COMMUN 1200 FINAL – Flashcards

*how you listen as a speaker (while both preparing and delivering a speech): can have a powerful impact on the quality of your presentation and your ability to connect with your audience *how you listen as an audience member: can strongly affect your ability to absorb information the speaker is imparting to you *both equally important; improving your listening skills as both a speaker and an audience member will help you interpret and use more of what you hear from others in a wide variety of situation

*hearing means merely receiving messages in a passive way *listening means actively paying attention to what you're hearing; it involves both processing the message to decide on its meaning and retaining what you've heard and understood

*processing what you've heard: you actively think about a message you're receiving from someone else- not only the words but also the nonverbal cues *retaining what you've processed: your ability to remember what you've heard

1. Unprocessed Note Taking-copying the speakers words verbatim without considering what you're writing down 2. Nonlistening- not paying attention to what is being heard 3. Interruptive Listening- one person consistently interrupts another 4. Agenda-Driven Listening-speakers who focus solely on the mechanics of their presentation and while presenting has to accommodate questions and comments from audience members 5. Argumentative Listening-selective listening, listening to only as much as they need to in order to fuel their own arguments 6. Nervous Listening- feel compelled to talk through silences because they're uncomfortable with conversational lapses or pauses.

1. Filtering Out Distractions- external and internal noises 2. Focus on the Speaker-keep mind on what speaker is saying 3. Show that you are Listening- look at the other person while he or she is speaking and as you are responding. -verbal and nonverbal signals

1. anticipate ineffective listening before your speech 2. consider your listeners attention and energy levels 3. asses your audience's knowledge and abilities 4. front- and back-load your main message 5. use presentation aids strategically 6. encourage active listening during your speech 7. tailor your delivery 8. watch out for argumentative listeners 9. watch out for defeated listeners 10. watch out for superficial listeners

1. take notes 2. identify main points 3. consider the speeches objectives(feedback) 4. support your feedback with examples 5. be ethical (be courteous in your critique of speaker)

1. consider your purpose 2. take your audience into account 3. select an appropriate number of main points

1. subordination- creating a hierarchy of points and their supporting materials in your speech 2. subpoints- supporting materials used to develop main point are subordinate to the main point 3. coordination- each main point is coordinate with other main points; they are the same level of significance 4. if a subpoint doesn't fit- unrelated to main points...reword one or more of main points to encompass the additional information or create an additional main point to include supporting material

1. Spatial Pattern= the main points represent important aspects of your topic that can be thought of as adjacent to one another in location or geography= effective with speech topics that can be broken down into specific parts that relate to each other spartially 2. Chronological (Temporal) Pattern= you present the information in time-based sequence, from beginning to end. = if discussing a subject that follows a sequence 3. Casual Pattern= if speech is explaining cause and effect relation ship this will help your audience understand the link between particular events and their outcomes 4. Comparison Pattern= organizes the speech around major similarities and differences between two events, objects, or situations. =to learn about a new subject by comparing or contrasting it to a subject with which they are familiar. 5. Categorical Pattern= when having a diverse set of main points to support the thesis of speech. main points emphasize important aspects of topic that the audience needs to understand

1. transitions= a sentence that indicates you are moving from one part of your speech to the next=use when introducing a new point and signalling the end of the previous point 2. signposts= a word or phrase within a sentence that helps your audience understand your speech's structure= use to show that you are a t a specific place in your speech or to indicate that you are about to cite research 3. internal previews= a short list of ideas that will follow= to help the audience follow your explanation of such a complex point 4. internal summary=a quick review of what you just said in your point= to help the audience remember a particulars detailed point

1. gains your audience's attention 2. signals your thesis 3. shows the relevance of the topic for your audience 4. establishes your credibility 5. previews your main points

all the purposes need to be accomplished in a brief period of time. The introduction needs to should only take up a small amount of time in an efficient and effective way. 1. gain your audience's attention= attention-getter, tell story or anecdote, offer a striking or proactive statement, build suspense, let listeners know you are one of them, use humor, ask a rhetorical question, provide a quotation 2. signal your thesis= use topic statement for this purpose; single sentence that express the aspect of the topic you will be emphasizing in your speech- "bottom line" 3. show your audience what's in it for them=generate audiences interest and motivate active listening by providing one sentence or short paragraph that indicates why the audience should take an interest in your topic. 4. establish credibility= show that you have relevant experience and education and that you've thoroughly researched the subject area of the speech. explain how you gained your knowledge about the topic. 5. preview your main points= a brief statement of the main points you will developing in your body to let your audience know what main ideas to expect and helps them visualize the structure of the speech.

A good conclusion helps you sum up the message you developed in the body of your speech and leave a memorable impression in your audience members' minds. Use this to highlight content you already previously presented. This generally takes 1 minute or less.

1. transition 2. summarize main points 3. finish with a clincher (memorable idea)

they can inform, inspire, uplift, confuse, and hurt others. Your word choice defines you as a speaker. Your words an phrases convey your ethos(personal credibility) to your listeners because they can influence an audience's perception of the presenters message and presenter itself. Along with using appropriate and considerate language, you can explain technical terms and use helpful presentation aids(for clarity), thus effectively incorporating such terms into your speech to enhance credibility.

*oral language= more adaptive, less formal, and incorporates repetition; observe your audience members during presentation, interact with them, and respond to the way they are receiving your message. physical interaction generates instantaneous audience feedback so you can adapt to the situation. Speakers tend to not go back and reread words so they use shorter and less complicated sentences, Be repetitive because audience isn't taking notes so repeating keywords will help listeners remember. *written language= more formal because writers tend to put all their words down on paper and go back to make changes, then use precise words choice and follow formal rules of syntax and grammar. Avoid being repetitive or redundant so they don't cover the same ground more than once.

*denotative meaning= of a word is its exact, literal dictionary definition. *connotative meaning= an association that comes to mind when people hear or read the word *example: "that kind of decision really demonstrates some bigotry by the school board" ***denotative meaning= the word "bigotry" literally means the state of mind a person who is intolerantly devoted to his or her personal opinions or prejudices ( the meaning intended in quote) ***connotative meaning= BUT many people have come to associate the word "bigotry" with racial prejudice

1. understandable language (NOT jargon=specialized or technical words or phrases familiar only to people in a specific field or group) 2. concrete words= specific and suggest exactly what you mean (NOT abstract words=general, & can be confusing and ambiguous) 3. proper use of words=use words that correctly express the point you want to make to improve understanding. 4. concise language=make sure each of your sentences expresses just one thought (NOT verbal clutter= extraneous words that make it hard for the audience to follow your message)

1. repetition= saying a specific word, phrase, or statement more than once to help grab audience's attention and leave listeners with enduring memories of speech. 2. hypothetical examples= an imagined example or scenario yo invite your audience to consider to help them follow a complicated point presented immediately afterward. 3. personal anecdotes= brief stories can help you further build credibility and reassure your listeners that you;re not judging them 4. Vivid language= grabs the attention of your audience with words and phrases that appeal to all the sense; sight, smell, tough, hearing, and taste. 5. figurative language= or figures of speech- refers to the techniques speakers employ to word specific types of claims or ideas. (anaphora, antithesis, simile, metaphor)

When you use respectful language in your speeches (words, phrases, and expressions that are courteous and don't reflect bias against other cultures or individuals) you deliver far more effective presentations so your audience can remain open to your ideas and view you as trustworthy and fair. Using biased language (word choice that suggests prejudice or preconceptions about other people) erodes your credibility and distracts your audience form listening to your message.

1. Avoid stereotypes=a generalization based on the false assumption that characteristics displayed by some members of a group are shared by all members of that group 2. use gender-neutral references=a word that does not suggest a particular gender 3. make appropriate reference to ethic groups= to show respect, use the noun or phrase preferred by a particular ethnic group when you are referring to that group 4. steer clear of unnecessary references to ethnicity, religion, gender, or sexuality= if one of these are not relevant to a point you are making, there;s no need to mention it in your speech. 5. a note on appropriate language and political correctness= appropriate language: words have tremendous power to influence the ways people think of, feel about, and treat each other; thus it is important to avoid words that could cause harm or pain to others. Some people say that rather than protecting certain vulnerable people from hurtful language, critics say that these guidelines limit peoples precious right to freedom of expression by establishing strict rules of political correctness: written or unwritten codes of conduct requiring language that reflect a politically and socially liberal view. BEST WAY TO AVOID: support your position on an issue no matter what it is with credible evidence and logical reasoning.

1. reading from a manuscript 2. memorizing from a manuscript 3. speaking from an outline 4. impromptu speaking