COMM212 Exam – Flashcards

Sender, encode, message, channel, receiver, decoding, noise, feedback, environment,

also known as the source. This is the person responsible for inventing the idea on which he or she intends to speak and crafting that idea to an audience.

when the source converts the idea into words, he or she is encoding it. This process is simply taking an abstract notion and giving it meaning through the application of symbols. The end of this process results in the message below.

the content or idea that the source tried to convey to the audience. This is then delivered through a channel.

in the case of public speaking this is the voice. A persons voice is the channel through which a source's encoded message travels to an audience in a presentation.

when a message is sent, it is then received, the audience is also called the receiver, processes those symbols.

the processing done by the receiver, the audience, is called decoding. This takes the symbols used to encode the message and draws meaning from them.

anything that can change the message after the source encodes and sends it.

other sounds, visual barriers, poor volume and projection, distractions in the room, hunger, tiredness, bodily limitations.

preoccupation with other thoughts, emotional reaction to the topic, prejudice or ill will towards the speaker, unwillingness to listen, resistance to the message.

This is when the receivers respond to a message that is sent to the sender (appears only in interactive model).

The context in which the communication process takes place. The environment provides a deeper understanding of context that noise did in the linear model. Noise is a part of the environment but not the whole thing.

beliefs, context, history, participants, relationships, physical setting, values.

model that views communication as something that one person does to another. This model follows one direction. 7 Elements to it (source, encoding, message, channel, receiver, decoding, noise)...... Theory that views communication as a one-way process in which a source conveys an encoded message through a channel to a receiver. Who then decodes that message.

Communication theory that views communication as a 2 way process that includes feedback and the environment. Here both the sender and the receiver are both responsible for encoding and decoding messages.

a theory that views communication as a constant process in which all parties simultaneously play the roles of sender and receiver. This reflects public speaking most accurately.

o Conversations are generally one on one where a speech is in front of a large group o There are more interruptions in a conversation not as much in a speech o The use of language differs in the two, in a presentation you don't say "like" you want to be more formal and more presentable o Speech you use notes conversation you just respond off the top of your head o Language choices, speeches require more organization, use of notes, no interruptions, delivery style, physical arrangement

o Know the audience in both scenarios, audience centered o Still sending a message and a story o Want to pay attention to the feedback especially in a personal convo you need to pick up on small ques.. otherwise people may be confused o Non-verbal communication in both o Audience-centered, attention to feedback, goal-driven, logic is required, stories for effect.

anxiety caused by the prospect of public speaking is often this. This is the dear or anxiety associated with real or anticipated communication with another or others.

• Even if speaker feels they are making a mistake the audience might not even notice it, they may get side tracked by other things like weather • You can start acting like you speak to one person and then you add more as the speech unfolds • You can practice relaxation techniques • Power stances can mentally help you get over fear • Visualizing success • Viewing speaking as one on one conversations (practice practice and practice, employ relaxation techniques, food and sleep night before, visualize success, dialogue with audience, systematic desensitization being introduced to the fear slowly and it reducing each time a little.)

blood pressure increases not a bad thing, shortness of breath, galvanic skin tightening

Convincing yourself that something is going to happen before it does, thus leading to the occurrence of what you originally expected. This can be positive or negative.

You don't want to use language that inadvertently excludes a particular group. To respect others, use inclusive language. Examples: -Inappropriate: policeman, mailman, stewardess, mankind -Appropriate: Police Officer, Mail carrier, Flight attendant, Humankind.

Credibility can diminish the impact of your speech if the audience realize the source was bias, or an opinion. It can also strengthen your presentation. Credible: published newspapers online and in paper, databases, .gov .edu Not always credible: .org, .com, .net

First you should choose a topic and a message that is in the best interest of your audience. Eliminate opinions/bias from research.

1.is the person going to benefit from getting me to believe this information is true? If yes, that could be like a spokesperson and therefore he is bias to begin with. 2.Is this person an expert in this area or in a position to know this information? These people are more reliable. 3.Are the claims made by this source substantiated by other credible sources? 4.Is this source recent enough to be relevant?

taking the intellectual achievements of another person and presenting them as one's own.

taking an entire piece of work and saying that it is your own. Worst kind of academic dishonestly.

using part of someone else's work and not citing it as a source.

taking ideas from more that on piece of work and putting them together into a new piece of work, and then presenting them as original work without giving due credit to the sources.

taking original source material and changing a few words in it, but not enough to consider it a paraphrase, all the while not citing the original source material.

o Keep an open mind: should approach a presentation as the opportunity to learn something new. o Do NOT heckle: don't interrupt the speaker even when you disagree. Heckling can result in an uncomfortable environment for everyone. This can upset and throw off the speaker and the heckling can upset and interfere with the message reception of the other audience members. o Pay Attention: lack of interest does not mean you can be doing something else during someone's speech.

o Maintain your composure: stay calm and collected keeping a moderate tone that's heard before the message is. Important to remain calm and stay respectful even when disagreeing. o Describe people with respect: inclusive language for example... and don't dehumanize people when explain or trying to convey your message. o Avoid profanity: not only does this damage your creditability as a speaker, but it also insults the intelligence of your audience. o Balance simplicity with complexity: speak to your audience in their level. o Balance emotions and logic: capitalizing emotion to move an audience denied them the opportunity to sift and weigh the evidence for themselves and come to their own decisions on the matter. Weigh and balance emotion with logic, for emotional appeals can be very influential with an audience.

-Informational: gives the audience information but does not try to convince an -audience to do or believe something. (describing, informing, demonstrating) -Persuasive: intended to change or reinforce the audience's attitudes, actions, beliefs, or values. May try to convince audience to take a particular side to an issue.

-Outdoors: more competing noises (airplanes, cars, wind etc.) requires you to speak loudly or with a microphone. Audience members may come and go more freely due to the open nature/distraction. Controlled by the weather. -Indoors, large room: will not know everyone in audience, so it is difficult to indentify with such a large group. Depending on size of room, may affect your voice audibility. -Indoors, small room: usually don't require a microphone. More intimate, more attention paid to speaker. Can be more dialogic and conversational by asking questions etc.

1. Know why you want certain information for your speech. 2. Know where to get the information you seek. 3. Know how to assess the quality of the information you have found. 4. Create new knowledge. 5. Be accountable for you use of information.

1. background information: providing context for your speech... 2. unique information: stats, quotes, stories 3. evidentiary information: core of your speech/ support to thesis and main points.

1. Examples: can be used as attention getters and to help explain how data connects to the audience. 2. statistics: summarize and organize sets of numbers to make them easier to understand or visualize. 3. testimony: includes the words of other people in a speech. -expert testimony: must come from someone who is an expert on the topic. -peer testimony: requires no advanced degrees or experience with the topic, but it is important for the audience to identify with that peer.

1. introduction: gets audience attention, states relevance, establish credibility, state argument, preview main points.....TRANSITION to body. 2. transition through main points within the body of your speech. 3. conclusion: signal conclusion, provide a summary of your speech, clinch the speech-end it memorably so the audience remembers.

a practiced, polished speech that makes use of a speaking outline to properly deliver remarks to an audience. the most natural sounding of all the delivery styles because it lacks the pressure of memory or the cadence of a written essay. (combination of the best of each of the other delivery styles)

so and so states that..... according to so and so..... NYT published on friday 5, 2020 that.....