 The Latin West 600-1000 Kievan Russia 900-1200 SIMILARITIES
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- practiced a form of christianity - lost territory from invaders - suffered from political fragmentation - trade based economy - kings promoted religions
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Roman Catholicism Eastern Orthodox ROMAN CATHOLICISM
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- diff interpretation of church doctrines - used the roman alphabet - developed in the west - followed the pope - papacy- powerful international office
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Roman Catholicism Eastern Orthodox Similarities EASTERN ORTHODOX
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- diff interpretation of church doctrines - adopted the writing system Cyrillic - took root in the east (Byzantium and Kievan Russia) - followed leadership of the patriarch of constantinople
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Roman Catholicism Eastern Orthodox Similarities SIMILARITIE
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influenced life of Christian practitioners - monotheistic - originated from Roman belief - came from the schism of (1054)
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China's relations w/ central asia (Tibet, Uighur, Liao, Jin) China's relations w/ the east (Japan, Korea, Vietnam) similarities CHINA W TIBET UIGHUR LIAO JIN
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- conflict was often(people wanted to have control over central asia) - Tibet and Uighurs (turkic group) were Tang's main rivals (still threads into today) - Associated (T/U) as \"barbarians\"/\"foreign aggressors\" - Li Shimin set alliance w Tibet (princess marriage) - had different religions, political administrations
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China's relations w/ central asia (Tibet, Uighur, Liao, Jin) China's relations w/ the east (Japan, Korea, Vietnam) similarities CHINA RELATIONS W/ EAST
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reason for less territorial issues was because of how the four never touched each other - More welcoming (comrades rather than rivals) - Established trade w/ 1 another (needed resources) - Influenced political ideologies - Buddhism (spread) - Champa rice (gift from Annam) - Woodblock printing (evolved into movable type) - mongols invade - Eastern neighbors recognized China's superiority - similar writing systems - tribute system
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China's relations w/ central asia (Tibet, Uighur, Liao, Jin) China's relations w/ the east (Japan, Korea, Vietnam) similarities SIMILARITIES
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China was an important trade source to rivals/comrades - influenced surrounding asian territories
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Tang Empire (618-755) The Golden Age Song Empire (960-1200) Sui (581-618) Similarities TANG
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- rivals: Uighurs/Tibets - political use of Buddhism (Mahayana) - central - east - junk, gunpowder - Uighur collapsed, leaving only Tibet as rival - Elites saw Buddhism undermining Confucian idea of family - Wu Zhao: seized control of gov't (690) - Brought down from: overexpansion + rebellion
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Tang Empire (618-755) The Golden Age Song Empire (960-1200) Sui (581-618) Similarities SONG
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- one of three states that emerged from fall of Tang (+Liao, nomads) - capital: Kaifeng - Zen (Chan Buddhism) - Neo-Confucianism in response to Buddhism - movable type - East only - three different states - \"flying money\" (credit)
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Tang Empire (618-755) The Golden Age Song Empire (960-1200) Sui (581-618) Similarities SUI
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reunification of China into small principalities - 34yrs of power (collapsed in 618) - influenced Tang empire - capital: Chang'an - began construction of the Grand Canal (link Yellow & Yangzi)
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Tang Empire (618-755) The Golden Age Song Empire (960-1200) Sui (581-618) SIMILARITIES
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Tang and Song had influential writers, namely Li Bo, Murasaki Shikibu, Li Qingzhao - footbinding - examination systems (confucianism) - iron implements - unification under tang and sui made for major changes in china and surrounding lands - took influence from earlier dynasties - tang and song influenced the east; built upon them
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Korea Japan Vietnam Similarities KOREA
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- <20% of land = suitable for farming - Koryo: ruling house; from which \"Korea\" derives - house (^) united the peninsula - excelled in textiles and agriculture - \"bone ranks\" - Silla - constant threat from Jin and Liao -woodblock exchange with China
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Korea Japan Vietnam Similarities JAPAN
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- four main islands - 11% of land suitable for farming - implemented Tang features in gov't - centralized gov't - admiration of Chinese culture - capital: Kyoto - Fujiwara family: priests, bureaucrats, warriors - (FW) favored Confucian men over warriors - The Tale of Genji - noblewomen lived in near isolation
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Korea Japan Vietnam Similarities VIETNAM
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- Annam and Nanzhao - gifted champa rice to song court - Confucianism and Mahayana - wet climate and hills (like china) - monsoon seasons - Champa: southern Vietnam - CHAMPA RICEEE
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Korea Japan Vietnam Similarities SIMILARITIE
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- gov't offices went to noble families (no exams) - instilled Confucian ideals - influenced by tang and song - advances in agricultural technology and productivity - all raised literacy rates (after improvement of printing) - attitudes toward women were different toward China(better) - tributes to China and had good relations with them
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MOUNTAINOUS REGIONS Coastal Regions Mountainous Regions Similarities COASTAL REGIONS
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arid climate - abundant fisheries - irrigated maize fields - overwhelmed by droughts or shifting sands
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MESOAMERICA Coastal Regions Mountainous Regions Similarities MOUNTAIN REGIONS
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- some parts have too high of altitudes for human habitation and agriculture - herds of llamas/alpacas - rich mix of grains and tubers - 250-300 frosts per year - freeze-dried vegetable and meat products
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MESO AMERICA Coastal Regions Mountainous Regions Similarities
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depended on each other to get the resources that they lacked - some of the most socially complex and politically advanced people of the western hemisphere - used llamas and alpacas to link coastal and mountainous economies while providing meat, wool, and transportation - ayllu, mit'a, khipu - developed compensating technologies that required accurate calendar
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North America Central America South america similarities NORTH AMERICA
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- Anasazi - four corners region of New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado, Utah - chiefdom of Mound Builders - mounds of Mississippian peoples still stand today - large ecological regions - increasingly centralized political power and growing social stratification
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North America Central America South america similarities CENTRAL AMERICA
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- polytheistic - tribute system of Aztecs - chinampas - Toltecs: two chieftain/kings ruled(Tula) - \"Mexica\" : central mexico ; religious peoples - new political organization -> advances in astronomy/math + improved agricultural productivity - long distance trade - complex social hierarchies - religious cults/gods
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North America Central America South america similarities SOUTH AMERICA
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ayllu, mit'a, khipu - affected by the Andes - occupied just the west portion of the continent - llama and alpaca use (meat, wool, trade) - unlikely/harsh environment: development of complex societies - environment made for specific tech. - work : interdependent among genders
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North America Central America South america similarities SIMILARITIES
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use of the three sisters(corn, bean, squash) - natural environment powerfully influenced cultural development - developed unique technologies and cultural forms - competition for resources - times of contraction and expansion - irrigation systems
