question

Aside

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spoken directly to the audience by one character for the purpose of giving them knowledge that is not shared with the other character

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Ray Bradbury- When, Author?

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o American 20th century o Fantasy, Science Fiction, Horror and Mystery Fiction

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Stephen Crane- Major Works

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o Red Badge of Courage- Civil War novel (1895) Henry Fleming flees from battle, standard-bearer o Maggie: A Girl of the Streets (1893) First American Naturalism vivid intensity, distinctive dialects, irony

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Ray Bradbury- Works

answer

Fahrenheit 451: (1953) Dystopian. Guy Montag- firefighter. Censorship, Knowledge vs. Ignorance, religion as a knowledge giver. o The Martian Chronicles (1950) o The Illustrated Man (1951)

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Jane Austen- Works

answer

Emma; Pride and Prejudice; Persuasion; Mansfield Park

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Emily Dickinson- Works

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o "Wild Nights—Wild Nights!" "I Heard a Fly Buzz When I Died" "Because I Could Not Stop For Death" Irregular capitalization, dashes and enjambment, liberty with meter 19 Century - Themes: flowers/ gardens, morbidity, gospel, undiscovered continent

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F. Scott Fitzgerald & Works

answer

American 20th century The Great Gatsby (1925)

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Anne Frank & Works

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o The Diary of a Young Girl (1952): autobiographical, takes place 1942-1944.

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Robert Frost- Works

answer

o "The Road Not Taken" (1916)American 20th century o "Colloquial" Speech (informal language) o Describes rural life= social and philosophical themes

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John Keats- Works

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o "On First Looking Into Chapman's Homer" (1816) o "To Autumn"

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Harper Lee & Works

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o American Modern o To Kill a Mockingbird (1960): Southern gothic novel. Atticus Finch defends character against rape.

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C.S. Lewis & Works

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o Irish Novelist, Poet o The Chronicles of Narnia (1950) o The Screwtape Letters (1942): satirical Christian apologetic

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Herman Melville- Work

answer

o Moby Dick- Dark Romantic (1851): Ishmael, Captain Ahab. • Themes: Allegorical- Whale= Nature/God/Universe; Ahab=Man's Conflicted Identity/ Civilization/ Human Will/ Ishmael=Poet vs. Philosopher

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Edgar Allan Poe- works & dates

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o The Pit and the Pendulum (1842) o Tell-Tale Heart & Black Cat (1843) o The Raven (1845) o Cask of Amontillado (1846) o "To Science," "The City and the Sea" "Silence"

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J.D. Salinger & works

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o American o The Catcher and the Rye (1951): Holden Caulfield, NYC, coming of age= confusion, angst, alienation, and rebellion. Themes: identity, belonging, connection, alienation.

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William Shakespeare- Time Period

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English Renaissance

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William Shakespeare- works

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o Histories,King John, Richard II, III, Henry IV, V, VI, VIII o Tragedies, King Lear, Troilus and Cressida, Coriolanus, Titus Andronicus, Timon of Athens, Antony and Cleopatra, Cymbeline o Comedies The Tempest, The Gentlemen of Verona, Measure for Measure, As You Like It, Twelfth Night, The Winter's Tale, Pericles, The Noble Kinsmen, Sonnet 18 "Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?"

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Mary Shelley- work & date

answer

o Frankenstein (1818)

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Percy Bysshe Shelley- work

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o "Prometheus Unbound" "Ode to the West Wind" "To A Skylark"

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Walt Whitman- work

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o Leaves of Grass (1855): philosophy of life and humanity, the body and material world rather than symbolism, allegory, and religion. - Transcendentalist- nature & man's role in it.

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Maya Angelou- works

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o I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings: (1969) Autobiography. She transforms from a victim of racism with an inferiority complex into a self-possessed, dignified young woman capable of responding to prejudice. Identity, rape, racism, and literacy.

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Ayn Rand

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o American novelist, philosopher, play writer, screenwriter. o Created Objectivism: Reality exists independent of consciousness- independent rights.

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Ayn Rand- works

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o The Fountainhead (1943) o Atlas Shrugged (1957) o Anthem (1937) • Dystopian- Character's struggle to break collectivist society and be an individual (anti-communist)

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Toni Morrison- works

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o The Bluest Eye o Beloved (1987): Slave, Margaret Garner escaped. Killed daughter rather than be recaptured, visited by spirit

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Amy Tan- works

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o The Joy Luck Club (1989): Four families, mother-daughter, Woo, Jong, Hsu, St. Clair.

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Alice Walker & works

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o African American author and poet o The Color Purple (1982): epistolary novel- written as a series of documents

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Maxine Hong Kingston & works- date

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o Chinese American author o The Woman Warrior (1975): memoir, autobiography mixed with folklore. Gender and ethnicity in lives of women.

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Zora Neale Hurston & works

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o American folklorist, anthropologist, and author. o Their Eyes Were Watching God (1937): Janie Crawford- Coming of age, racial, rejection of racial uplift literary prescriptions.

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Ralph Waldo Emerson & works

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o American Transcendentalist o "Self Reliance" (1830): essay, recurrent theme- the need for each individual to avoid conformity and false consistency, follow his or her own instincts and ideas.

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Washington Irving- works

answer

o "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" (1820) o "Rip Van Winkle" (1819)

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Blank Verse:

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No fixed lines, meter-drama and long narrative poems

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Iambic Pentameter:

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Iambic unit, or Foot (5), Syllable (10)

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Free verse

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Open form, inconsistent meter patterns, rhyme, follows natural speech.

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Trochee:

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A foot with stressed syllable followed by unstressed

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Spondee:

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A foot with two long syllables

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Dactyl:

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A foot with a long syllable followed by two short. Ex: Just for a handful of silver he left us.

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Ballads

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anonymous narrative poems o Ballad Stanza= 4-line stanza alternating tetrameter and trimeter lines w/ rhyme scheme of abab or abcd

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Mock Epic (Mock- heroic):

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in satires or parodies that mock classical stereotypes of heroes.

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Limerick

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5-line, strict rhyme scheme (AABBA), humorous intent. Popularized by Edward Lear in 19th century.

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British Romantics Movements- concerned with? who?

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o Concerned with self-analysis • William Wordsworth, Samuel Coleridge, Mary Shelley, William Blake, John Keats, Percy Bysshe Shelley, Lord Byron

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Neoclassicism- Augustan when? Beliefs?

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18th century- writers responding to each other. Attached to history. Birth of political satire. Empiricism- Knowledge comes only from sensory experience. Periodicals

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Transcendentalism:

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inherent goodness of both people and nature. Society and its institutions corrupt the purity of the individual. o Ralph Waldo Emerson o Henry David Thoreau

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Romanticism Authors

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Jane Austin, William Blake, Bronte Family, Thomas Carlyle

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Symbolism Movement, When?

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Attempts to evoke rather than describe. Everything has symbolic value. Late 19th century

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Neoclassicism- Augustan Writers

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Joseph Addison and Richard Steele.

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Symbolism Writers

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o Poets: Gustave Kahn and Ezra Pound o Oscar Wilde, T.S. Eliot, Katherine Mansfield, George Sterling, George MacDonald

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Harlem Renaissance:

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artistic and cultural movement reflecting African Americans, New York City, 1920's.

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Harlem Renaissance Writers

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o Zora Neale Hurston o Countee Cullen o Claude McKay o Langston Hughes

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Describe the Metaphysical Movement:

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17th century. Use of speculation of love and religion. o Characteristics: wit, far-fetched similes or metaphor.

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Metaphysical Movement Writers

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o Poets: John Donne, Andrew Marvell, George Herbert

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Modernist Movement

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late 19th and early 20th centuries in Europe and North America. Characterized by self-conscious break with traditional styles of poetry and verse.

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Modernist Movement Writers

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Virginia Woolf, Ezra Pound, Thomas Mann, James Joyce, Ernest Hemingway, Robert Frost, F. Scott Fitzgerald, William Faulkner, Ralph W. Ellison, T.S. Eliot, EE Cummings

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Primary Source

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document or physical object written or created during the time being studied. Original Documents- Diaries, speeches, manuscripts, letters, interviews, news film footage, autobiographies, and official records. Creative Works- Poetry, drama, novels, music, art. Relics or Artifacts

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Secondary Source

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interprets and analyzes primary sources. One or two steps removed from the event. Could have pictures, quotes, or graphics of primary source in them. Publications- Textbooks, magazine articles, histories, criticisms, commentaries, encyclopedias.

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Inductive Reasoning:

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Drawing generalization or conclusions from reliable evidence.

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Deductive Reasoning:

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Starting with the generalization then applying it to specifics. -More localized.

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Logical Syllogisms:

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Deductive Reasoning

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Slippery Slope

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If A happens, Z will happen through small steps and assumptions.

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Appeals to Authority:

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Believing claim if delivered by authority figure.

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Post hoc ergo propter hoc

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Assumes if A occurred after B, then B caused A.

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Hasty Generalization

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Conclusion based on insufficient or biased evidence.

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Either/or: (Argument)

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Oversimplifies the argument by reducing it to only two sides.

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Rhetorical Questions:

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Speaker asks questions not to get information, but to express a conviction- no answer to questions.

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Ad hominem:

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attack on the character of a person rather than argument

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Red Herring:

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Diversion tactic that avoids key issues by avoiding opposing arguments rather than addressing them.

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Gothic Fiction Examples

answer

o Mary Shelley's Frankenstein o Horace Walpole's The Castle of Otranto

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Absurdist Fiction

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Focuses on the experiences of characters in a situation where they cant find and inherent purpose in life which is shown through meaningless actions and events. o Common Elements: satire, dark humor, incongruity, abasement of reason.

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Nonsense Fiction

answer

Edward Lear, Lewis Carroll

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Oxford English Dictionary

answer

current, common meanings, and offers the most historical info

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Style Manual:

answer

information about writing and formatting for a variety of purposes- guidelines for documenting sources in an essay.

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Semicolon

answer

1. Connect two sentences without a conjunction. 2. To Separate lists of items separated by commas. "... from Boise, Idaho; Nashville, Tennessee;..." 3. Before ";for example, list" 4. Between two sentences joined by conjunction when one or more commas appear in the first sentence.

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Gerund Phrase:

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(Gerund- verb ending in -ing that is used as a noun.) Will begin with gerund. "Eating ice cream on a windy day can be messy.

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Participial Phrase:

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Begins with a present or past participle. (verb in past or present form) Includes objects or modifiers. Ex: Crunching caramel corn for the entire movie.

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Prepositional Phrase:

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Begin with a preposition, followed by modifiers (if any) and end with a noun, pronoun, gerund, or clause- the "object" of the prepostion. Ex: "At home..." "The book on the bathroom floor is swollen from shower steam."

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Noun Phrase

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A noun and the modifiers which distinguish it. Modifier can come before or after. ex: "the dog"

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Unclear Pronoun reference:

answer

the use of it, they, this, that, these, those, and which. The question "what" comes to mind.

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Incorrect Subject-verb Agreement:

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Matching singular verbs with singular nouns. Ex: "The team of Americans was the best in the world."

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Misplaced modifier:

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A word separated from the word it modifies or describes. Ex: W- "The child ate a cold dish of cereal."

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Compound:

answer

Two or more independent clauses

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Complex:

answer

contains an independent clause and at least one dependent clause

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Compound Complex:

answer

Two independent clauses and one more dependent clause Ex: "We decided that the movie was too violent, but our children, who like to watch scary movies, thought that we were wrong.

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Simple:

answer

Contains a subject and a verb.

question

British Renaissance Writers

answer

Francis Bacon, Thomas Dekker, John Donne, John Fletcher

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American Colonial Writers

answer

Religious writings. John Winthrop, Edward Winslow, William Bradford, Anne Bradstreet

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American Renaissance Writers

answer

Mid 19th century- Raph Emerson, Hawthorne, Melville, Thoreau, Whitman

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Naturalism Writers

answer

Charles Darwin, Emile Zola- Dark harshness of life

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Post- Modernism Writers

answer

Joseph Heller, Tim O'Brien,

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James Fenimore Cooper

answer

First novel 1820 - famous series - Leatherstocking Tales (5) incl. The Pioneers (1823), The Last of the Mohicans (1826), The Prairie (1827), The Pathfinder (1840), The Deerslayer (1841). First book was Precaution, which attempted to Satirize Jane Austen's novels.

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Last of the Mohicans

answer

James Fenimore Cooper - 1826 Main character- Natty Bumppo -nickname: Hawkeye - brave and resourceful woodsman armed with unerringly long rifle. Setting: 1757, Upstate NY, Seven Yrs. War. Romantic Allegory- symbolizes Native American removal from the land. Heightened formal rhetoric

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Harriet Beecher Stowe

answer

Born in CT 1811- Wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin in outraged response to Fugitive Slave Law of 1850.

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Uncle Tom's Cabin

answer

Story of a slave sold from Kentucky into a life of danger and uncertainty. Embolden by his abiding faith - allows him to forgive his final slave master's torture. Rescues Eva, white girl, whose father buys him and intends to emancipate him after Eva's death, but is killed before he can. Sold to evil Simon Legree eventually dies a martyrs death.

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Huckleberry Finn

answer

Mark Twain. 1884. First time American vernacular, dialect in a book. Mock-epic tale of American Democracy. Intended to be sequel to Tom Sawyer. Plot is more connected set of adventures. Main Character, Huck, whose worst experience is having drunken father return. Runs away, faking his own death, goes to Jackson's Island, meets Jim, a runaway slave.

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Avi

answer

The True Confessions of Charlotte Doyle Nothing But the Truth Crispin

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Scott O'Dell

answer

Island of the Blue Dolphins The Black Pearl Over Sea, Under Stone

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Emily Bronte Wuthering Heights, now considered a classic of English literature. Wuthering Heights is the only published novel by this aurthor.

answer

The narrative centres on the all-encompassing, passionate, but ultimately doomed love between Catherine Earnshaw and Heathcliff, and how this unresolved passion eventually destroys them and the people around them.

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Charlotte Bronte

answer

Jane Eyre under the pen name Currer Bell.

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Virgil

answer

was an ancient Roman poet of the Augustan period. He is known for three major works of Latin literature, the Eclogues (or Bucolics), the Georgics, and the epic Aeneid. A number of minor poems, collected in the Appendix Vergiliana, are sometimes attributed to him. This poet is traditionally ranked as one of Rome's greatest poets. His Aeneid has been considered the national epic of ancient Rome from the time of its composition to the present day.

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The Aeneid is a Latin epic poem, written by Virgil between 29 and 19 BC, that tells the legendary story of Aeneas, a Trojan who travelled to Italy, where he became the ancestor of the Romans.

answer

*A Trojan destined to found Rome, undergoes many trials on land and sea during his journey to Italy, finally defeating the Latin Turnus and avenging the murder of Pallas

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Animal Farm

answer

a novel written by George Orwell about a group of animals who mount a successful rebellion against the farmer who rules them, but their dreams of equality for all are ruined when one pig seizes power; novella, dystopian animal fable

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The Pigman

answer

Written by Paul Zindel, first published in 1968 The novel begins with Lorraine's delinquent friend named John. signed by John Conlan and Lorraine Jensen, two high school sophomores, which pledge that they will report only the facts about their experiences with the principal

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Sonnet 18

answer

"Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? / Thou art more lovely and more temperate;" This has a couplet with ABAB CDCE EFEF GG rhyme scheme by William Shakespeare

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Plath

answer

The Bell Jar; born during the great depression

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Fahrenheit 451

answer

is a 1953 dystopian novel by Ray Bradbury. The novel presents a future American society where books are outlawed and firemen burn any house that contains them. The plot that takes place in a futuristic America, a firefighter (Guy Montag) decides to buck society, stop burning books, and start seeking knowledge; themes: censorship, knowledge vs. ignorance, religion as a knowledge giver

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Self-Reliance

answer

is an essay written by American Transcendentalist philosopher and essayist, Ralph Waldo Emerson. It contains the most thorough statement of one of Emerson's recurrent themes, the need for each individual to avoid conformity and false consistency, and follow his or her own instincts and ideas. It is the source of one of Emerson's most famous quotations: "A foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds.

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Thoreau

answer

was an American author, poet, philosopher, abolitionist, naturalist, tax resister, development critic, surveyor, historian, and leading transcendentalist.. He wrote "Civil Disobedience;"

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Civil Disobedience is an essay by American transcendentalist Henry David Thoreau that was first published in 1849.

answer

In it, Thoreau argues that individuals should not permit governments to overrule or atrophy their consciences, and that they have a duty to avoid allowing such acquiescence to enable the government to make them the agents of injustice.

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Wordsworth

answer

English Romantic poet. He wrote "We Are Seven," "The Prelude," and "The World is Too Much With Us;" joint publication of 'Lyrical Ballads' with Samuel Taylor. Coleridge; motifs: wanders vs wandering, memory, vision/sight, light, leech gatherer; believed that childhood was a "magical" and magnificent time of innocence; devotion to nature; use of everyday speech and country characters

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Katherine Patterson

answer

a Female American author best known for children's novels. For four different books published 1975 to 1980, she won two Newbery Medals and two National Book Awards. She is one of three people to win the two major international awards: for "lasting contribution to children's literature" she won the biennial Hans Christian Andersen Award A Bridge to Terabithia Jacob Have I Loved The Great Gilly Hopkins

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Christopher Paul Curtis

answer

is an Africican American children's author and a Newbery Medal winner who wrote The Watsons Go to Birmingham, Elijah, & Bud, Not Buddy. is set in a free Black community in Ontario that was founded in 1849 by runaway slaves.

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Gary Paulsen

answer

is an American writer who writes many young adult coming of age stories about the wilderness. He is the author of more than 200 books, 200 magazine articles many short stories, and several plays, all primarily for young adults and teens. "Hatchet" is a 1987 three-time Newbery Honor-winning wilderness survival novel. Hatchet Brian's Winter Tracker Dogsong

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Sandra Cisneros(born in America but of Mexican decent) - For her insightful social critique and powerful prose style, she has achieved recognition far beyond Chicano and Latino communities

answer

The House on Mango Street has been translated worldwide and is taught in American classrooms as a coming-of-age novel The House on Mango Street

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Lewis Carroll

answer

was the pen name of Charles Lutwidge Dodgson, an English author. His most famous writings are "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland" and its sequel "Through the Looking-Glass", as well as the poems "The Hunting of the Snark" and "Jabberwocky" ("Jabberwocky" is a nonsense verse poem written in his 1871 novel Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found). All examples of the genre of literary nonsense.

question

Frederick Douglass

answer

Self-educated slave who wrote a book named after himself...Narrative of the Life of________, editor of 'The North Star,' abolitionist. Without his approval, this man became the first African American nominated for Vice President of the United States

question

Ralph Waldo Emerson

answer

was an American essayist, lecturer, and poet, who led the poet movement of the mid-19th century. He was seen as a champion of individualism and a prescient critic of the countervailing pressures of society, and he disseminated his thoughts through dozens of published essays and more than 1,500 public lectures across the United States. He wrote "Self-Reliance;"

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Edgar Allan Poe

answer

was an American author, poet, editor and literary critic, considered part of the American Romantic Movement. Best known for his tales of mystery and the macabre, (In works of art, macabre is the quality of having a grim or ghastly atmosphere. Macabre works emphasize the details and symbols of death)

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Semantics

answer

Connecting ones background, experiences, knowledge, interests, attitudes, and perspectives with spoken or written language to construct meaning

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Grapheme

answer

Printed or visual symbol that represents a sound

question

Phoneme

answer

The smallest unit of sound in a spoken word

question

Morpheme

answer

Smallest unit of meaning in a word

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Phonics

answer

A teaching method that relates spoken sounds to written symbols

question

Schema theory

answer

A hypothesis that explains how information we have stored in our minds helps us gain new knowledge

question

5 interactive strategies for struggling readers

answer

1. Rereading familiar text 2. Phonics instruction 3. Reading and applying decoding skills to new text 4. Practice session on high-frequency words 5. Writing

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Decoding

answer

Uses the phonics skills students learn and apply that help them to figure out the pronunciation of an unfamiliar word in print

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High-frequency words

answer

Words that occur most often in printed texts

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Plot

answer

Sequence of events in a story

question

satire

answer

A literary work that criticizes human misconduct and ridicules vices, stupidities, and follies.

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Stream of consciousness

answer

a style of writing that portrays the inner (often chaotic) workings of a character's mind.

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romance

answer

in general, a story in which an idealized hero or heroine undertakes a quest and is successful.

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denotation

answer

Dictionary definition of a word

question

understatement

answer

a statement that is restrained in ironic contrast to what might have been said

question

vernacular

answer

Everyday language

question

A quatrain

answer

a stanza of four lines usually with an AABB, ABAB, or ABCB rhyme pattern

question

tetrameter

answer

a verse line having four metrical feet

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trimeter

answer

a poetic line with 3 feet

question

ballad stanza

answer

alternating lines of tetrameter and trimeter

question

blank verse

answer

unrhymed verse (usually in iambic pentameter)

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sonnet

answer

a verse form consisting of 14 lines with a fixed rhyme scheme

question

apostrophe

answer

a figure of speech in which one directly addresses an absent or imaginary person, or some abstraction

question

Transcendentalist Authors

answer

Ralph Waldo Emerson, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Henry David Thoreau, Henry Wadsworth Longellow, Oliver Wendell Holmes

question

Transcendentalist Values

answer

individualism, freedom, experimentation, spirituality

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Realism

answer

This was the new style of literature that focused on the daily lives and adventures of a common person. focusing on characters with whom middle-class readers could easily identify; This style was a response to Romanticism's supernaturalism and over-emphasis on emotion,

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Realism Authors

answer

William Dean Howells, (A Modern Instance), Mark Twain, (Huckleberry Finn); Henry James, (Daisy Miller)

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Naturalism

answer

The term naturalism describes a type of literature that attempts to apply scientific principles of objectivity and detachment to its study of human beings. Unlike realism which focuses on literary technique naturalism implies a philosophical position

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Classicism

answer

the principles and styles admired in the classics of Greek and Roman literature, such as objectivity, sensibility, restraint, and formality

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Neoclassical

answer

An art form rising from the end of rococo (#87) dominance in the mid-18th century, neoclassicism was a return to the art canon; instead of pushing new boundaries, artists demonstrated complete mastery of the old forms. Often, Roman or Greek figures were depicted, and virtual copies of these figures (a little bit like the Renaissance...but only a little) was common, probably due to the re-emergence of the Roman idea of the res publica and the Socratic republic.

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Romantic

answer

a term describing a character or literary work that reflects the characteristics of Romanticism, the literary movement beginning in the late 18th century that stressed emotion, imagination, and individualism

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modern

answer

characteristic of present-day art and music and literature and architecture

question

Examples of Authors/works from Modern Era

answer

Mark Twain-, Jack London- White Fang, Call of the Wild, Robert Frost- Nothing gold can stay, The road not taken, Joyce, T.S. Elliot- The wasteland,

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Postmodern

answer

Having to do with a movement in art, architecture, or literature that is a reaction against modernism and that calls for the reintroduction of traditional elements and techniques as well as elements from pop culture.

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structural cues

answer

prefixes, roots, suffixes -- ways to strengthen vocabulary

question

context cues

answer

words and phrases around the unknown word that help a reader deduce the unknown words meaning

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enjambment

answer

(in poetry) occurs when one line ends and continues onto the next line to complete meaning

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Transcendentalism

answer

mid-19th century in New England- philosophy focused on protesting the Puritan ethic and materialism. They valued individualism, freedom, experimentation, and spirituality. Emerson, Thoreau, Longfellow

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Elegy

answer

A poem that is a mournful lament for the dead.

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Petrarchan sonnet

answer

opens with an octave that states a proposition and ends with a sestet that states the solution.

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Shakespearean sonnet

answer

includes three quatrains and a couplet.

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Fable

answer

A short story or folktale that contains a moral, which may be expressed explicitly at the end as a maxim

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Frame tale

answer

A narrative technique in which the main story is composed primarily for the purpose of organizing a set of shorter stories, each of which is a story within a story. Examples include Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, Ovid's Metamorphoses, and Emily Bronte's Wuthering Heights.

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Denouement

answer

The outcome or resolution of plot in a story.

question

SQ3R

answer

Survey: The student previews the chapter to assess the organization of the information. 2. Question: The student examines the chapter's headings and subheadings and rephrases them into questions. 3. Read: The student reads one section of the chapter at a time selectively, primarily to answer the questions. 4. Recite: The student answers each question in his or her own words and writes the answers in his or her notes. The student repeats this note-taking sequence for each section of the chapter. 5. Review: The student immediately reviews what has been learned.

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anticipation guide

answer

provides students with an opportunity to respond to and discuss a series of open-ended questions or opinion questions that address various themes, vocabulary words, and concepts that will appear in an upcoming text.

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Morphology

answer

The study of the structure of words

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Pragmatics

answer

The role of context in the interpretation of meaning

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English

answer

derived from Anglo-Saxon, which is a dialect of West Germanic, with roots from many languages, including Chinese, Hebrew, and Russian.

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Etymology

answer

the study of the history and origin of words.

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Imperative sentence

answer

Issues a command.

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conditional sentence

answer

expresses wishes or conditions contrary to fact.

question

simple sentence

answer

has only one independent clause, and it has no dependent clauses.

question

compound sentence

answer

made up of two independent clauses. The clauses must be joined by a semicolon or by a comma and a coordinating conjunction. EX:My dog growls at the mailman, but my cat growls at her littermate

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complex sentence

answer

one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses. EX: When you pass the Praxis II test [dependent clause], you'll enjoy a career in teaching [independent clause]

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Abstract nouns

answer

name an idea, condition, or feeling

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Transitive verbs

answer

take direct objects—words or word groups that complete the meaning of a verb by naming a receiver of the action.

question

Present perfect tense

answer

used when action began in the past but continues into the present. Example: Annie has attended a charter school for two years.

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Future perfect tense

answer

used to express action that will begin in the future and will be completed in the future. Example: By this time next year, Tory and Celia will have graduated eighth grade.

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participle

answer

a verb form that usually ends in -ing or -ed. Participles operate as adjectives but also maintain some characteristics of verbs. You might think of a participle as a verbal adjective. Examples include barking dog and painted fence.

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gerund phrase

answer

made up of a present participle (a verb ending in -ing) and always functions as a noun. Example: Gardening is my favorite leisure activity.

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Relative pronouns

answer

relate adjective clauses to the nouns or pronouns they modify. Example: A basketball player who plays with intensity and skill gets a place in the starting line-up.

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Demonstrative pronouns

answer

point out people, places, or things without naming them. Example: This should be an easy win. They are undefeat

question

revising stage

answer

emphasis is placed on examining sentence structure, word choice, voice, and organization of the piece.

question

Editing

answer

This stage involves checking for style and conventions—spelling, grammar, usage, and punctuation.

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Anapestic meter

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Meter that is composed of feet that are short-short-long or unaccented-unaccented-accented, usually used in light or whimsical poetry, such as a limerick.

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Greek Classical and Hellenistic periods

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(8th to 2nd centuries BC). Examples: Homer's The Iliad, Sophocles' Oedipus Rex, Aristophanes' Lysistrata, Aristotle's Organum, and Plato's The Republic.

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Renaissance

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(13th-15th centuries). A period during which learning and the arts flourished in Europe. Examples: Dante's The Divine Comedy, Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, and Malory's Le Morte d'Arthur

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English Neoclassical period

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(17th and 18th centuries). Examples: Dryden's The Conquest of Granada and "Alexander's Feast," Swift's The Battle of the Books and Gulliver's Travels, and Pope's The Rape of the Lock.

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German Neoclassical period

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(18th and 19th centuries). Examples: Lessing's Zur Geschichte und Literatur (On History and Literature), von Schiller's Don Carlos, and Goethe's Faust.

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Old English period

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(450-1066 AD). Example: Beowulf.

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Middle English period

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(1066-1550). Examples: Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, More's Utopia, Malory's Le Morte d'Arthur, and the morality play Everyman.

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Neoclassical period

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(1660-1780). Examples: Dryden's The Conquest of Granada and Pepys' Memoirs of the Royal Navy

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Romantic period

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(1780-1840). Examples: Keats' Lamia, Isabella, The Eve of St. Agnes, and Other Poems; Burns' "Auld Lang Syne" and "Tam o' Shanter"; Shelley's Prometheus Unbound; Byron's Don Juan; and Austen's Pride and Prejudice and Northanger Abbey.

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Victorian period

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(1840-1900). Examples: Dickens' Great Expectations, Tennyson's Poems, Hardy's Tess of the D'Urbervilles and Jude the Obscure, and Browning's Sonnets from the Portuguese

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Modernism

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(1900-1945). Examples: Yeats' In the Seven Woods, Remarques' All Quiet on the Western Front, and Woolf's Mrs. Dalloway.

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Colonial period

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(1630-1760). Examples: Williams and Hooker's Bay Psalm Book, Franklin's Poor Richard's Almanack, Bradstreet's The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America, and Edwards' The Freedom of the Will.

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Revolutionary period

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(1760-1787). Examples: The Declaration of Independence; Jefferson's Summary View of the Rights of British America; Freneau's The British Prison Ship, "The Wild Honeysuckle," and "The Indian Burying Ground"; Tyler's The Contrast (the first comedy performed in early American theater); and Brown's The Power of Sympathy (the first American novel)

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Nationalist period

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(1828-1836). Examples: Cooper's Leatherstocking Tales, which included The Deerslayer, The Last of the Mohicans, The Pathfinder, The Pioneers, and The Prairie; Emerson's Nature, "The Over-Soul," "Compensation," and "Self-Reliance"; Irving's "Rip van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" in The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent; Poe's The Raven and Other Poems, Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque; and Longfellow's Evangeline, The Song of Hiawatha, The Courtship of Miles Standish, and Tales of a Wayside Inn, which included "Paul Revere's Ride."

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American Renaissance period

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(1830-1860). Examples: Dickinson's poems "Life," "Love," and "Time and Eternity"; Melville's Moby-Dick; Whitman's "Oh, Captain, My Captain!" and Leaves of Grass; and Thoreau's Walden

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Modern period

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(1900-1945). Examples: Twain's The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court; London's White Fang and The Call of the Wild; Frost's "Nothing Gold Can Stay," "The Road Not Taken," and "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening"; Eliot's "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock," "The Waste Land," and "Hamlet and His Problems"; James' "Daisy Miller" and Washington Square; and Parker's Enough Rope and Death and Taxes

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Contemporary

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(1945-present). Examples: Miller's The Crucible and Death of a Salesman; Morrison's Beloved; Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye; Updike's Rabbit, Run; Plath's The Bell Jar; and Vidal's Lincoln.

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Martin Luther

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German religious reformer who authored 95 Theses, posted in 1517 to church doors in Wittenburg, led to religious reform in Germany, denied papal power and absolutist rule. Claimed there were only 2 sacraments: baptism and communion.

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95 Theses

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The sheet of paper that Martin Luther put on a church door stating what he believed to be the abuses of the Catholic Church, which included the sale of indulgences. This act is regarded as the start or catalyst to the reformation.

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Enlightenment Period

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18th century European movement in which thinkers attempted to apply the principles of reason and the scientific method to all aspects of life. Also known as Age of Reason.

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Thomas Hobbes

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English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings (1588-1679), He wrote "Leviathan" and believed people were naturally cruel, greedy, and selfish; he also believed only a powerful governemnt could keep an orderly society

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John Locke

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English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property. Also, an English empiricist philosopher who believed that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience (1632-1704)

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Industrial Revolution

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The change from an agricultural to an industrial society and from home manufacturing to factory production, beginning in England from about 1750 to about 1850. Inventions such as steam engine, steam ships, locomotives, cotton gin, flying shuttle, spinning jenny, and power loom fueled the revolution as well as advances in steel production and the use of electricity. Later the internal combustion engine led to cars. At first there were no regulations regarding working and living conditions but later in the century there were many reforms.

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Romanticism

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A movement in literature and art during the late 18th and early 19th centuries that celebrated nature and the past rather than civilization. Emotion was valued over reason. Mary Shelley's Frankenstein, Emily Bronte's Wuthering Heights, and poetry of William Wordsworth were notable pieces of literature while music was influenced by nationalism in the musical works of Frederic Chopin, Richard Wagner, and Giuseppe Verdi.

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WWI

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1914-1918; Began after the assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand by a group of Serbian radicals; Germany, Austria-Hungary (aka central powers) v. Britain, France, Russia (aka allied powers); America is neutral. Over 10,000,000 people died mostly in battle.

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WWII

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Began when Germany invaded Poland in 1934; US became in WWII when Pearl Harbor was bombed by Japan in 1941 and ended in 1945

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Six Day War

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(1967) Short conflict between Egypt and her allies against Israel won by Israel; Israel took over the Golan Heights , The West Bank of the Jordan River; and the Sinai Peninsula.

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October War

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Known as Yom Kippur War, 6-25 Oct, 1973. Suprise attack instigated by Egypt and Syria to push Israel out of Sinai. (Arab-Israeli conflict).

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Colloquialism

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Expressions that usually are accepted in informal situations or regions, such as "wicked awesome" in Boston

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Dialect

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A variation of a language used by people from a particular geographic are

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Jargon

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Specialized language used in a particular field or content area. Such as "differentiated instruction"

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Profanity

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Language that shows disrespect for others or something sacred

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Slang

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informal language used by a particular group of people among themselves

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Vulgarity

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Language widely considered crude, disgusting, and often offensive

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Doublespeak

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Language that intentionally distorts or disguises meaning. It may take the form of a euphemism, such as "let go" for fired or "passed away" for died. Can also disguise meaning with the intention to deceive.

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End Rhyme

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Rhyming the ends of lines in verse

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Epithet

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A descriptive phrase or word frequently used to characterize a person or thing, such as "the father of psychology" refers to Sigmund Freud

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Euphemism

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A word or phrase that substitutes for an offensive or suggestive one. such as "the father way" means pregnant; "lost their lives" means killed

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Existentialism

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A philosophy that values human freedom and personal responsibility. Jean-Paul Sartre is the foremost existentialist. Other famous writers include Soren Kierkegaard, Albert Camus

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Flashback

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a literary device in which the author jumps back in time in the chronology of a narritive

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Foil

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a character who acts in contrast to another character

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Foot

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A metrical foot is one stressed syllable and a number of unstressed syllables. There are four possible metric feet.

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Iambic

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unstressed, stressed

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Trochaic

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stressed, unstressed

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Anapestic

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unstressed, unstressed, stressed

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Dactylic

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stressed, unstressed, unstressed

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Foreshadowing

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a literary technique in which the author gives hints or clues about what is to come

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Frame story

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a literary device in a story is enclosed in another story

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Free verse

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verse that contains an irregular metrical pattern and line length; also known as vers libre. "After the Sea-Ship" by Walt Whitman After the Sea-Ship—after the whistling winds; After the white-gray sails, taut to their spars and ropes, Below, a myriad, myriad waves, hastening, lifting up their necks...

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Genre

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a category of literature defined by its style, form, and content

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Heroic couplet

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a pair of lines of a poetic verse written in iambic pentameter

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Hermeneutics

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the art and science of text interpretation

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Hubris

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The flaw that leads to the downfall of a tragic hero; comes from Greek word meaning excessive pride

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Incongruity

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The intentional joining of opposites

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Internal rhyme

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a rhyme that occurs within a line of verse. Example: "While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping." from the poem The Raven

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Intertextuality

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The relationship between texts, especially works of literature

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Malapropism

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a type of pun or play on words that results when two words become mixed up in the speaker's mind. such as "the police are not here to create disorder, they are here to preserve disorder" instead of saying "peace"

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Metonymy

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A figure of speech in which one word is substituted for another with which it is closely associated.

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Monologic

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a literary theory term in which literature is viewed as transmitting an author's message (See Dialogic)

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Moral

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A Lesson a work of literature is teaching

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Oedipus complex

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From the Freudian theory that posits people experience a complex set of emotions based on sexual attraction to their parent of the opposite sex

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Oxymoron

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A phrase that consists of two contradictory terms "deafening silence, jumbo shrimp"

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Paradox

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a contradictory statement that makes sense. Example: "Man learns from History that man learns nothing from History"

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Pathetic fallacy

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a attribution of human feelings an responses to inanimate things or animals

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Pun

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a play on words based on multiple meanings or on words that sound alike but have different meaning.

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refrain

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the repetition of a line or phrase of a poem at regular intervals, particularly at the end of each stanza

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repetition

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the multiple use of a word, phrase, or idea for emphasis or rhythmic effect

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Rhetoric

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persuasive writing

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Rhetoric Question

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a question that is posed but does not actually require an answer

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Rhyme

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repetition of a vowel

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Slant Rhyme

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Rhyme that is not exact. Emily Dickinson often wrote this way

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Soliloquy

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a long speech made in a play while no other characters are speaking

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Spondee

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a Metrical foot consisting of two syllables, both of which are stressed

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Style

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Usage of language to achieve certain effects

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Tone

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Conveying an attitude or a mood with characters, settings, diction

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Voice

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Who the narrator is and the attitude of the speaker, not necessarily the writer

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mood

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Feeling at a specific point within the story

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Harlem Renaissance (literature)

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African American movement in the '20s, French speakers. James Baldwin, Langston Hughes, Black artistic movement in New York City in the 1920s, when writers, poets, painters, and musicians came together to express feelings and experiences, especially about the injustices of Jim Crow; leading figures of the movement included Countee Cullen, Claude McKay, Duke Ellington, Zora Neale Hurston, and Langston Hughes.

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Old English (literature)

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Poem Beowulf. Anglo Saxon Chronicles. Mostly consists of saints' lives biblical translations,

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Middle English (literature)

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Chaucer's Canterbury Tales., Transitional period between Anglo-Saxon and modern English. 1066-1500. Chaucer is a good example of this period's work.

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British Renaissance (literature)

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Years: 1485-1660 Themes: world view shifts from religion and after life to one stressing the human life on earth popular theme: development of human potential popular theme: many aspects of love explored unrequited love, constant love, timeless love, courtly love, love subject to change Key Literature/Authors: William Shakespeare, Donne,

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American Colonial (literature)

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Anne Bradstreet- home and family life, John Winthrop- religious foundations of Massachussetts Bay, Phillis Wheatley- Slave narrative and poetry.

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British Neoclassical (literature)

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Reason, Logic, Paradise Lost by MItlon, Dunn,

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Modernism (literature)

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practices typical of contemporary life or thought. Yeats, TS Eliot, Joyce, Rejecting tradition

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American Naturalistic

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Sinclair, Steinbeck, Twain. THe world as it is, specifically the grime and the grit.

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Postmodernism

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The belief that society is no longer governed by history or progress. Postmodern society is highly pluralistic and diverse, with no "grand narrative" guiding its development. Dylan Thomas, Orwell, Golding.

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Alliteration

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The repetition of consonant sounds

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Allusion

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Makes reference to or representation of people, places, events

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Analogy

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X is to Y as A is to B

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Characterization

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Process of conveying information about characters

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Cliche

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Overused element of work losing meaning or effect

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Metaphor

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describes a subject by asserting that it is, on some level, the same as another

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Simile

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Like/As comparison

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Hyperbole

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Exaggeration not meant to be taken seriously

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Personification

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The attribution of human characteristics to something non-human

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Allegory

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Can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning, typically politically or moral

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Irony

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Expression of meaning using opposite language.

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Hobbes

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Believed human action is motivated by selfish concerns and the fear of death. Known for writing Leviathan during the Civil War (1651)- argues for a social contract by an absolute soveriegn

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Marx

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developed "scientific socialism", said that productive forces and economic relationships together made up the foundation of society. therefore, classes would conflict until the 'golden age' of communism took over. Author of Communist Manifesto

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Lenin

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founded the Communist Party in Russia and set up the world's first Communist Party dictatorship. He led the October Revolution of 1917, in which the Communists seized power in Russia. He then ruled the country until his death in 1924.

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Metacognition

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"Thinking about thinking" or the ability to evaluate a cognitive task to determine how best to accomplish it, and then to monitor and adjust one's performance on that task

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Onomatopoeia

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using words that imitate the sound they denote

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anthropomorphism

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attribution of human characteristics. Also known as personification

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Korean War

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1950-1953, Conflict that began with North Korea's invasion of South Korea and came to involve the United Nations (primarily the United States) allying with South Korea and the People's Republic of China allying with North Korea.

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Vietnam War

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Conflict pitting North Vietnam and South Vietnamese communist guerrillas against the South Vietnamese government, aided after 1961 by the United States.

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Lois Lowry

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is a Female American author of children's literature She has explored such complex issues as racism, terminal illness, murder, and the Holocaust among other challenging topics. She has also explored very controversial issues of questioning authority such as in The Giver Trilogy. She wrote The Giver, The Giver, winner of the 1994 Newbery Medal, and Number the Stars

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Louis Sacher

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is an American author of children's books. He is best known for the series Sideways Stories From Wayside School and for the novel Holes which he has followed with two companion novels. Holes won the 1998 U.S. National Book Award for Young People's Literature[1] and the 1999 Newbery Medal for the year's "most distinguished contribution to American literature for children

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Ester Forbes

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Female American novelist, historian and children's writer who received the Pulitzer Prize and the Newbery Medal for writting Johnny Tremain

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Patricia Maclachlan

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is a bestselling female U.S. children's author. She is best known for winning the 1986 Newbery Medal for her book Sarah, Plain and Tall.

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Phyllis Reynolds Naylor

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is a female American author best known for her children and young adult fiction books. She is best known for her children's-novel trilogy Shiloh (a 1992 Newbery Medal winner), Shiloh Season and Saving Shiloh, all made into movies. She is also known for her "Alice" book series; The Grand Escape, the short story collection The Galloping Goat and Other Stories; The Witch Saga; and a series of books, starting with The Boys Start the War, about boys and girls pulling pranks on each other.

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William Armstrong

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was an American children's author and educator. Best known for his 1969 Newbery Medal-winning novel, Sounder. The story of an African-American boy living with his sharecropper family. Although the family's difficulties increase when the father is imprisoned for stealing a ham from work, the boy still hungers for an education. Sounder won the Newbery Award in 1970, and was made into a major motion picture in 1972

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Elizabeth George Speare She has been called one of America's 100 most popular children's authors and much of her work has become mandatory reading in many schools throughout the nation

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Because her books have sold so well, she is also cited as one of the Educational Paperback Association's top 100 authors. wrote Witch of Blackbird Pond

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Madeline L'Engle

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was a female American writer best known for her young-adult fiction, particularly the Newbery Medal-winning A Wrinkle in Time and its sequels: A Wind in the Door, National Book Award-winning. She also wrote The Small Rain and 24 Days before Christmas

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Avi pen name for Edward Irving Wortis

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An American male author that wrote The True Confessions of Charlotte Doyle in 1990. The novel is a young adult historical fiction It takes place during the transatlantic crossing of a ship from England to America in the 19th century.

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Gary Paulson

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is an American writer who writes many young adult coming of age stories about the wilderness. He is the author of more than 200 books, 200 magazine articles many short stories, and several plays, all primarily for young adults and teens. "Hatchet" is a 1987 three-time Newbery Honor-winning wilderness survival novel.

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Mark Twain

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wrote The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

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Paul Zindel

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was an American playwright, author, and educator. He wrote The Pigman. The Pigman is a young adult novel first published in 1968

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Carl Hiaason Hoot is a 2002 young-adult novel The story takes place in Coconut Cove, Florida

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where new arrival Roy makes a bad enemy, two oddball friends, and joins an effort to stop construction of a pancake house which would destroy a colony of burrowing owls who live on the site. The book won a Newbery Honor award in 2003.

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Caroline Cooney

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is an American author of suspense, romance, horror, and mystery books for young adults. She wrote The Voice on the Radio

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Robert Cormier

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an American author who wrote The Chocolate War (The Chocolate War was challenged in multiple libraries. His books often are concerned with themes such as abuse, mental illness, violence, revenge, betrayal and conspiracy. In most of his novels, the protagonists do not win.) The Chocolate War is a young adult novel. First published in 1974, it was adapted into a film in 1988. Although it received mixed reviews at the time of its publication, some reviewers have argued it is one of the best young adult novels of all time.

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Sandra Cisneros

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(born in America but of Mexican decent) wrote The House on Mango Street - For her insightful social critique and powerful prose style, she has achieved recognition far beyond Chicano and Latino communities, to the extent that The House on Mango Street has been translated worldwide and is taught in American classrooms as a coming-of-age novel

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Walter Dean Myers

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African American author of young adult literature. He has written over fifty books, including novels and nonfiction works. He has won the Coretta Scott King Award for African American authors five times. He wrote The Glory Field

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Elie Wiesel

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wrote Night - He is a Romanian-born Jewish-American. He is a writer, professor, political activist, Nobel Prize Winner, and Holocaust survivor. The novel -Night - is about his experience with his father in the Nazi German concentration camps.

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Alice Walker

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A Female African American author and poet. She wrote The Color Purple; self-declared feminist and womanist; For Color Purple recieved the National Book Award and the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction

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Mildred Taylor

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A Female African American author, known for her works exploring the struggle faced by African-American families in the Deep South. Her most famous book is Roll of Thunder, Hear My Cry. In 1977, the book won the Newbery Medal.

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George Orwell

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is the pen name for Eric Arthur Blair who was an English novelist and journalist. His work is marked by clarity, intelligence and wit, awareness of social injustice, opposition to totalitarianism, and belief in democratic socialism. He wrote 1984, and Animal Farm The book is about a group of animals mount a successful rebellion against the farmer who rules them, but their dreams of equality for all are ruined when one pig seizes power; novella, dystopian animal fable

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1984

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is a book written by George Orwell (which is is the pen name for Eric Arthur Blair), announced an insane world of dehumanization through terror in which the individual was systematically obliterated by an all-power elite; key phrases: Big Brother, doublethink, Newspeak, the Ministry of Peace...Truth...Love

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Marjorie Kinnan Rawling

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was a Female American author who lived in rural Florida and wrote novels with rural themes and settings. She wrote The Yearling

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Jean Craighead George

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was an American writer who authored over one hundred books for young adults, including the Newbery Medal-winning Julie of the Wolves, the Newbery Honor book My Side of the Mountain, and its sequel, On the Far Side of the Mountain. Common themes in her works are the environment and the natural world.

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Jack London was an American author, journalist, and social activist. He was a pioneer in the then-burgeoning world of commercial magazine fiction and was one of the first fiction writers to obtain worldwide celebrity and a large fortune from his fiction alone.

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He is best remembered as the author of The Call of the Wild and White Fang, both set in the Klondike Gold Rush, as well as the short stories "To Build a Fire", "An Odyssey of the North", and "Love of Life.

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J. R. R. Tolkein

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was an English writer, poet, philologist, and university professor, best known as the author of the classic high fantasy works The Hobbit (being nominated for the Carnegie Medal and awarded a prize from the New York Herald Tribune for best juvenile fiction. The book remains popular and is recognized as a classic in children's wrote The Hobbitliterature.), The Lord of the Rings (The Lord of the Rings is an epic high fantasy novel), and The Silmarillion.

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Richard Adams

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is an English novelist who wrote Watership Down. Watership Down is a classic heroic fantasy novel, Set in south-central England, the story features a small group of rabbits. Although they live in their natural environment, they are anthropomorphised, possessing their own culture, language (Lapine), proverbs, poetry, and mythology. Evoking epic themes, the novel is the Aeneid of the rabbits as they escape the destruction of their warren and seek a place to establish a new home, encountering perils and temptations along the way. Watership Down has never been out of print, and it is Penguin Books' best-selling novel of all time. It won the annual Carnegie Medal, annual Guardian Prize, and other book awards. It has been adapted as a 1978 animated film that is now a classic and as a 1999 to 2001 television series.

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C.S. Lewis

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was an Ireland novelist, poet. He wrote The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe is a fantasy novel for children Published in 1950

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Alice In Wonderland

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children's novel; fantasy The story is about a girl who falls asleep and dreams of a series of adventures.

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Anna Karenina is a realistic fiction - novel by the Russian writer Leo Tolstoy, published in serial installments from 1873 to 1877 in the periodical The Russian Messenger. explore the themes of hypocrisy, jealousy, faith, fidelity, family, marriage, society, progress, carnal desire and passion,

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and the agrarian connection to land in contrast to the lifestyles of the city after having an affair with a handsome military man, a woman kills herself; russion, 1970s, psychological novel

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Leo Tolstoy

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was a Russian writer who primarily wrote novels and short stories. Later in life, he also wrote plays and essays He wrote Anna Karenina, War and Peace; War and Peace is a novel first published in 1869. The work is epic in scale and is regarded as one of the most important works of world literature. It is considered his finest literary achievement, along with his other major prose work Anna Karenina (1873-1877).

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William Shakespeare

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was an English poet and playwright, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon". He was the greatest playwright who ever lived, prolific poet. His surviving works, including some collaborations, consist of about 38 plays,154 sonnets, two long narrative poems, and several other poems. His plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed more often than those of any other playwright. His work includes: Sonnet 18- Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate: Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, And summer's lease hath all too short a date: Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, And often is his gold complexion dimm'd; And every fair from fair sometime declines, By chance or nature's changing course untrimm'd; But thy eternal summer shall not fade Nor lose possession of that fair thou owest; Nor shall Death brag thou wander'st in his shade, When in eternal lines to time thou growest: So long as men can breathe or eyes can see, So long lives this, and this gives life to thee. Hamlet-follows the young prince Hamlet home to Denmark to attend his father's funeral. Hamlet is shocked to find his mother already remarried to his Uncle Claudius, the dead king's brother. And Hamlet is even more surprised when his father's ghost appears and declares that he was murdered. Exact dates are unknown, but scholars agree that Shakespeare published Hamlet between 1601 and 1603. Many believe that Hamlet is the best of Shakespeare's work, and the perfect play. Macbeth- the Three Witches foretell Macbeth's rise to King of Scotland but also prophesy that future kings will descend from Banquo, a fellow army captain. Prodded by his ambitious wife, Lady Macbeth, he murders King Duncan, becomes king, and sends mercenaries to kill Banquo and his sons. His attempts to defy the prophesy fail, however; Macduff kills Macbeth, and Duncan's son Malcolm becomes king. Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy written early in the career of William Shakespeare about two young star-crossed lovers whose deaths ultimately unite their feuding families. It was among Shakespeare's most popular plays during his lifetime. The first recorded works of Shakespeare are Richard III and the three parts of Henry VI, written in the early 1590s during a vogue for historical drama.

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Johann David Wyss

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was a chaplain in the Swiss army and served in Italy. He is best remembered for his book The Swiss Family Robinson. It has since become one of the most popular books of all time.

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Kate Chopin

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born Katherine O'Flaherty she was an American author of short stories and novels. She is now considered by some to have been a forerunner of feminist authors of the 20th century. She wrote The Awakening and The Storm; She was born in St. Louis, Missouri

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Sylvia Plath

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wrote The Bell Jar; born during the great depression

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The Bell Jar

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Sylvia Plath- was an American poet, novelist and short story writer who wrote this novel. It is about a young woman (Esther Greenwood) whose talent and intelligence have brought her close to achieving her dreams must overcome suicidal tendencies

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Toni Morrison

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Female African-American writer, who wrote Beloved, The Bluest Eye, and Song of Soloman; She won Pulitzer Prize in 1988. She received the Presidential Medal of Freedom.

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Beloved novel by the female African-American writer Toni Morrison, published in 1987.

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Story is about an African-American slave, Margaret Garner, who temporarily escaped slavery. Margaret killed her two-year-old daughter rather than allow her to be recaptured. Margaret is visited by the spirit of her deceased daughter.

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Beowulf is the conventional title of an Old English heroic epic poem consisting of 3182 alliterative long lines, set in Scandinavia, commonly cited as one of the most important works of Anglo-Saxon literaturea.

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great warrior, goes to Denmark on a successful mission to kill Grendel; he returns home to Greatland, where he becomes king and slays a dragon before dying; poem; alliterative verse, elegy, small scale heroic epic; author unknown; setting around 500 AD

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Herman Melville

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was an American novelist, short story writer, essayist, and poet. He is best known for his novel Moby-Dick. He also wrote Billy Budd, and Sailor. Moby-Dick is classified as a Dark Romantic. Moby-Dick, which was hailed as one of the literary masterpieces of both American and world literature. He was the first writer to have his works collected and published by the Library of America.

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The Call of the Wild

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Jack London wrote this novel about a pampered dog (Buck) and how he adjusts to the harsh realities of life in the North as he struggles with his recovered wild instincts and finds a master (John Thorton) who treats him right; novel, adventure story, setting late 1890s

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Geoffrey Chaucer

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is known as the Father of English literature, He is widely considered the greatest English poet of the Middle Ages and was the first poet to have been buried in Poet's Corner of Westminster Abbey. He wrote The Canterbury Tales The Canterbury Tales is a collection of stories written in Middle English at the end of the 14th century. The tales (mostly written in verse although some are in prose) are presented as part of a story-telling contest by a group of pilgrims as they travel together on a journey from Southwark to the shrine of Saint Thomas Becket at Canterbury Cathedral. The prize for this contest is a free meal at the Tabard Inn at Southwark on their return. The Canterbury Tales was his magnum opus. He uses the tales and the descriptions of its characters to paint an ironic and critical portrait of English society at the time, and particularly of the Church. Structurally, the collection resembles The Decameron, which he may have read during his first diplomatic mission to Italy in 1372.

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Fyodor Dostoevsky

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was a Russian writer of novels, short stories and essays. His literary works explore human psychology in the troubled political, social and spiritual context of 19th-century Russia. He is often acknowledged by critics as one of the greatest and most prominent psychologists in world literature. He wrote Crime and Punishment

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Crime and Punishment

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is a novel by the Russian author Fyodor Dostoyevsky. It Is a novel about an attempt to prove a theory. A student (Raskolnikov) murders two women, after which he suffers greatly from guilt and worry; psychological drama, setting in the 1860s.

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Charles Dickens He wrote David Copperfield, Great Expectations, A Christmas Carol, Oliver Twist, A Tale of Two Cities, and many more!

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was an English novelist during Victorian era and social critic who is generally regarded as the greatest novelist of the Victorian period and the creator of some of the world's most memorable fictional characters.

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David Copperfield

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after surviving a poverty-stricken childhood, the death of his mother, a cruel stepfather, and an unfortunate first marriage, this young man finds success as a writer; themes: plight of the weak, importance of equality in marriage, dangers of wealth and class

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The Giver

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is a dystopian children's novel by Lois Lowry. The novel follows a boy named Jonas through the twelfth year of his life. It is set in a future society which is at first presented as a utopian society and gradually appears more and more dystopian; therefore, it could be considered anti-utopian; book allegedly glorified Communism

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Anne Frank

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wrote The Diary of a Young Girl (autobiographical literature set between 1942-1944) 1st published in 1952, chronicles her life in Nazi Germany

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Christopher Marlowe

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was an English dramatist, poet and translator. He wrote Doctor Faustus. Doctor Faustus, is a play based on the Faust story, in which a man sells his soul to the devil for power and knowledge.

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Helen Keller

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American female author, political activist, lecturer; first deaf-blind person to earn B.A. She wrote The Story of My Life and The Frost King.

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Harper Lee

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a female American author who wrote To Kill a Mockingbird

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To Kill a Mockingbird

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written by Harper Lee is a Southern gothic novel. It was published in 1960. It was immediately successful, winning the Pulitzer Prize, and has become a classic of modern American literature. Atticus Finch, a lawyer in the Depression-era South, defends a black man against an undeserved rape charge, and his kids against prejudice. The plot and characters are loosely based on the Harper Lee's observations of her family and neighbors, as well as on an event that occurred near her hometown in 1936, when she was 10 years old. The novel is renowned for its warmth and humor, despite dealing with the serious issues of rape and racial inequality.

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John Keats

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English poet in Romantic movement during early 19th century. He wrote: "On First Looking Into Chapman's Homer. Written in October 1816, this is the first entirely successful (surviving) poem he wrote. John Middleton Murry called it "one of the finest sonnets in the English language," One of the most anthologised English lyric poems, "To Autumn" has been regarded by critics as one of the most perfect short poems in the English language.

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Louisa May Alcott

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was a female American novelist best known as author of the novel Little Women and its sequels Little Men and Jo's Boyswrote Little Women; American novelist

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Little Women

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is a novel by American female author Louisa May Alcott (1832-1888). This story is about four March sisters (Amy, Jo, Beth, Meg) in 19th century New England struggle with poverty, juggle their duties, and their desire to find love

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Zora Neale Hurston

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Female African-American writer in the wrote 20th century. She wrote Their Eyes Were Watching God; Her work is folklorist during the Harlem Renaissance Themes found in the book Their Eyes Were Watching God include- the illusion of power, non-necessity of relationships, folkloric quality of religion

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Their Eyes Were Watching God

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is a 1937 novel and the best-known work by African American writer Zora Neale Hurston. The novel narrates main character Janie Crawford's "ripening from a vibrant, but voiceless, teenage girl into a woman with her finger on the trigger of her own destiny." Set in central and southern Florida in the early 20th century, the novel was initially poorly received for its rejection of racial uplift literary prescriptions. Today, it has come to be regarded as a seminal work in both African American literature and women's literature

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The Outsiders

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Written by SE Hinton this novel is about a group of poor kids (greasers) hold their own against a group of rich kids (socials aka socs), losing two of their own in the process; protagonist: This story is a bildungsroman novel (bildungsroman means - coming-of-age story is a literary genre that focuses on the psychological and moral growth of the protagonist from youth to adulthood (coming of age), and in which character change is thus extremely important.

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Moby Dick

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a novel by Herman Melville, first published in 1851. It is considered to be one of the Great American Novels and a treasure of world literature. The story tells the adventures of wandering sailor Ishmael, and his voyage on the whaleship Pequod, commanded by Captain Ahab. Ishmael soon learns that Ahab has one purpose on this voyage: to seek out a ferocious, enigmatic white sperm whale. In a previous encounter, the whale destroyed Ahab's boat and bit off his leg, which now drives Ahab to take revenge. In this novel Melville employs stylized language, symbolism, and the metaphor to explore numerous complex themes.

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J.D. Salinger

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was an American author, (January 1, 1919 - January 27, 2010) best known for his novel, The Catcher in the Rye (1951) The Catcher in the Rye is a bildungsroman(coming of age book) .

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The Catcher in the Rye

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written by JD Salinger After being expelled from a prep school, a 16-year-old boy (Holden Caulfield) goes to NYC, where he reflects on the phoniness of adults and heads towards a nervous breakdown.

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Mary Shelley

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was an English novelist, short story writer, dramatist, essayist, biographer, and travel writer, best known for her Gothic novel Frankenstein: or, The Modern Prometheus (1818). She wrote Frankenstein; Romantic British novelist, short story writer, dramatist, essayist, biographer, travel writer

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Frankenstein

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or, The Modern Prometheus is a novel written by Mary Shelley about a creature produced by an unorthodox scientific experiment. This is a Gothic novel.

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Maya Angelou

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Female Africica-American. She is a celebrated poet, memoirist, novelist, educator, dramatist, producer, actress, historian, filmmaker, and civil rights activist She wrote I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. In the course of Caged Bird, she transforms from a victim of racism with an inferiority complex into a self-possessed, dignified young woman capable of responding to prejudice. The author uses her autobiography to explore subjects such as identity, rape, racism, and literacy.

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Ray Bradbury

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was an American fantasy, science fiction, horror and mystery fiction writer. Best known for his dystopian novel Fahrenheit 451 (1953) and for the science fiction and horror stories gathered together as The Martian, Chronicles (1950) and The Illustrated Man (1951). He was one of the most celebrated 20th-century American writers. Many of his works have been adapted into television shows or films.

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Daniel Defoe

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known as the father of the English novel He wrote Robinson Crusoe

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F. Scott Fitzgerald

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American author who wrote The Great Gatsby. Today The Great Gatsby is widely regarded as a "Great American Novel" and a literary classic. The Modern Library named it the second best English-language novel of the 20th Century.

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Robert Frost

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was an American poet. He is highly regarded for his realistic depictions of rural life and his command of American colloquial speech. His work frequently employed settings from rural life in New England in the early twentieth century, using them to examine complex social and philosophical themes. One of the most popular and critically respected American poems of his generation, receiving four Pulitzer Prizes was for the poem The Road Not Taken". It was published in 1916.

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Percy Bysshe Shelley

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was one of the major English Romantic poets and is critically regarded as among the finest lyric poets in the English language. He wrote "Prometheus Unbound," "Ode to the West Wind," and "To A Skylark"

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Amy Tan

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Her works explore mother-daughter relationships. Her most well-known work is The Joy Luck Club, which has been translated into 35 languages. In 1993, the book was adapted into a commercially successful film.

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H.G. Wells

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was an English author, now best known for his work in the science fiction genre. He was also a prolific writer in many other genres, including contemporary novels, history, politics and social commentary, even writing textbooks and rules for war games. He has been referred to as "The Father of Science Fiction". He wrote The Invisible Man, The War of the Worlds, The Time Machine

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Walt Whitman

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was an American poet, essayist and journalist. A humanist, he was a part of the transition between transcendentalism and realism, incorporating both views in his works. He is among the most influential poets in the American canon, often called the father of free verse. He wrote Leaves of Grass; celebrated the freedom and dignity of the individual and sang the praises of democracy. He also wrote: ·"Song of Myself" by using an all-powerful first-person narration. As an American epic, it deviated from the historic use of an elevated hero and instead assumed the identity of the common people. Franklin Evans (1842) ·Drum-Taps (1865) ·Memoranda During the War ·Specimen Days ·Democratic Vistas (1871)

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Farenheit 451

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is a 1953 dystopian novel by Ray Bradbury. The novel presents a future American society where books are outlawed and firemen burn any house that contains them. The plot that takes place in a futuristic America, a firefighter (Guy Montag) decides to buck society, stop burning books, and start seeking knowledge; themes: censorship, knowledge vs. ignorance, religion as a knowledge giver

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The Great Gatsby

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is a novel by American author F. Scott Fitzgerald. The book takes place from spring to autumn 1922, during a prosperous time in the United States known as the Roaring Twenties. It's about a self-made man who woos and loses a married aristocratic woman (Daisy) he loves

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The Joy Luck Club

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a novel written by Amy Tan (born in China but an American author). The story is about a group of Chinese mothers and their American-born daughters struggle to communicate and understand each other; four families dipicted Woo, Jong, Hsu, and St. Clair

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I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings

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a black girl growing up in the South struggles against racism, sexism, and lack of power. Written by Dr. Maya Angelou Maya Angelou - A black female writer.

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"Self-Reliance"

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is an essay written by American Transcendentalist philosopher and essayist, Ralph Waldo Emerson. It contains the most thorough statement of one of Emerson's recurrent themes, the need for each individual to avoid conformity and false consistency, and follow his or her own instincts and ideas.

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Nathaniel Hawthorne

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was an American novelist and short story writer who wrote The Scarlet Letter. His works belong to romanticism or, more specifically, dark romanticism, cautionary tales that suggest that guilt, sin, and evil are the most inherent natural qualities of humanity. Many of his works are inspired by Puritan New England, combining historical romance loaded with symbolism and deep psychological themes, bordering on surrealism. His depictions of the past are a version of historical fiction used only as a vehicle to express common themes of ancestral sin, guilt and retribution. His later writings also reflect his negative view of the Transcendentalism movement. He wrote "The Birth-Mark," The Scarlet Letter; works are considered part of the Romantic movement (specifically dark romancism)

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Henry David Thoreau

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was an American author, poet, philosopher, abolitionist, naturalist, tax resister, development critic, surveyor, historian, and leading transcendentalist.. He wrote "Civil Disobedience;"

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"Civil Disobedience" Thoreau argues that individuals should not permit governments to overrule or atrophy their consciences, and that they have a duty to avoid allowing such acquiescence to enable the government to make them the agents of injustice.

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is an essay by American transcendentalist Henry David Thoreau that was first published in 1849. In it, Thoreau was motivated in part by his disgust with slavery and the Mexican-American War.

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The Red Badge of Courage

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is a war novel by American author Stephen Crane (1871-1900). Taking place during the American Civil War, the story is about a young private of the Union Army, Henry Fleming, who flees from the field of battle. Overcome with shame, he longs for a wound—to counteract his cowardice. When his regiment once again faces the enemy, Henry acts as standard-bearer.

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William Butler Yeats

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was an Irish/British poet and playwright, and one of the foremost figures of 20th century literature. He wrote "A Fisherman," "The Second Coming," and "Easter 191.

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Aphra Behn

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one of the first English female writers. She wrote "History of a Nun;" prolific dramatist of the Restoration (18th century),

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Elizabeth Barrett Browning

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was one of the most prominent poets of the Victorian era. Her poetry was widely popular in both England and the United States during her lifetime. A collection of her last poems was published by her husband, another famous poet, shortly after her death. She wrote "Aurora Leigh," and Sonnet Number 43 - How do I love thee? Let me count the ways.

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Aurora Leigh

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is an eponymous epic novel/poem by Elizabeth Barrett Browning. The poem is written in blank verse and encompasses nine books. (1856)

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T. S. Eliot

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wrote "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock," "The Waste Land" and "The Hollow Men;" British WWI poet, playwright, and literary critic

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Virginia Woolf

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was an English writer, regarded as one of the foremost modernist literary figures of the twentieth century. She wrote Mrs. Dalloway, Night and Day, The Voyage Out, and Jacob's Room; English novelist and essayist.

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Jane Eyre

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a Gothic novel written by the English writer Charlotte Brontë. The story is about who an impoverished young woman as she struggles to maintain her autonomy in the face of oppression, prejudice, and love; novel, bildungsroman (coming of age), social portest novel

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Oscar Wilde

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Irish playwright, poet, and author of numerous short stories and one novel. He wrote The Picture of Dorian Gray;

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The Picture of Dorian Gray

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is an English Gothic novel written by Oscar Wilde, about the portrait of a sinful young man ages while the young man depicted in the portrait remains youthful

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Anne Bradstreet

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Was an English-American writer. She was the first notable American poet; AND She was the first woman to be published in Colonial America. She wrote "In Reference to her Children"

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"In Reference to her Children"

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written by Anne Bradstreet, maintains the bird metaphor throughout the poem's ninety-six lines, describing the various "flights" of five of her children and her concerns about those remaining in the nest

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Langston Hughes

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wrote The Weary Blues, The Ways of White Folks, and Not Without Laughter; American poet, novelist, playwright, short story writer, and columnist; early innovator for literary art known as jazz poetry; best known for work during Harlem Renaissance

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Not Without Laughter

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written by Langston Hughes, which is the protagonist of the story is a boy named Sandy whose family must deal with a variety of struggles imposed upon them due to their race and class in society in addition to relating to one another

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Countee Cullen

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He was an American poet, novelist, playwright, short story writer, and columnist; early innovator for literary art known as jazz poetry; He wrote "Any Human to Another," "Color," and "The Ballad of the Brown Girl;" American Romantic poet

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Lord Byron

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British poet and leading figure in Romanticism. He wrote "She Walks in Beauty" and "When We Two Parted;"

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William Wordsworth

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English Romantic poet. He wrote "We Are Seven," "The Prelude," and "The World is Too Much With Us;" joint publication of 'Lyrical Ballads' with Samuel Taylor. Coleridge; motifs: wanders vs wandering, memory, vision/sight, light, leech gatherer; believed that childhood was a "magical" and magnificent time of innocence; devotion to nature; use of everyday speech and country characters

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Macbeth

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a play written by William Shakespeare. It is considered one of his darkest and most powerful tragedies. Set in Scotland the play is inspired by witch's prophecy, a man murders his way to the throne of Scotland, but his conscience plagues him and his fellow lords rise up against him; themes: unchecked ambition as a corrupting force, relationship between cruelty and masculinity, kingship v. tyranny

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Willa Cather

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was a female American author who achieved recognition for her novels of frontier life on the Great Plains. Her works include: O Pioneers!, My Ántonia, and The Song of the Lark. In 1923 she was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for "One of Ours (1922), a novel set during World War I. She has the reputation as being one of the most important post-Civil War American authors

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Ernest Hemingway

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was an American writer and journalist; veteran of WWI, belongs to literary movement called 'The Lost Generation'. He wrote A Farewell to Arms, The Old Man and the Sea, and The Sun Also Rises

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James Joyce

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was an Irish novelist and poet, considered to be one of the most influential writers in the modernist avant-garde of the early 20th century. He wrote Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man:

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Robinson Crusoe

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is a novel by Daniel Defoe that was first published in 1719. It is about a man is shipwrecked on an island, where he lives for more than 20 years, fending off cannibals and creating a pleasant life for himself. Epistolary, confessional, and didactic

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William Golding

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British novelist,and poet that wrote Lord of the Flies, & To the Ends of the Earth

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Lord of the Flies

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A novel written by William Golding about a group of English boys (Jack, Piggy, Ralph, Roger, Sam, Eric, and Simon), marooned on an island, rapidly turn lawless and bloodthirsty

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Watership Down

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is a classic heroic fantasy novel, written by English author Richard Adams, in 1972 about a small group of British rabbits; Fiver, a young runt rabbit who is a seer, receives a frightening vision of his warren's imminent destruction

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Washington Irving

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was an American author, essayist, biographer and historian of the early 19th century. He is best known for his short stories "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" and "Rip Van Winkle",

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Holes

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is a novel for children or young adults written by Louis Sachar. It won the 1998 U.S. National Book Award for Young People's Literature and the 1999 Newbery Medal for the year's "most distinguished contribution to American literature for children". Set in modern times and focuses on the current circumstances of Stanley Yelnats, an unfortunate, unlucky young man who is sent to Camp Green Lake for a crime he didn't commitcommit

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Karen Hesse

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is an American author of children's literature and literature for young adults, often with historical settings. She wrote Out of the Dust. Set in Oklahoma during the years 1934-1935, this book tells the story of a family of farmers during the Dust Bowl years. With Billie Jo being the main character, the book goes into her own life and struggles. The structure of the novel is unusual in that the plot is advanced entirely through a series of free verse poems. She recieved an 1998 Newbery Medal for Out of the Dust and Scott O'Dell Award for Historical Fiction

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Kate Dicamillo

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is an American female author of children's fiction. Her 2003 novel The Tale of Despereaux won the annual Newbery Medal as the "most distinguished contribution to American literature for children", three years after Because of Winn-Dixie was a runner up (Newbery Honor Book). She is also known for the Mercy Watson series of picture books, illustrated by Chris Van Dusen

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Sharon Creech

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is an American writer of children's novels. She was the first American winner of the Carnegie Medal for British children's books and the first person to win both the American Newbery Medal and the British Carnegie. She wrote Walk Two Moons

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Jerry Spinelli

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is an American author of children's novels on adolescence and early adulthood. He is best known for the novels Maniac Magee and Wringer. Maniac Magee is a young adult fiction novel and published in 1990. Exploring themes of racism and homelessness, it follows the story of an orphaned boy looking for a home in the fictional Pennsylvania town of Two Mills. He becomes a local legend for feats of athleticism and fearlessness, and his ignorance of sharp racial boundaries in the town. Recieved Boston Globe/Horn Book Award ·1991: Carolyn Field Award, Newbery Medal (American Library Association)·1992: Charlotte Award, Dorothy Canfield Fisher Award,Flicker Tale Award, Indian Paintbrush Book Award, Rhode Island Children's Book Award·1993: Buckeye Children's Book Award, Land of Enchantment Award, Mark Twain Award, Massachusetts Children's Book Award, Nevada Young Readers' Award, Pacific Northwest Library Association Young Reader's Choice Award,Rebecca Caudill Young Reader's Book Award

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Ben Mikaelson

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An American author who wrote Touching Spirit Bear. Touching Spirit Bear is a 2001 young adult novel. The book is about a troubled Minneapolis teen named Cole who completely changes after spending a year on a isolated southwestern Alaska island.

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E.B . White

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an American writer who wrote Charlotte's Web

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Wendy Towle

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wrote The Real McCoy: The Life of an Aftican American Inventor. Elijah McCoy (1844-1929), the child of escaped slaves, was born in Canada and educated in Scotland as an engineer during the Civil War. Settling in Michigan, he was able to find work only as a fireman, stoking the engines of a locomotive and oiling its parts. But his training was not wasted: he invented an automatic lubricator--possibly the original "real McCoy"--and went on to patent other devices, including the portable ironing board and the lawn sprinkler. He eventually founded the Elijah McCoy Manufacturing Company but never received his due for his work and died alone in a nursing home.

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Nancy Farmer

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is a female American author of children's and young adult books and science fiction stories. She has written three Newbery Honor Books and she won the 2002 National Book Award for Young People's. She wrote The Eye, the Ear, and the Arm - a story for children about Africa and is a Newbery Honor book. The story takes place in Zimbabwe in the year 2194. The book combines elements of science-fiction, Afrofuturism and African culture, and depicts the struggle of a notorious general's three children to escape from their kidnappers in a crime-infested area of Zimbabwe.

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Mary Downing Hahn

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is an award-winning female American author of young adult. She wrote Time for Andrew: A Ghost Story-. When eleven-year-old Drew goes to spend the summer with his great-aunt in the family's old house, he is drawn eighty years into the past to trade places with his great-great-uncle who is dying of diphtheria.

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Jane Austen

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was an English novelist whose works of romantic fiction, set among the landed gentry, earned her a place as one of the most widely read writers in English literature. Her realism and biting social commentary have gained her historical importance among scholars and critics. She wrote Emma; Pride and Prejudice; Persuasion; Mansfield Park,

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Edgar Rice Burroughs

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was an American author, best known for his creation of the jungle hero Tarzan and the heroic Mars adventurer John Carter, although he produced works in many genres

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Jules Gabriel Verne

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was a French author who pioneered the science fiction genre. He is best known for his novels Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea, Journey to the Center of the Earth, and Around the World in Eighty Days

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Robert Louis Stevenson

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Author of Treasure Island, creator of the character Long John Silver, and children's poet (Child's Garden of Verses, which features poems such as "The Swing"

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