COMM 107 – Flashcard

1.An oral based listening style that fits the audience's education and experience. 2.Has a clear structure, such as chronological or topical. 3.Includes phrases that tell the audience what is coming up. 4.Flows with consistency and cohesiveness.

one formatted to be understood by your listeners

A. Step 1: Decide on a topic or accept the topic assigned to you. B. Step 2: Formulate a statement of central idea. C. Step 3: Collect research that develops the statement of central idea. D. Step 4: Finalize the statement of the central idea, the specific purpose, and the goal that adapts to the listeners and setting of the presentation. E. Step 5: Formulate and organize the body of the presentation so that the goal can be achieved. F. Step 6: Prepare the necessary aids, such as audio, visuals, and computer- generated graphics. G. Step 7: Develop an introduction that previews and a conclusion that summarizes the main points of the presentation. H. Step 8: Polish the introduction and conclusion.

plagarism and fabriciation

1. Topic selection occurs when a speaker decides on a speech subject based upon their knowledge, experiences, or expertise. 2. Before giving a speech, speakers should conduct an audience analysis, which consists of the demographic, psychographic, and rhetorographic characteristics of your prospective listeners. a. Demographics are your listeners' characteristics based on their descriptions and backgrounds—include such factors as age, gender, religion, ethnicity, education, occupation, and race. b. Psychographics are the audience's attitudes and beliefs. c. Rhetorographics include the place, time limit, time of day, and emotional climate of the speech.

1. As speeches are being presented the speaker should actively analyze the feedback he or she is receiving. 2. Some speakers are sensitive to the cough meter, where audience members cough or clear their throats more if they are not paying attention to the speaker. 3. If the audience seems not to understand a point, based either upon their nonverbal communication or the questions they ask, the speaker can restate or clarify the point. 4. Speakers can also ask questions of the audience to get feedback and keep them engaged.

1. This allows speakers to get feedback after the presentation, determine how your speech affected your audience, and offers information for preparing and presenting future speeches. 2. A question-and-answer session is one way to gain feedback. 3. Other forms of analysis include questionnaires, follow-up interviews, and opinion polls.

1. Information is acquired from experience and the speaker has little time for preparation. a. The advantages of ad lib or impromptu speaking is that it is more natural and shows more of the speakers' true feelings. b. Drawbacks include lack of time for preparation, research and inclusion of statistics and examples.

Extemporaneous mode 1. Extemporaneous mode has more preparation; speakers develop a set of "talking points," such as notes or an outline, to assist them in presenting their ideas (outline/mind-mapping/talking points). a. Advantages of extemporaneous speaking include having time to find information and prepare the speech, security in having an outline or notes, and the more spontaneous form of presenting. b. Disadvantages are speakers can get lost easily or may focus on the notes/outline so much that they do not interact with the audience.

1. In manuscript mode the material is written out and delivered word for word. a. The advantages are that the manuscript mode allows for solid speech organization, language choice, and a permanent written record of what was said. b. The disadvantages are that the speech cannot be easily adapted to the audience and many speakers have a monotonous tone, lack of eye contact, or get lost in the script.

1. The memorized mode is written out word for word and then committed to memory. a. Advantages include being able to look at the audience the entire time of the presentation, use exact wording and examples, and being able to time the speech exactly. b. Disadvantages are that the speech could be forgotten and the words could become robotic since the speaker is focused on remembering the speech.

A. Primary sources of information are sources that represent the original reports of the observations or research. B. Secondary sources of information are sources that report, but did not originally generate, the observations or research. C. Various Sources of Information 1. Source types, benefits and drawbacks of using each source

A. Supporting speech material should clarify a point or offer evidence of the validity of the argument presented. B. Speakers need to find material that supports the main points being discussed. C. Types of Supporting Materials 1. Stories 2. Specific instance 3. Exposition 4. Analogies 5. Testimony

A. An internal summary is a short restatement of what has just been said. B. Forecasting alerts the audience to the ideas that are coming. C. Signposting 1. States where the listeners have been, where they are presently, and forecasts where they are going. 2. It is less detailed and occurs more often than an internal summary. D. Supplementary aids (examples)

1. Introduction - attention gaining and orientating material. 2. Central Idea - the purpose and a specific statement of its main idea. 3. Body - the major points to be expressed in the presentation. 4. Conclusion - summarizing and possibly a motivating statement.

1. Personal references 2. Humorous stories should fit the audience and occasion, be relevant to the material being presented, and set a desired tone. 3. Illustrations such as stories and pictures help to make ideas more vivid. 4. Rhetorical questions require no outward response. 5. Action questions are a means of getting the audience involved in a speech and making listeners think and respond. They require a response. 6. Unusual or dramatic devices get the audience's attention because of their curiosity or shock value. 7. Quotations related to the theme 8. Theme statements

1. Historical background 2. Definition of terms that may not be known to the audience. 3. Personal history and/or tie to the topic give the speaker credibility because of his/her authority on the subject. 4. Importance to the listener gives the audience reason to pay attention and shows the relevance of the topic to them.

A. The statement of the central idea of a speech is intended to keep the speaker on course for developing a purposeful and well-organized speech. B. It provides the main point and indicates the response desired from the audience.

A. The body of a speech develops through major points as well as any sub-points needed to develop the speaker's central idea. B. Most communication instructors recommend three to five major points. Traditional Methods of Arrangement For the Body of a Speech 1. Spatial method - In terms of space or geography. 2. Time method - In order of time, first to last or last to first. 3. Topical method - Divided into its component parts. Main points may be made in order of their relevance, priority, or alphabetical order. 4. Causal method - Cause to effect or effect to cause. 5. Comparison-contrast method indicates both similarities and differences. 6. Problem-solution method - What's wrong and how to fix it. The problem is clearly stated. Different solutions can be explored, but one should be best. The best solution is workable, desirable, and practical. C. A speech may have a major method of arrangement and another complementary internal method of arrangement.

A. The summary of a speech restates the major points. B. A clincher is the last line, which reinforces the major ideas presented and wraps up the presentation with a final message to sell the central idea. 1. Clincher techniques are similar to attention-getting techniques. 2. It is best to come around to be opening.

A. Partitioning organizational speech structure is a deductive format in which the speech is divided into a number of points. 1. The partitioning step is a listing of how the main issues will be presented in the speech as it divides the topic. 2. Transitions forecast the coming issue. B. Unfolding method organizational speech structure lays out supporting evidence and then draws a conclusion, leading the listeners to be drawn into the argument. 1. Inductive reasoning process begins with specific instances or examples, and then formulates a reasonable generalization or conclusion from them. 2. This method goes well with a persuasive speech. C. Case method of organizational speech structure discusses the central idea without breaking it into sub-points.

A. Vocal delivery is important since audience members tend to pay attention more to a speaker who is dynamic and enthusiastic (volume, pitch, rate). B. Physical Elements 1. Gestures are the use of hands, body movements, and facial expressions. a. Gestures should be natural. 2. Eye Contact a. Be sure to shift focus so you are not looking right at one section of the audience (tic-tac-toe)

1. Visual aids can assist in making a presentation listenable and maintain the audience's attention. 1. Use visuals as an aid, not a replacement for your oral presentation. 2. Speak to your audience, not your visual. 3. Integrate the aid when it will have the most impact.

A. Informative speaking is discourse that imparts new information, secures understanding, or reinforces previously known information. B. All communication has persuasive elements since the audience must be persuaded to accept the information the speaker presents.

A. Speeches about objects, like a person, place, animal, structure, or machine. B. Speeches about processes instruct the audience about how something works, is made, or is done so that they can apply the skills learned. C. Speeches about events inform the audience about something that has already happened, is happening, or is expected to happen. D. Speeches about concepts examine theories, beliefs, ideas, philosophies, or schools of thought. E. Informative briefing presents information to a specialized audience, followed by the exchange of data, ideas, and questions among participants. F. Team briefing involves a group presenting its findings or recommendations. 1. Team briefings are well planned and rehearsed. 2. Usually one team member is appointed, selected, or elected to act as the facilitator of the briefing. G. One-on-one briefings present information to a person or a small group. 1. Usually informal setting. 2. Sometimes referred to as a table-top briefing, since they commonly take place around a conference table. H. Technical reports are statements describing a process, technique, or new elements with people within a business or industry or outside it, such as customers or researchers, who may be interested in the topic. I. Professional papers are speeches in which the presenter briefs his or her audience on some findings that relate to the speaker or the listeners' area of interest. J. A poster presentation is a prepared poster, PowerPoint program, or series of charts that visually highlights your research or idea. K. A lecture is a formal presentation of material to facilitate learning. L. Question and answer sessions usually follow many speeches, which can give measure to the speaker's knowledge, or alert a speaker to areas in a speech that were unclear or need more development. 1. Speakers should anticipate the types of questions likely to be answered. 2. Set ground rules regarding the process and the time limit. 3. Admit you don't know the answer, if you can't answer the audiences' questions. M. Speeches of introduction identifies the person who will be speaking to the audience and give any other information that may spark listeners' interest.

A. The goal of informative speakers to get audience members to understand and retain the information presented. B. Tips to informative speaking. 1. Order your ideas clearly. 2. Use familiar concepts to explain new ones. 3. Use vivid illustrations. 4. Avoid being too technical.

1. A persuasive speech is intended to influence the opinion or behavior of an audience. 2. In a speech of conviction, a speaker is attempting to convince the listener to believe as the speaker does. 3. A speech of actuation should move members of the audience to take the desired action that the speaker has proposed.

1. The theory of field related-standards proposes that not all people reach conclusions in the same way and thus may react differently to the same evidence or psychological material. 2. Group norm standard, or the thinking of a particular group, may be used as a guide for developing your arguments. Target your message for how the group thinks. 3. Individual norm standards posits that in any group there are those who have power, and the ones in power make the decision. Thus, persuade the powerful, and you've persuaded the group.

1. Critical thinking - Establish criteria and then matches the solutions with the criteria. 2. Comparative-advantage reasoning - begin by stating possible solutions, then demonstrating how the proposal is the most workable, desirable, and practical. 3. Monroe's Motivated Sequence consists of a 5-step psychological sequence meant to persuade the listener. The steps do not have to be in order, but they all must be present. a. Attention—getting the listener to focus to your message. b. Need—identifying a problem and showing how it relates to the listener. c. Satisfaction—proposing a plan of action that will meet the need that has been identified. d. Visualization—describing the beneficial results when the plan is implemented, or the detriments if it is not undertaken. e. Action—challenging the listener to do as requested.

A. Elaboration Likelihood Model posits that if the issue being discussed is one that the listener has encountered before, is interested and involved in, and enjoys thinking about, then the listener is more likely to engage in centrally processing the persuader's message.

A. One purpose of persuasion is to influence, or get the listener to take some action or believe in a concept. B. Coercion exists when the audience feels they have no choice but to accept what the speaker proposes (involuntary choice, different from persuasion)

B. Ethos refers to the speaker's credibility. Credibility has 3 components. 1. A speaker's competence refers to wisdom, authority, and knowledge. 2. A speaker's charisma is having the ability to entice others by being compelling, appealing, concerned, and sincere. 3. A speaker's character is a person's reputation, honesty, and sincerity.

1. Persuasive claims as argument propositions. a. Propositions of fact assert the existence of something. b. Proposition of value offers an evaluation of a person, place, or thing. c. Proposition of policy states something should or should not be done. 2. Argument formats can be inductive or deductive a. Inductive arguments are based on probability. With enough specific instances leading to the same conclusion, then the conclusion will likely be accepted. Two conclusive forms: 1) In a generalization conclusion, a prediction is made from a number of specific instances. 2) A hypothesis conclusion has a hypothesis explain all of the evidence, and it must be a better explanation than any other existing explanation. b. Deductive arguments suggest that if someone accepts the premise of an argument, then they must accept the conclusion. 1) Categorical syllogisms contains premises and conclusions. If you believe the premises, you must believe the conclusion. 2) A disjunctive argument is an either-or argument in which alternatives must be established.

a. Maslow's Hierarchy of Human Needs says that persuasion need to reach people at the level of need they are at. 1) Physiological needs 2) Safety needs 3) Acceptance needs 4) Esteem needs 5) Self-actualization b. The Ethnographic Theory of Human Drives suggests that humans are driven to change mind or action for one of four reasons. 1) Survival-of-the-species 2) Pleasure seeking 3) Security 4) Territoriality

yeah. persuasive message.