Home Page Arts And Humanities Literature American Literature Combo with "PRAXIS 5038" and 1 other - Flashcards

Combo with "PRAXIS 5038" and 1 other – Flashcards

Stephanie Landry

7 July 2022

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when a character speaks his or her thoughts aloud without regard to the audience

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Soliloquy

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spoken directly to the audience by one character for the purpose of giving them knowledge that is not shared with the other character

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Aside

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Romantic Fiction, Realism and Social Commentary

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Jane Austen

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o American 20th century o Fantasy, Science Fiction, Horror and Mystery Fiction

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Ray Bradbury- When, Author?

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o American, Realist, Naturalism, Impressionism o Inspired 20th century writers- Ernest Hemingway o Inspired Modernists and Imagists o Short story, poet, journalist o Writing: vivid intensity, distinctive dialects, irony o Themes: fear, spiritual crises, and social isolation

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Stephen Crane

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o Red Badge of Courage- Civil War novel (1895) Henry Fleming flees from battle, standard-bearer o Maggie: A Girl of the Streets (1893) First American Naturalism

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Stephen Crane- Major Works

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Fahrenheit 451: (1953) Dystopian. Guy Montag- firefighter. Censorship, Knowledge vs. Ignorance, religion as a knowledge giver. o The Martian Chronicles (1950) o The Illustrated Man (1951)

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Ray Bradbury- Works

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Emma; Pride and Prejudice; Persuasion; Mansfield Park

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Jane Austen- Works

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o 19th century o Themes: flowers/ gardens, morbidity, gospel, undiscovered continent o Writing: Irregular capitalization, dashes and enjambment, liberty with meter

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Emily Dickinson

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o "Wild Nights—Wild Nights!" "I Heard a Fly Buzz When I Died" "Because I Could Not Stop For Death"

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Emily Dickinson- Works

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American 20th century The Great Gatsby (1925)

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F. Scott Fitzgerald & Works

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o American 20th century o "Colloquial" Speech (informal language) o Describes rural life= social and philosophical themes

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Robert Frost

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o The Diary of a Young Girl (1952): autobiographical, takes place 1942-1944.

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Anne Frank & Works

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o "The Road Not Taken" (1916)

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Robert Frost- Works

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o 19th century o English Romantic Movement o Poet

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John Keats

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o "On First Looking Into Chapman's Homer" (1816) o "To Autumn"

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John Keats- Works

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o American Modern o To Kill a Mockingbird (1960): Southern gothic novel. Atticus Finch defends character against rape.

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Harper Lee & Works

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o Irish Novelist, Poet o The Chronicles of Narnia (1950) o The Screwtape Letters (1942): satirical Christian apologetic

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C.S. Lewis & Works

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o American o Novelist, short story, essayist, poet

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Herman Melville

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o Moby Dick- Dark Romantic (1851): Ishmael, Captain Ahab. • Themes: Allegorical- Whale= Nature/God/Universe; Ahab=Man's Conflicted Identity/ Civilization/ Human Will/ Ishmael=Poet vs. Philosopher

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Herman Melville- Work

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o 1984 (1949)

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George Orwell

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o American o American Romantic Movement o Mystery & Macabre o Invented short story, detective fiction, and science fiction

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Edgar Allan Poe

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o The Pit and the Pendulum (1842) o Tell-Tale Heart & Black Cat (1843) o The Raven (1845) o Cask of Amontillado (1846) o "To Science," "The City and the Sea" "Silence"

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Edgar Allan Poe- works & dates

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o American o The Catcher and the Rye (1951): Holden Caulfield, NYC, coming of age= confusion, angst, alienation, and rebellion. Themes: identity, belonging, connection, alienation.

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J.D. Salinger & works

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English Renaissance

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William Shakespeare- Time Period

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o Histories • King John, Richard II, III, Henry IV, V, VI, VIII o Tragedies • King Lear, Troilus and Cressida, Coriolanus, Titus Andronicus, Timon of Athens, Antony and Cleopatra, Cymbeline o Comedies • The Tempest, The Gentlemen of Verona, Measure for Measure, As You Like It, Twelfth Night, The Winter's Tale, Pericles, The Noble Kinsmen o Sonnet 18 "Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?"

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William Shakespeare- works

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o English o Romantic British o Novelist, short story, dramatist, essayist, biographer, travel writer

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Mary Shelley

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o Frankenstein (1818)

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Mary Shelley- work & date

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o English Romantic o Lyric Poet

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Percy Bysshe Shelley

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o "Prometheus Unbound" "Ode to the West Wind" "To A Skylark"

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Percy Bysshe Shelley- work

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o The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884) • First American vernacular • Mock-epic tale of democracy • Huck & Jim o The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876)

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Mark Twain

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o American poet, essayist, and journalist. o Humanist, a mix of transcendentalism and realism o Father of free verse (open form, inconsistent meter patterns, rhyme, follows natural speech).

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Walt Whitman

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o Leaves of Grass (1855): philosophy of life and humanity, the body and material world rather than symbolism, allegory, and religion. - Transcendentalist- nature & man's role in it.

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Walt Whitman- work

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o Black Female Writer o Celebrated poet, memoirist, novelist, educator, dramatist, producer, actress, historian, filmmaker, and civil rights activist.

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Maya Angelou

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o I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings: (1969) Autobiography. She transforms from a victim of racism with an inferiority complex into a self-possessed, dignified young woman capable of responding to prejudice. Identity, rape, racism, and literacy.

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Maya Angelou- works

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o American novelist, philosopher, play writer, screenwriter. o Created Objectivism: Reality exists independent of consciousness- independent rights.

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Ayn Rand

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o The Fountainhead (1943) o Atlas Shrugged (1957) o Anthem (1937) • Dystopian- Character's struggle to break collectivist society and be an individual (anti-communist)

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Ayn Rand- works

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American, Female African American

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Toni Morrison

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o The Bluest Eye o Beloved (1987): Slave, Margaret Garner escaped. Killed daughter rather than be recaptured, visited by spirit

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Toni Morrison- works

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o American Writer o Experiences of Chinese- Americans in 20th century. Mother- daughter relationships

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Amy Tan

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o The Joy Luck Club (1989): Four families, mother-daughter, Woo, Jong, Hsu, St. Clair.

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Amy Tan- works

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o African American author and poet o The Color Purple (1982): epistolary novel- written as a series of documents

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Alice Walker & works

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o Chinese American author o The Woman Warrior (1975): memoir, autobiography mixed with folklore. Gender and ethnicity in lives of women.

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Maxine Hong Kingston & works- date

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o American folklorist, anthropologist, and author. o Their Eyes Were Watching God (1937): Janie Crawford- Coming of age, racial, rejection of racial uplift literary prescriptions.

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Zora Neale Hurston & works

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o American Transcendentalist o "Self Reliance" (1830): essay, recurrent theme- the need for each individual to avoid conformity and false consistency, follow his or her own instincts and ideas. • Quotations: "A foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds." Some of his quotes: real community can only come from real individuals; pre-supposes that the mind is initially the subject to an unhappy conformity; calls on individuals to value their own thoughts, opinions, experiences above those presented to them by other individuals, society, and religion; "There is a time in every man's education when he arrives at the conviction," "society everywhere is in conspiracy against the mankind," and "What I must do is all that concerns me, not what people think."

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Ralph Waldo Emerson & works

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o "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" (1820) o "Rip Van Winkle" (1819)

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Washington Irving- works

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No fixed lines, meter-drama and long narrative poems

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Blank Verse:

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Iambic unit, or Foot (5), Syllable (10)

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Iambic Pentameter:

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Open form, inconsistent meter patterns, rhyme, follows natural speech.

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Free verse

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A foot with stressed syllable followed by unstressed

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Trochee:

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A foot with two long syllables

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Spondee:

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A foot with a long syllable followed by two short. Ex: Just for a handful of silver he left us.

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Dactyl:

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anonymous narrative poems o Ballad Stanza= 4-line stanza alternating tetrameter and trimeter lines w/ rhyme scheme of abab or abcd

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Ballads

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in satires or parodies that mock classical stereotypes of heroes.

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Mock Epic (Mock- heroic):

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5-line, strict rhyme scheme (AABBA), humorous intent. Popularized by Edward Lear in 19th century.

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Limerick

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o Concerned with self-analysis • William Wordsworth, Samuel Coleridge, Mary Shelley, William Blake, John Keats, Percy Bysshe Shelley, Lord Byron

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British Romantics Movements- concerned with? who?

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18th century- writers responding to each other. Attached to history. Birth of political satire. Empiricism- Knowledge comes only from sensory experience. Periodicals

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Neoclassicism- Augustan when? Beliefs?

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inherent goodness of both people and nature. Society and its institutions corrupt the purity of the individual. o Ralph Waldo Emerson o Henry David Thoreau

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Transcendentalism:

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Europe end of 18th century. Themes: criticism of the past, emphasis of women and children, heroic isolation, new, untrammeled nature. Satire unworthy.

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Romanticism

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Jane Austin, William Blake, Bronte Family, Thomas Carlyle

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Romanticism Authors

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Attempts to evoke rather than describe. Everything has symbolic value. Late 19th century

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Symbolism Movement, When?

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Joseph Addison and Richard Steele.

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Neoclassicism- Augustan Writers

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o Poets: Gustave Kahn and Ezra Pound o Oscar Wilde, T.S. Eliot, Katherine Mansfield, George Sterling, George MacDonald

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Symbolism Writers

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artistic and cultural movement reflecting African Americans, New York City, 1920's.

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Harlem Renaissance:

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o Zora Neale Hurston o Countee Cullen o Claude McKay o Langston Hughes

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Harlem Renaissance Writers

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17th century. Use of speculation of love and religion. o Characteristics: wit, far-fetched similes or metaphor.

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Describe the Metaphysical Movement:

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o Poets: John Donne, Andrew Marvell, George Herbert

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Metaphysical Movement Writers

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late 19th and early 20th centuries in Europe and North America. Characterized by self-conscious break with traditional styles of poetry and verse.

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Modernist Movement

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Virginia Woolf, Ezra Pound, Thomas Mann, James Joyce, Ernest Hemingway, Robert Frost, F. Scott Fitzgerald, William Faulkner, Ralph W. Ellison, T.S. Eliot, EE Cummings

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Modernist Movement Writers

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document or physical object written or created during the time being studied. Original Documents- Diaries, speeches, manuscripts, letters, interviews, news film footage, autobiographies, and official records. Creative Works- Poetry, drama, novels, music, art. Relics or Artifacts

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Primary Source

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interprets and analyzes primary sources. One or two steps removed from the event. Could have pictures, quotes, or graphics of primary source in them. Publications- Textbooks, magazine articles, histories, criticisms, commentaries, encyclopedias.

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Secondary Source

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Relies on reason or logic

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• Logos

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Drawing generalization or conclusions from reliable evidence.

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• Inductive Reasoning:

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Starting with the generalization then applying it to specifics. -More localized.

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• Deductive Reasoning:

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Deductive Reasoning

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• Logical Syllogisms:

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If A happens, Z will happen through small steps and assumptions.

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• Slippery Slope

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Believing claim if delivered by authority figure.

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• Appeals to Authority:

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Assumes if A occurred after B, then B caused A.

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• Post hoc ergo propter hoc

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Conclusion based on insufficient or biased evidence.

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• Hasty Generalization

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The origins of a person, idea, institute or theory determines its value, character, or nature.

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• Genetic Fallacy:

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Writer should prove validation within the claim.

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• Begging the Claim:

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Restates the argument rather than proving it. "George communicates well because he speaks effectively."

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• Circular Argument:

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Oversimplifies the argument by reducing it to only two sides.

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• Either/or: (Argument)

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Speaker asks questions not to get information, but to express a conviction- no answer to questions.

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• Rhetorical Questions:

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attack on the character of a person rather than argument

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• Ad hominem:

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emotional appeal that speaks to positive (patriotism, religion, democracy) or negative (terrorism) rather than the real issue.

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• Ad populum

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Diversion tactic that avoids key issues by avoiding opposing arguments rather than addressing them.

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• Red Herring:

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o Mary Shelley's Frankenstein o Horace Walpole's The Castle of Otranto

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• Gothic Fiction Examples

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Focuses on the experiences of characters in a situation where they cant find and inherent purpose in life which is shown through meaningless actions and events. o Common Elements: satire, dark humor, incongruity, abasement of reason.

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• Absurdist Fiction

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Edward Lear, Lewis Carroll

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• Nonsense Fiction

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current, common meanings, and offers the most historical info

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• Oxford English Dictionary

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information about writing and formatting for a variety of purposes- guidelines for documenting sources in an essay.

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• Style Manual:

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1. Connect two sentences without a conjunction. 2. To Separate lists of items separated by commas. "... from Boise, Idaho; Nashville, Tennessee;..." 3. Before ";for example, list" 4. Between two sentences joined by conjunction when one or more commas appear in the first sentence.

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• Semicolon

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(Gerund- verb ending in -ing that is used as a noun.) Will begin with gerund. "Eating ice cream on a windy day can be messy.

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• Gerund Phrase:

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Begins with a present or past participle. (verb in past or present form) Includes objects or modifiers. Ex: Crunching caramel corn for the entire movie.

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• Participial Phrase:

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Begin with a preposition, followed by modifiers (if any) and end with a noun, pronoun, gerund, or clause- the "object" of the prepostion. Ex: "At home..." "The book on the bathroom floor is swollen from shower steam."

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• Prepositional Phrase:

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A noun and the modifiers which distinguish it. Modifier can come before or after. ex: "the dog"

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• Noun Phrase

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the use of it, they, this, that, these, those, and which. The question "what" comes to mind.

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• Unclear Pronoun reference:

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Matching singular verbs with singular nouns. Ex: "The team of Americans was the best in the world."

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• Incorrect Subject-verb Agreement:

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A word separated from the word it modifies or describes. Ex: W- "The child ate a cold dish of cereal."

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• Misplaced modifier:

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Two or more independent clauses

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• Compound:

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contains an independent clause and at least one dependent clause

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• Complex:

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Two independent clauses and one more dependent clause Ex: "We decided that the movie was too violent, but our children, who like to watch scary movies, thought that we were wrong.

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• Compound Complex:

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Contains a subject and a verb.

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• Simple:

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Francis Bacon, Thomas Dekker, John Donne, John Fletcher

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British Renaissance Writers

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Religious writings. John Winthrop, Edward Winslow, William Bradford, Anne Bradstreet

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American Colonial Writers

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Mid 19th century- Raph Emerson, Hawthorne, Melville, Thoreau, Whitman

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American Renaissance Writers

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Charles Darwin, Emile Zola- Dark harshness of life

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Naturalism Writers

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Joseph Heller, Tim O'Brien,

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Post- Modernism Writers

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Beowulf

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Anonymous

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Things Fall Apart

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Achebe, Chinua

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A Death in the Family

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Agee, James

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Pride and Prejudice

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Austen, Jane

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Go Tell It on the Mountain

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Baldwin, James

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Waiting for Godot

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Beckett, Samuel

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The Adventures of Augie March

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Bellow, Saul

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Farenheit 451

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Bradbury, Ray

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Jane Eyre

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Brontë, Charlotte

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Wuthering Heights

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Brontë, Emily

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The Stranger

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Camus, Albert

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Death Comes for the Archbishop

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Cather, Willa

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The Canterbury Tales

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Chaucer, Geoffrey

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The Cherry Orchard

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Chekhov, Anton

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The Awakening

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Chopin, Kate

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Heart of Darkness

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Conrad, Joseph

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The Last of the Mohicans

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Cooper, James Fenimore

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The Red Badge of Courage

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Crane, Stephen

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Inferno

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Dante

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Don Quixote

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de Cervantes, Miguel

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Robinson Crusoe

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Defoe, Daniel

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A Tale of Two Cities & Oliver Twist

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Dickens, Charles

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Crime and Punishment

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Dostoyevsky, Fyodor

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Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass

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Douglass, Frederick

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An American Tragedy

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Dreiser, Theodore

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The Three Musketeers

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Dumas, Alexandre

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The Mill on the Floss

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Eliot, George

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the Wasteland

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Eliot, T.S.

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Invisible Man

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Ellison, Ralph

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Selected Essays

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Emerson, Ralph Waldo

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As I Lay Dying

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Faulkner, William

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The Sound and the Fury

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Faulkner, William

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Tom Jones

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Fielding, Henry

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The Great Gatsby

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Fitzgerald, F. Scott

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Madame Bovary

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Flaubert, Gustave

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The Good Soldier

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Ford, Ford Madox

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Faust

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Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von

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Lord of the Flies

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Golding, William

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Tess of the d'Urbervilles

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Hardy, Thomas

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The Scarlet Letter

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Hawthorne, Nathaniel

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Catch-22

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Heller, Joseph

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A Farewell to Arms

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Hemingway, Ernest

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The Iliad & The Odyssey

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Homer

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The Hunchback of Notre Dame

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Hugo, Victor

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Their Eyes Were Watching God

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Hurston, Zora Neale

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Brave New World

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Huxley, Aldous

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A Doll's House

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Ibsen, Henrik

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The Portrait of a Lady & also The American

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James, Henry

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A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man

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Joyce, James

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The Metamorphosis

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Kafka, Franz

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The Woman Warrior

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Kingston, Maxine Hong

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To Kill a Mockingbird

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Lee, Harper

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Babbitt

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Lewis, Sinclair

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The Call of the Wild

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London, Jack

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The Magic Mountain

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Mann, Thomas

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One Hundred Years of Solitude

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Marquez, Gabriel García

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Bartleby the Scrivener & Moby Dick

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Melville, Herman

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The Crucible

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Miller, Arthur

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Beloved

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Morrison, Toni

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A Good Man is Hard to Find

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O'Connor, Flannery

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Long Day's Journey into Night

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O'Neill, Eugene

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Animal Farm

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Orwell, George

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Doctor Zhivago

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Pasternak, Boris

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The Bell Jar

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Plath, Sylvia

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Selected Tales

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Poe, Edgar Allan

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Swann's Way

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Proust, Marcel

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The Crying of Lot 49

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Pynchon, Thomas

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All Quiet on the Western Front

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Remarque, Erich Maria

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Cyrano de Bergerac

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Rostand, Edmond

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Call It Sleep

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Roth, Henry

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The Catcher in the Rye

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Salinger, J.D.

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Hamlet, Macbeth, & A Midsummer Night's Dream

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Shakespeare, William

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Pygmalion

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Shaw, George Bernard

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Frankenstein

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Shelley, Mary

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Ceremony

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Silko, Leslie Marmon

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One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich

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Solzhenitsyn, Alexander

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Antigone & Oedipus Rex

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Sophocles

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The Grapes of Wrath

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Steinbeck, John

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Treasure Island

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Stevenson, Robert Louis

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Uncle Tom's Cabin

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Stowe, Harriet Beecher

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Gulliver's Travels

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Swift, Jonathan

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The Joy Luck Club

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Tan, Amy

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Vanity Fair

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Thackeray, William

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Walden

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Thoreau, Henry David

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War and Peace

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Tolstoy, Leo

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Fathers and Sons

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Turgenev, Ivan

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The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn

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Twain, Mark

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Candide

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Voltaire

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Slaughterhouse-Five

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Vonnegut, Kurt Jr.

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The Color Purple

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Walker, Alice

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The House of Mirth

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Wharton, Edith

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Collected Stories

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Welty, Eudora

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Leaves of Grass

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Whitman, Walt

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The Picture of Dorian Gray

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Wilde, Oscar

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The Glass Menagerie

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Williams, Tennessee

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To the Lighthouse & Mrs. Dalloway

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Woolf, Virginia

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Native Son

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Wright, Richard

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The Conquest of Granada

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Dryden, John

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The Divine Comedy

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Dante, Alighieri

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Andromaque

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Racine, Jean

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1969

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Maya Angelou, I know Why the Caged Bird Sings

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1813

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JAne Austen, pride and predjudice

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1953

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Ray Bradbury, Farenheight 451

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1920's

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Willa Cather, The song of the Lark, O' pioneers

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1895

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Stephan Crane, red badge of courage

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1850's

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Emily Dickinson

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1836

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Ralph Waldo Emerson, "nature"

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1920s

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Fitzgerald, the side of paradise

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1940s

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Anne Frank

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early 1900s

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Robert Frost

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1937

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Zora Neal Hurstson, Their eyes were watching god

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1818

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John Keats, wrote various odes

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1961

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HArper Lee

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1950

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C.S. Lewis, Chronicals of NArnia

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1851

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Herman Melville, Moby dick and billy bud

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1945

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George Orwell, Animal Farm

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1845

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Edgar Allan Poe, The Raven

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1951

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J.D. Salinger catcher in the rye

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early 1600's

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William Shakespeare

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1818

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MAry Shelly (romantic)

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1818

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Percy Shelly "Ozmandias"

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1990s

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AMy TAN

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1876

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Mark Twain, tom sawyer and huck finn

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1982

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ALice walker, the color purple

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1860's

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Walt Whitman "captain my Captain" to a stranger

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6 six-line stanzas followed by a 3 line stanza. The same 6 words are repeated at the end of lines throughout. The last word becomes the first word of next line

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Sestina

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A 19-line poem made up of 5 tercets and a final quatrain in which all 19 lines carry 1 of only 2 rhymes. There are two refrains. Ex: Dylan Thomas's "Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night"

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Villanelle

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Eight line stanza with iambic pentameter and the rhyme scheme ABABACC. This is difficult to do in English (rhyming triplets). Ex: Yeats's "Among School Children"

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Ottava Rima

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A sentence or clause that runs into the next line without a break. Creates a series of suspense or excitement and gives emphasis to the word at the end of the line. Ex: Keats's "Ode to a Nightingale"

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Enjambment

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A pair of rhyming lines in iambic pentameter, often spoken by Shakespeare's characters

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Heroic Couplet

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A system of interlaced tercets linked by common rhymes: ABA BCB CDC Ex: Dante's "Divine Comedy"

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Terza Rima

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A rhyme consisting of a stressed syllable followed by unstressed Ex: Mo' ther, Bro' ther

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Feminine Rhyme

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A rhyme consisting of a single stressed syllable Ex: Car, Far

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Masculine Rhyme

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Written in iambic pentameter with ABAB rhyme scheme

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Heroic Quatrain

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Imperfect, oblique or off rhyme in which the sounds are similar but not exactly the same Ex: Port-Heart

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Slant Rhyme

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Alternating tetrameter and trimeter usually iambic and rhyming. Common in traditional folksong and poetry Ex: Samuel Coleridge's "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner"

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Ballad

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Unrhymed iambic pentameter. Bears a close resemblance to the rhythms of ordinary speach

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Blank Verse

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Each line has five feet each consisting of an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed

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Iambic Pentameter

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Two successive syllables with light stresses Ex: up to

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Pyrrhic

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Two successive syllables with strong stresses Ex: Stop' Thief'

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Spondee

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Two unstressed syllables followed by a stressed Ex: It is time'

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Anapest

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Stressed syllable followed by two unstressed Ex: di' fi cult

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Dactyl

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An unstressed syllable followed by stressed Ex: to day'

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Iamb

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A stressed syllable followed by unstressed Ex: car' ry

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Trochee

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A pause between feet usually marked by a comma or hyphen

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Caesura

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The process of scanning or analyzing the number and type of feet in a line

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Scansion

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The study of the elements of poetry

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Prosody

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The basic unit into which a line of verse can be divided

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Foot

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In which both the number of stressed and total number of syllables is fixed. This is the most common type of meter since "Chaucer" in the Middle Ages

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Accentual-Syllabic Meter

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In which the duration of sound each syllable, rather than its stress, determines the meter. Common in Greek, Latin, Sanskrit, and Arabic

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Quantitative Meter

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In which the total number of syllables in a line IS fixed but the number of stressed syllables is not. Rare in English poetry

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Syllabic Meter

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In which the number of stressed syllables in a line are fixed but the total number of syllables is not. Ex: "Beowulf" Anglo-Saxon

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Accentual Meter

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Based on the number of stressed syllables in a line and permits an indeterminate number of unstressed syllables. A foot may be composed of from one to four syllables. Stressed syllables often occur sequentially in this patterning rather than in alternation with unstressed syllables.

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Sprung Rhythm

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The perception of fate or the universe as malicious or indifferent to human suffering Ex: Thomas Hardy

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Cosmic Irony

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"God from a machine." Originally referred to technique in ancient tragedy in which a mechanical god was lowered onto the stage to intervene Now describes more generally a sudden or improbable twist that brings about the plot's resolution

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Deux ex Machina

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The author discusses the work in the work itself Ex: Lawrence Sterne in "Tristram Shandy" discusses writing the novel within the novel

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Romantic irony

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A breaking-off of speech usually because of rising emotion or excitement Ex: "Touch me one more time, and I swear..."

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Aposispesis

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A direct address to an absent or dead person, or to an object, quality, or idea Ex: Whitman's "O Captain, My Captain" written upon the death of Abraham Lincoln

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Apostrophe

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Repetition of similar vowel sounds in a sequence of nearby words Ex: Tennyson with the sound "All day the wind breathes low with mellower tone"

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Assonance

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Two phrases in which the syntax is the same, but the placement of words is reversed Ex: Coleridge's "The Pain of Sleep." "To be beloved is all I need, / And whom I love, I love indeed"

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Chiasmus

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A pleasing arrangement of sounds Ex: Cellar Door

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Euphony

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An elaborate parallel between two seemingly dissimilar objects or ideas. Ex: The metaphysical poets such as John Donne's "The Flea"

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Conceit

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A form of understatement in which a statement is affirmed by negating its opposite Ex: He is not unfriendly

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Litotes

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Intentional understatement; opposite of hyperbole and often employes litotes to an ironic effect Ex: Mercutio, It is only a "scratch"

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Meiosis

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The substitution of one term for another that is generally associated with it Ex: "Suits" instead of "businessmen"

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Metonymy

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The narrator conveys a character's inner thoughts while staying in the third person point of view. Ex: Gustave Flaubert in "Madame Bolvary," "Sometimes she thought that these were after all the best days..."

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Free Indirect Discourse

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A style in which the narrator reports neutrally on the outward behavior of the characters but offers no interpretation of their actions or their states Ex: Ernest Hemingway

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Objective Narration

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The narrator is revealed overtime to be an unworthy source of information Ex: Humbert in Nabakov's "Lolita" and Stevens in Ishiquro's "The Remains of the Day"

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Unreliable Narration

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The narrator conveys a subject's thoughts, etc exactly as they occur, often in disjointed fashion and without the logic and grammar of typical speech and writing Ex: Molly Bloom in James Joyce's "Ulysses" or Virginia Woolf's "Mrs. Dalloway"

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Stream-of-consciousness Narration

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A protagonist who is not admirable or who challenges the notions of what should be considered admirable. Ex: Willy Loman in Arthur Miller's "Death of a Salesman" because he is ordinary and pathetic

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Antihero

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A common character type that recurs throughout literature Ex: Witty servant, scheming villan, femme fatale

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Stock Character

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The primary character type that acts to frustrate the goal of the protagonist Ex: Claudius in "Hamlet" and Military Bureaucracy in "Catch-22"

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Antagonist

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Reversal or sudden shift that sends the protagonist's fortune from good to bad or vice versa

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Peripeteia

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Falling action, the protagonist responds to the events of the climax, and various plot elements are resolved

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Denouement

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Attribution of human feeling or motivation to a nonhuman object especially found in nature Ex: John Keats's "Ode to Melancholy" describes a "weeping" cloud

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Pathetic Fallacy

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The plot builds up to frustrate the reader with a non-event, usually humorous Ex: Jane Austen's novels are full of these

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Anticlimax

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Praeteritio, the technique of drawing attention to something by claiming not to mention it Ex: Melville's "Moby Dick:" "We shall not speak of all Queequeg's peculiarities here; how he eschewed coffee and hot rolls, and applied his undivided attention to beefsteaks, done rare"

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Paralipsis

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The use of one kind of sensory experience to describe another Ex: "Heard melodies are sweet" in Keats's "Ode to a Grecian Urn"

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Synaesthesia

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An elaborate and round-about manner of speech that uses more words than necessary Ex: "I appear to be entirely without financial resources"

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Periphasis

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A form of metonymy in which a part of an entity is used to refer to the whole Ex: "My wheels" for "my car"

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Synecdoche

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Extends the literal meanings of words by inviting a comparison to other words, things or ideas Such as metaphor, metonymy, and simile

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Trope

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A moment of recognition or discovery, primarily used in reference to Greek tragedy Ex: In Euripides' "The Bacchae," Agave experiences this when she discovers that she has murdered her own son, Pentheus

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Anagnorisis

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The use of one word in a sentence to modify two others typically in two different ways Ex: In Dickens's "The Pickwick Papers," the sentence "Mr, Pickwick took his hat and his leave" uses "took" to mean two different things

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Zeugma

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A sudden unexpected drop from the trivial or excessively sentimental. Sometimes used to create humor or miscalculation or poor judgement on a writer's part Ex: Alexander Pope: "Ye Gods! Annihilate but Space and Time/And make two lovers happy."

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Bathos

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From the Greek word for "Feeling," the quality in a work of literature that evokes high emotion, most commonly sorrow, pity, or compassion. Ex: Dickens, especially when describing the deaths of characters

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Pathos

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1660-1798 Inspired by the rediscovery of classical works of ancient Greece and Rome. Emphasized balance, restraint, and order. Roughly coincided with Enlightenment Ex: Edmund Burke, John Dryden, Samuel Johnson, Alexander Pope, Johnathon Swift

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Neoclassicism

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1955-1970 A French movement led by Alain Robbe-Grillet. Dispensed traditional elements of the novel, such as plot and character in favor of neutrally recording the experience of sensations and things

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Nouveau Roman

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works that express a preference for the natural over the artificial in human culture, and a belief that the life of primitive cultures is preferable Ex: Rousseau's "Julia, ou la Nouvelle Heloise"

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Primitivist Literature

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A novel that focuses on the social customs of a certain class, often with sharp eye for irony

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Novel of Manners

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Novels such as Jean-Paul Sartre's "Nausea" which the author uses as a platform for discussing ideas

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Novel of Ideas

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A novel written in the form of letters exchanged by characters Ex: Samuel in Richardson's "Clarissa" and Alice Walker's "The Color Purple

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Epistolary Novel

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A German term, "Formation Novel," for a novel about a child or adolescent's development into maturity with a special focus on the protagonist's quest for identity Ex: James Joyce's "A Portrait of an Artist as a Young Man"

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Bildungsroman

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Fiction that concerns the nature of fiction itself either by reinterpreting a previous fictional work or drawing attention to its own fictional status Ex: Grendel retells John Gardner's "Beowulf," the narrator tells the story and comments on his own telling of the story in "The Unbearable Lightness of Being"

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Metafiction

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Fiction genre popularized in the 1940s with a cynical disillusioned loner protagonist. Often involves crime or a criminal underworld. Ex: Raymond Chandler's "The Big Sheep," and Dashielll Hammett's "The Maltese Falcon"

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Noir

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A poem that contains words, a fictional or historical character who speaks to a particular audience Ex: Tennyson's "Ulysses"

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Dramatic Monologue

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Late 1950s-1960s An autobiographic poetic genre in which the author discusses intensely personal subject matter with unusual frankness Ex: Robert Lowell's "Life Studies"

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Confessional Poetry

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Literature intended to instruct or educate Ex: Virgil's "Georgics"

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Didactic Literature

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Disturbing or absurd material presented in a humorous manner, usually with the intention to confront uncomfortable truths Ex: Heller's "Catch-22"

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Black Comedy

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1920s Generally considered the golden age of modernist literature Ex: James Joyce's "Ulysses," T.S. Elliot "The Wasteland," Virginia Woolf "Mrs. Dalloway," Marcel Proust "In Search of Lost Time"

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High Modernism

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1865-1900 Used detailed realism to suggest social conditions, heredity, and environment had inescapable force in shaping human nature Ex: Emile Zola, Theodore Dreiser, and Stephan Crane

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Naturalism

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1890s-1940s Provided a radical break with traditional modes of Western art, thought, religion, and morality. Attack on notions of hierarchy, experimentation in narrative, stream of consciousness, alternate view points

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Modernism

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1066-1500 Transitional period between Anglo-Saxon and Modern English. The cultural upheaval that followed the Norman Conquest saw a flowering of secular literature including ballads, chivalric romances, allegorical poems, and religious plays Ex: Chaucer's "Canterbury Tales"

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Middle English

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1633-1680 A group of poets who combined direct language with ingenious images, paradoxes, and conceits Ex: John Donne and Andrew Maxwell

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Metaphysical Poets

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1935-Present Combines realism with moments of dream-like fantasy within a single prose narrative Ex: Jorge Luis Borges, Gabriel Garcia Marquez, Gunter Grass

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Magic Realism

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1918-1930 A flowering of African American literature, art, and music in NYC Ex: W.E.B. DuBois' "The Souls of Black Folk," Alain Locke's "The New Negro Anthology," Zora Neale Hurston's "Their Eyes Were Watching God," Langston Hughes, Contre Cullen

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Harlem Renaissance

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1918-1930s Describes writers, many of them soldiers, that came to maturity during WWI Ex: Ernest Hemingway's "The Sun Also Rises," F. Scott Fitzgerald, John Dos Passos

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Lost Generation

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1764-1860 Featured brooding, mysterious settings and plots. Ex: Horace Wapole's "Castle of Otranto," later included Poe's short stories

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Gothic Fiction

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1558-1603 English literature, particularly drama, from the period of Queen Elizabeth's reign Ex: Francis Bacon, Shakespeare, Ben Jonson, Christopher Marlow, Edmund Spenser, and Sir Phillip Sidney

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Elizabethan Era

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1660-1790 France and Europe. Emphasized the importance of reason, progress, and liberty. Primarily associated with nonfiction: essays and philosophical treatises Ex: Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Rousseau, Rene Descartes

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Enlightenment

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1916-1922 An avant-garde movement in response to WWI. Based in Paris, led by Tristan Tzara, produced nihilistic and anti-logical prose and rejected traditions, rules, and ideals of prewar Europe

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Dadaism

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1500s-1700s Improvisational comedy first developed in Renaissance Italy, involved stock characters and set scenarios. The elements of farce and standard characters and plot intrigues influenced Western comedy

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Commedia del'arte

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1906-1930s An informal group of friends and lovers who lived in London and had a considerable liberalizing influence on British culture Ex: Clive Bell, E.M. Forster, Roger Fry, Lytton Strachey, Virginia Woolf, John Maynard Keys

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Bloomsburg group

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1950s-1980s A group of British writers who created visceral plays and fiction at odds with the political establishment and self-satisfied middle class Ex: John Osborne's play "Look Back in Anger"

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Angry Young Men

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1950s-1960s A group of American writers who sought release and illumination through a Bohemian counterculture of sex, drugs, and Zen Buddhism Ex: Kerouac "On the Road," Ginsberg "Howl

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Beat Generation

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1835-1910 "Art for Art's Sake." A late 19th century movement that believed in art as an end in itself. Ex: Oscar Wilde and Walter Pater rejected the view that art had to possess a higher moral or political value

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Aestheticism

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1930-1970 Literary movement taking place primarily in the theatre that responded to the seemingly illogicality and purposelessness of human life. Lack of clear narrative, understandable psychological motives or emotional catharsis Ex: Samuel Beckett's "Waiting for Godot"

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Literature of the Absurd

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1835-1860 An American philosophical and spiritual movement that focused on the primacy of the individual conscience and rejected materialism in favor of closer communion with nature Ex: Ralph Waldo Emerson and Thoreau

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Transcendentalism

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1832-1901 The period of English history between the passage of the Reform Bill and the death of Queen Victoria. Strict social, political, and sexual conservationism and frequent clashes between religion and science, prolific literary activity and significant social reform Fiction: Bronte Sisters, Dickens, Elliot, Thackery, Trollope, Hardy Poets: Arnald, Browning, Hopkins, Tennyson, Rosetti, NonFiction: Darwin

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Victorian Era

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1870-1890 A group of French poets who reacted against realism with a poetry of suggestion based on symbols and using free verse and prose poems Ex: Stephane Mallarme, Arthur Rimbaud, Paul Velaine, Charles Baudelaire

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Symbolists

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1920s-1930s An avant-garde movement based primarily in France that sought to break down the boundaries between rational and irrational, conscious and unconscious. Poets Andre Breton and Paul Ellaird were not as successful as Dali, Miro, and Magritte

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Surrealism

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1798-1832 A literary and artistic movement that reacted against the Enlightenment. Celebrated spontaneity, imagination, subjectivity, and purity of nature. English: Jane Austen, William Blake, Lord Byron, Coleridge, Keats, Shelly, and Wordsworth American: Hawthorne, Melville, Poe, Bryant, and Whittier

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Romanticism

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1770s A brief German movement that advocated passionate individuality in the face of Neoclassical rationalism and restraint Ex: Goethe's "The Sorrows of Young Werther"

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Strum und Drang

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1830-1900 A loose term that refers to any work that aims at honest portrayal of sensationalism. Technically refers to a late 19th century movement aimed at accurate detailed portrayal of ordinary contemporary life Ex: Charles Dickens, George Eliot, Gustave Flaubert, Tolstoy

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Realism

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1848-1870 The literary arm of an artistic movement that drew from Italian artists working before Raphael (1483-1520). Combined sensuousness and religiosity through archaic poetic forms and medieval setting Ex: William Morris, Christina and Dante Gabriel Rosetti, Charles Swinburne

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Pre-Raphaelites

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1945-present Can be seen as a response to the elitism of High Modernism as well as to the horrors of WWII. Characterized by a disjointed, fragmented pastiche of high and low culture that reflects the absence of tradition and structure Ex: Julian Barnes, Don Delillo, Toni Morrison, Nobakov, Pynchorn, Rushdie, Vonnegut

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Postmodern Literature

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1950s-present Literature by and about people from former European colonies primarily the Caribbean, Africa, Asia, and S. America. Aims to expand the traditional canon of Western literature to challenge Eurocentric assumptions Ex Achebe's "Things Fall Apart," V.S. Naipanl's "A House for Mr. Bisvas," Rushdie's "Midnight Children"

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Postcolonial Literature

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author of Passage to India - Adela travels to India, decides to not marry her fiance, and perhaps imagines being raped by an Indian man. India affects them all differently. Key quote "India forces one to come face to face with oneself, the results are sometimes disturbing"

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E.M. Forster

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Written by Valykie. Indian text - a narrative where the characters embody important Hindu qualities. Reading it = forgiveness of sins. Prince Rama marries Sita, but they are exiled by his brother. Sita is abducted by Ravana, demon, and is rescued by Rama, but most prove her chastity. She's chaste, and all is well.

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Ramayana

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short story by Khushwant Singh

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The Wog

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author of Black Rook in Rainy Weather - advent poem, she longs for the miraculous but is wary of it.

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Sylvia Plath

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poem by T.S. Eliot- describe's wise men's feelings, not totally understanding Jesus, lost their identity

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The Journey of the Magi

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author of "The Cultivation of Christmas Trees", poem where Eliot discusses keeping the spirit of wonder and the struggle against the great enemy - time.

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T.S. Eliot

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the time span roughly from the collapse of the Roman empire to the Renaissance and the Reformation. Ended in 1485 with start of Tudors

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Middle Ages

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from Latin "medium" and "aevum", refers to whatever was made or thought in the middle ages. 3 sections - Anglo-Saxon Lit, Anglo-Norman Lit, Middle English

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medieval

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period associated w/ an outburst of creativity attributed to "rebirth" or revival of Latin and Greek. Started in Italy in 14th-15th cent.

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Renaissance

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religious movement started in early 17th cent. that ended supreme authority of the Catholic church

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Reformation

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"English Homer", "embellisher of English tongue", "father of English poetry", author of Canterbury Tales

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Chaucer

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author of Ecclesiastical History of the English People

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Bede

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poetry with lots of war, little love, different terms for common words, take 1 word turn it into two (ex. life-house = body), personification, lots of riddles, lines often organized by alliteration

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Anglo-Saxon Poetry

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the use of parallel and appositive expressions, giving verse a highly structured, musical quality

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variation

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ironic understatement

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litote

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Old English poem preserved in the Exeter book, a lonely man who used to be a lord's servant, muses on his past happiness, but, keeps his faith in God

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"The Wanderer"

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compiled in 10th century, largest existing collection of old English lit. Variety of topics - 1/2 religious, some laments, some riddles, a little heroic lit, but not too much.

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Exeter Book

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compound words (hyphenated), metaphoric substitution (ex: ocean = whale-road)

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kennings

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pause in a poem

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ceasura

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poem that meditates on death

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elegy

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lament in the Exeter book, themes: hardship, transience, tells of a scop (poet), who's lord has replaced him

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Deor

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lament in the Exeter book, unclear whether husband left her or if her husband exiled her somewhere

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The Wife's Lament

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a clause that doesn't serve to identify or define the antecedent noun, often includes which, when, or where, sentence can be split into 2 separate statements (The officer helped the civilians, who had been shot)

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Nonrestrictive clause

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not parenthetical, so not set off by commas, restricts the main clause to something more specific, cannot be split into 2 separate sentences (ex: The officer helped those civilians who had been shot.)

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Restrictive Clause

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used after an independent clause to introduce a list of particulars, an appositive, an amplification, or an illustrative question

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Colon

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when 2 elements, normally noun phrases, are places side by side, and one element identifies the other in a certain way

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Appositive

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Used to set off abrupt breaks or interruptions or announces a long appositive or summary

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Dash

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saved Beowulf from fire

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Sir Robert Cotton

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ancient poem set in Germany, a warrior fights the evil beast Grendel to rescue King of Danes Hrothgar, then has to kill Grendel's mom, then has to kill a dragon as king, but is fatally wounded in the fight, meant to be read orally

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Beowulf

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one of earliest Christian poems, dreamer has a vision of the cross, cross speaks in own voice, dreamer reflects on his words

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The Dream of the Rood

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Bede wrote about him, he had a vision and received the hymn in a barn, became a poet.

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Caedmon's Hymn

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By Chaucer, a group of pilgrims going to a shrine in Canterbury, different tales, used the vernacular, different pilgrims had different poems

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Canterbury Tales

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one of the tales in the Canterbury Tales, asserts rightness of multiple marriages, sex, etc., wife tells about all her husbands, brags of her power over them, tells of a knight who rapes a maid, then has to marry an old lady - wife gets to choose to be pretty

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Wife of Bath's Tale

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author of Mort D'Authur, a novelization of the King Arthur myth, title means "Death of Arthur", after he dies he goes to Isle of Avilon, killed by Mordred

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Thomas Malory

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a rubric which simply seeks to judge the overall quality of the writing

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Holistic Rubric

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A rubric where all of the specific traits that make good writing are judged. More in-depth and specific.

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Analytical Rubric

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A sentence with an independent clause and no dependent clauses, a single subject and predicate

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Simple Sentence

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A verb that takes one or more objects

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Transitive verb

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A verb that does not take an object

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Intransitive verb

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Two sentences joined incorrectly with only a comma

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Comma splice

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made up of "to" and the base form of a verb, "to help", "to abandon", etc.

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infinitive phrase

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a verb that comes before the main verb in the sentence (ex: have played, have is this type of verb)

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auxiliary verb

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the study of the sounds of language

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phonetics

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literal, dictionary meaning of a word

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denotation

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a sentence composed of at least two independent clauses

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Compound sentence

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a verb acting (most commonly) as an adjective (ex: working woman), or an adverb (ex: raving mad), or potentially as a noun (ex: good breeding)

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Participle

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A verb ending in "ing" that acts as a noun

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Gerund

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the study of correct spelling, the practice of a proper way of spelling

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Orthography

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the study of correct structure of words

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morphology

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a word, or words, functioning as a verb

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Verbal

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A form of literary criticism that explores the role of consciousnesses and the unconscious in literature including that of the author, reader, and characters in the text. Examples of critics: Sigmund Freud, Jacques Lacan, Harold Bloom, Slavoj Žižek, Viktor Tausk

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Psycho-Analytic Criticism

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A form of literary criticism that mainly involves the structural purposes of a particular text (2 names) Examples of critics: Friedrich Schleiermacher, Wilhelm Dilthey, Hans-Georg Gadamer, Erich Auerbach, René Wellek

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Formalism/ New Criticism

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A form of literary criticism that involves a strategy of "close" reading that elicits the ways that key terms and concepts may be paradoxical or self-undermining, rendering their meaning undecidable (2 names). Examples of critics: Jacques Derrida, Paul de Man, J. Hillis Miller, Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe, Gayatri Spivak, Avital Ronell

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Post-structuralism/Deconstruction

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A form of literary criticism that examines the universal underlying structures in a text, the linguistic units in a text and how the author conveys meaning through any structures (2 names). Examples of critics: Ferdinand de Saussure, Roman Jakobson, Claude Lévi-Strauss, Roland Barthes, Mikhail Bakhtin, Yurii Lotman, Jacques Ehrmann, Northrop Frye and morphology of folklore

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Structuralism/Semiotics

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A form of criticism that views literature as a reflection of the social institutions from which they originate. Examples of critics: Georg Lukács, Valentin Voloshinov, Raymond Williams, Terry Eagleton, Fredric Jameson, Theodor Adorno, Walter Benjamin

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Marxist Criticism

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A form of criticism that emphasizes the role of literature in everyday life. Examples of critics: Raymond Williams, Dick Hebdige, and Stuart Hall; Max Horkheimer and Theodor Adorno; Michel de Certeau; also Paul Gilroy, John Guillory

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Cultural Studies

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a figure of speech where the name of a thing is replaced with the name of something else closely related (Ex: The US plans to declare war - actually, the US here refers to the govt.)

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Metonomy

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A conclusion is based on the argument that that origins of something determine it's character, nature, or worth. Ex: This sweater is lovely because it was given to me by dear Aunt Josephine.

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Genetic Fallacy

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The conclusion that assumes if A occurred after B, then B must have caused A. Ex: I ate pancakes and then I passed the test, therefore, the pancakes must have made me pass the test.

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Post hoc ergo propter hoc

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Restates the argument rather than actually proving it. Ex: The Nazis were evil murderers because they killed lots of people.

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Circular argument

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An emotional appeal that speaks to positive (such as patriotism, religion, democracy) or negative (such as terrorism, fascism) concepts rather than the real issue at hand. Ex: If you don't vote Democrat, you're no better than the terrorists.

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Ad populum

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An attack on the character of a person rather than on the strength of their arguments. Ex: I disagree with Janet's stance on abortion because Janet is a silly gossip.

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Ad hominem

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a distinct sound in a language

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Phoneme

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The logical fallacy that oversimplifies an argument by reducing it to only 2 sides or choices. ex: You can vote for my candidate or watch the country be destroyed.

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Either/or

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The conclusion that the writer needs to prove is already validated in the claim. Ex: Life-extending habits that increase your well-being like running and eating vegetables will lead to a healthier life.

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Begging the claim

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Earliest collection of Chinese poetry that all later poetry was modeled after. Held an important public role, thought to be important in teaching about regulating feelings by Confucious. A variety of voices represented. Some of the poems may have been by women.

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The Book of Songs

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Draws broad generalizations from specific details. Ex: Doing several studies where students who are in small classes do better than students in big classes, then, making the big conclusion that small classes are better for all students.

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Inductive Reasoning

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Religious Buddhist allegory. Humorous satire. A monkey is born from a rock and is silly and rebellious and then rescues a monk. Joined by Pigsy (a pig), Tripitaka (a monster type thing), and a horse, they all travel west and have adventures. The outer journey symbolizes inner transformation.

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The Monkey King

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a metaphor used throughout a work or over a series of lines in prose or poetry.

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Extended Metaphor

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Most famous period of Chinese poets

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Tang Dynasty Poets

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Begins with a generalization then applies it to a specific case. Ex: You already know that students in small classes do better, you know a student who is having trouble, you recommend he move teachers so he will be in a smaller class.

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Deductive reasoning

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Point of view where "you" is used. The reader is directly addressed. Often used in self-help books, advertisements, brochures, etc.

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Second Person point of view

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A type of poetic meter where stanzas are 4 lines and 2nd and 4th lines are rhymed. All of the lines are iambic - the 1st and 3rd lines have 4 metrical feet and the 2nd and 4th lines have 3 metrical feet.

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Ballad Form

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The rhyme scheme first used by Dante Aligheri. There's an interlocking 3-line rhyme scheme. Structure: ABA BCB CDC DED.

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Terza Rima

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7 line stanzas of iambic pentameter. ABABBCC rhyme scheme. Used by Chaucer and other medieval poets.

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Rhyme Royal

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A figure of speech where a word applies to two others in different senses, or to two others when it semantically suits only one.

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Zeugma

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A stanza of nine lines in iambic meter, rhymed ABABBCBCC. The first eight lines are in iambic pentameter, and the ninth line is in iambic hexameter. Used in "The Faerie Queen"

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Spenserian Stanza

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the process of marking lines of poetry to show the type of feet and the number of feet they contain.

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Scansion

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Type of assessment that measures student performance against a fixed set of standards.

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Criterion Referenced Assessment

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A type of fiction that tells of a rough, rascally, but likeable hero, who is a commoner who lives his everyday life and makes his way via his wits. Humorous. Often told in an autobiographical style.

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Picaresque

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Term for a voice or assumed role of a character that represents the thoughts/views of the author. Often the protagonist.

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Persona

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a stereotypical character that relies heavily on cultural types or characteristics and is often reused in literature or drama

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Stock character

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the part of an ancient Greek choral ode sung by the chorus when moving from right to left.

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Strophe

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author of Hoot

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Carl Hiiason

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author of Walk Two Moons

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Sharon Creech

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author of The Chocolate War

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Robert Cormier

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author of Our Town

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Thorton Wilder

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author of Out of the Dust

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Karen Hesse

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author of The Yearling

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Marjorie Kinnan Rawling

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author of The Voice on the Radio

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Caroline Cooney

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author of Julie of the Wolves

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Jean Craighead George

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author of Sounder

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William Armstrong

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author of Crispin, Nothing but the Truth, The True Confessions of Charlotte Doyle

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Avi

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author of short story "The Birth-mark", dark romanticist

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Nathaniel Hawthorne

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author of The House on Mango Street

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Sandra Cisneros

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author of Crime and Punishment

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Fyodor Dostoevsky

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author of The Watsons Go to Birmingham, Bud Not Buddy

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Christopher Paul Curtis

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author of A Raisin in the Sun

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Lorraine Hansberry

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author of Jane Eyre

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Charlotte Bronte

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author of Wuthering Heights

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Emily Bronte

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epic poem about the Trojan War, by Homer

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The Illiad

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author of The Swiss Family Robinson

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Johann David Wyss

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Sarah Plain and Tall

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Patricia Maclachlan

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author of Death of a Salesman

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Arthur Miller

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author of Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man

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James Joyce

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author of The House of Spirits

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Isabel Allende

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author of The Turn of a Screw

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Henry James

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author of Johnny Tremain

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Ester Forbes

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author of Shiloh

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Phyllis Reynolds Taylor

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author of The Catcher in the Rye

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JD Salinger

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Type of rhyme scheme that typically uses 1-syllable words to give a feeling of strength or impact

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Masculine Rhyme

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Literary period. (1603-1625). Shakespeare writes his later works. Ben Johnson

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Jacobean Period

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Literary Period. (1200-1485). Chaucer

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Late or "High Medieval Period

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a foot that has two syllables in which the first is long or stressed and the second is short and unstressed

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trochee

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a Greek slave supposedly born around 600 BC. Often associated with the fable

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Aesop

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discrepancy between what happens and what the reader expects to happen

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Situational irony

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contrast between what is said and what is meant

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Verbal irony

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the part of communication by speech that isn't the actual words you say, like intonation, body language, pitch, speed of speaking, facial expressions,etc.

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Paralanguage

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May use a rhyme of two or more syllables, the stress does not fall upon the final syllable

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Feminine rhyme

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Literary period (2 names). 1660-1790. 1 of the names refers to the increased influence of classical lit in this period. Intellectual backlash against Puritanism and America's revolution against England.

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Neoclassical or Enlightenment Period

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Literary period. 1066-1450. Norman French armies invade and conquer England under William I. Twelfth-Century Renaissance (1100-1200) French fables great scholastic and theological works

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Middle English Period

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French form of poetry. 6 stanzas of 6 lines. Most difficult of all closed poetry

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Sestina

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Literary period. 1649-1660. Under Oliver Cromwell's Puritan dictatorship, John Milton continues to write

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Commonwealth Period or Puritan Interregnum

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term used for the writers of the jazz age such as F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, William Faulkner, etc.

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Lost Generation

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Literary period. 70 C.E.- 455 C.E. Early Christian writings appear such as those by Saint Augustine, Tertullian, Saint Cyprian, Saint Ambrose, and Saint Jerome. first compiles the Bible.

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Patristic Period

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Literary period. 800-200 BC. Greek writers, playwrights, and philosophers such as Gorgias, Aesop, Plato, Socrates, Aristotle, and Sophocles all make their mark during this period. Sophisticated age of the polis, or individual city-state, early democracy.

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Classical Greek Period

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Words that almost rhyme or look to the eye like they rhyme but don't quite. ex: farm, yard or said, paid

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Slant rhyme

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Literary period. 1458-1558. Martin Luther's split with the Roman Catholic church- Protestantism. Edmund Spenser- poet of this period

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Early Tudor Period

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Literary period. 1200-800 B.C.E. Greek legends are passed along orally, including Homer's The Illiad and The Odyssey. this is a chaotic period of warrior princes, wandering sea traders, and fierce pirates.

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Homeric or Heroic Period

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octave of eight lines and a sestet of six lines. Rhyme scheme is usually abbaabba-cdecde.

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Petrarchan sonnet

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Literary Period. 1914-1945. W.B. Yeats, Virginia Woolf, Robert Frost, Flannery O'Connor.

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Modern Period

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Funny, five-line poems. AABBA rhyme scheme. Edward Lear

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Limerick

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Literary Period. 1660-1700. This period marks the British king's restoration to the throne after a long period of Puritan domination in England. John Locke.

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Restoration Period

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3 quatrains and a couplet. Rhyme scheme is ABAB CDCD EFEF GG.

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Shakespearean sonnet

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a 19 line poem with 5 3 line stanzas and a quatrain. Only 2 rhymes throughout. Often a courtly love poem from the medieval times.

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Villanelle

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Literary period. 1945-today. T.S. Eliot, Sandra Cisneros, Langston Hughes.

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Postmodern Period

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Where commas and periods ALWAYS GO!

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Inside the quotations marks

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19th century artistic movement in which writers and painters sought to show life as it is rather than life as it should be; Popularized the novel, Novels formed a plot structure Major Writers: Dostoyevsky (Crime and Punishment), Flaubert (Madame Bovary), James, Twain (Adventures of Huck Finn)

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Realism

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Literary period. 1880s-1940s; Pessimism, determinism, detachment from story Major Writers: Crane, Norris

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American Naturalistic Period

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Literary period. 1876-1917; renewed self-confidence, nationalism, transcendentalism

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American Renaissance Period

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1607-1783; nonfiction prose, enlightenment, age of reason

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American Colonial Period

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A novel where exciting events are more important than character development and sometimes theme. These novels are sometimes described as 'fiction' rather than literature in order to distinguish books designed for mere entertainer rather than thematic importance

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Adventure Novel

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A figurative work in which a surface narrative carries a secondary, symbolic or metaphorical meaning. In The Faerie Queene, for example, Red Cross Knight is a heroic knight in the literal narrative, but also a figure representing Everyman in the Christian journey

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Allegory

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Not to be confused with the punctuation mark, this is the act of addressing some abstraction or personification that is not physically present.

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Apostrophe

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Repeating a consonant sound in close proximity to others, or beginning several works with the same vowel sound

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Alliteration

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Casual reference in literature to a person, place, event, or another passage of literature often without explicit identification.

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Allusion

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The character typically against the protagonist.

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Antagonist

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Using opposite phrases in close conjunction.

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Antithesis

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literary device wherein the order of the noun and the adjective in the sentence is exchanged. In standard writing adjective comes before the noun, but when on is employing this literary device, the noun is followed by the adjective. This creates a dramatic impact and lends weight to the descriptions.

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Anastrophe

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A drop, often sudden and unexpected, from a dignified or important idea or situation to one that is trivial or humorous. Also, a sudden descent from something sublime to sometime ridiculous. In fiction and drama, this refers to action that is disappointing in contrast to the previous moment of intense interest.

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Anticlimax

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A concise statement that is made in a matter of fact tone to state a principle or an opinion that is generally understood to be a universal truth. Usually they are witty and curt and often have an underlying tone of authority to them.

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Aphorism

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Originally referred to a mystical revelation of a spiritual truth, but as changed in twentieth-century use to refer specifically to mystical visions concerning the end of the world.

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Apocalypse

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An original model or pattern from which other later copies are made, especially a character, an action, or situation that seems to represent common patterns of human life. Often times symbols, themes, settings, characters are including, in which some critics think have a common meaning in an entire culture or even human race.

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Archetype

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A statement of a poem's major point - usually appearing in the introduction of the poem.

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Argument

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Common errors in reasoning that will undermine the logic of your argument. They can either be illegitimate arguments or irrelevant points, and are often identified because they lack evidence that supports their claims.

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Logical fallacies

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Unrhymed iambic pentameter. Shakespeare's plays are largely blank verse, as are other Renaissance plays. Blank verse was the most popular in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries in England.

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Blank Verse

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A non-fictional account of a person's life - usually a celebrity, an important historical figure or a writer.

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Biography

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A work designed to ridicule a style, literary form, or subject matter either by treating the exalted in a trivial way or by discussing the trivial in exalted terms (that is, with mock dignity). Burlesque concentrates on derisive imitation, usually in exaggerated terms. Literary genres (like the tragic drama) can be burlesqued, as can styles of sculpture, philosophical movements, schools of art, and so forth.

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Burlesque

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A pause, metrical or rhetorical, occurring somewhere in a line of poetry. The pause may or may not be typographically indicated (usually with a comma).

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Caesura

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The 'turning downward' f the plot in a classical tragedy. Traditionally, this occurs in the fourth act of the play after the climax.

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Catastrophe

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An emotional discharge that brings about a moral or spiritual renewal or welcome relief from tension and anxiety. According to Aristotle, catharsis is the marking feature and ultimate end of any tragic artistic work.

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Catharsis

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An elaborate, usually intellectually ingenious poetic comparison or image, such as an analogy or metaphor in which, say a beloved is compared to a ship, planet, etc. The comparison may be brief or extended.

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Conceit

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A hackneyed or trite phrase that has becoming overused.

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Cliche

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The meaning behind the word, other than its dictionary meaning.

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Connotation

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Special type of alliteration in which the repeated pattern of consonants is marked by changes in the intervening vowel.

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Consonance

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Two lines - the second line immediately following the first with the same metrical length that end in a rhyme to form a complete unit.

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Couplet

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A three syllable foot consisting of a heavy stress and two light stresses.

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Dactyl

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The strict definition of a word found in a dictionary.

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Denotation

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A French word meaning 'unknotting' in which is referred to the outcome or result of a complex situation or sequence of events. Usually takes place in the last chapters of the novel, after the climax is over.

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Denouement

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The choice of a particular word as opposed to others.

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Diction

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Christian thinkers used this term to signify a manifestation of God's presence in the world. It has since become in modern fiction and poetry the standard term for the sudden flare into revelation of an ordinary object or scene in which alters their entire world -view. .

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Epiphany

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A conclusion added to a literary work such as a novel, play, or long poem. It is the opposite of a prologue. A Midsummer Night's Dream by Shakespeare contains one of the most famous.

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Epilogue

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Background information that usually provide insight.

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Exposition

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The running over a sentence or thought into the next couplet or line without a pause at the end of the line

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Enjambment

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A scheme or trope used for rhetorical or artistic effect

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Figure of speech

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Verse that has neither regular rhyme nor regular meter. This particular verse often uses cadences rather than uniform metrical feet.

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Free verse

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Often provides hints, suggestions, or clearly indicates what will happen next.

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Foreshadowing

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The basic unit of meter consisting of a group of two or three syllables. Scanning or scansion is the process of determining the prevailing foot in a line of poetry, of determining the types and sequence of different feet.

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Foot

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an exaggeration or overstatement

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Hyperbole

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another name for anastrophe

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Inversion

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A mode of expression, through words or events, conveying a reality different from and usually opposite to appearance or expectation. A writer may say the opposite of what he means, create a reversal between expectation and its fulfillment, or give the audience knowledge that a character lacks, making the character's words have meaning to the audience not perceived by the character.

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Irony

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The rhythmic pattern produced when words are arranged so that their stressed and unstressed syllables fall into a more or less regular sequence, resulting in repeated patterns of accent (called feet).

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Meter

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An autobiographical sketch - especially one that focuses less on the author's personal life or psychological development and more on the notable people and events the author has encountered or witnessed.

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Memoir

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Using a vaguely suggestive, physical object to embody a more general idea.

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Metonymy

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A conspicuous recurring element, such as a type of incident, a device, a reference, or verbal formula, which appears frequently throughout works of literature.

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Motif

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A comparison or analogy stated in such a way as to imply that one object is another one, figuratively speaking; without using the words using as, like, etc.

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Metaphor

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antihero whose activities illustrate the stupidity of the class or group he represents

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Mock heroic

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Opposite of a soliloquy, in which it does not necessarily represent spoken words, but rather the internal or emotional thoughts or feelings of an individual.

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Monologue

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The use of sounds that are extremely similar to what they represent.

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Onomatopoeia

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using contradiction in a manner that oddly makes sense on a deeper level.

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Oxymoron

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over exaggerated statement

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Overstatement

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Also called oxymoron, which uses contradiction in a manner that oddly, makes sense on a deeper level. Common ones seem to reveal a deeper truth through their contradictions.

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Paradox

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When a writer establishes similar patterns of grammatical structure and length.

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Parallelism

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The person created by the author to tell a story. Whether the story is told by an omniscient narrator or by a character in it, the actual author of the work often distances himself from what is said or told by adopting a persona--a personality different from his real one. Thus, the attitudes, beliefs, and degree of understanding expressed by the narrator may not be the same as those of the actual author. Some authors, for example, use narrators who are not very bright in order to create irony.

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Persona

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Giving animal, ideas or objects, human characteristics. Particularly common in poetry, but it appears in nearly all types of artful writing.

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Personification

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The structure and relationship of actions and events in a work of fiction. In order for a plot to begin, some sort of catalyst is necessary.

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Plot

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A stanza with four lines, often rhyming in an ABAB pattern. Three of these form the main body of a Shakespearean sonnet followed with a final couplet.

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Quatrain

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A seven line stanzaic form invented by Chaucer in the fourteenth century and later modified by Spenser and other Renaissance poets. In this particular form, the stanzas are written in iambic pentameter in a fixed rhyme scheme (ABABBCC).

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Rhyme Royal

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A form of sneering criticism in which disapproval is often expressed as ironic praise.

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Sarcasm

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The act of 'scanning' a poem to determine its meter. Students break down each line into individual metrical feet and determines which syllables have heavy stress and which have lighter stress.

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Scansion

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A literary mode based on criticism of people and society through ridicule.

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Satire

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A point in the play in which the character believes himself to be alone. Reveals characters innermost thoughts, including his feelings, state of mind, motives or intention.

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Soliloquy

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The last part of an Italian or Petrarchan sonnet, it consists of six lines that rhyme with a varying pattern. Common rhyme patters include CDECDE or CDCCDC.

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Sestet

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The total environment for the action of a fictional work. Includes time period (such as the 1890's), the place (such as downtown Warsaw), the historical milieu (such as during the Crimean War), as well as the social, political, and perhaps even spiritual realities.

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Setting

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A fourteen line poem, usually in iambic pentameter, with a varied rhyme scheme.

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Sonnet

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divided into two main sections, the octave (first eight lines) and the sestet (last six lines). The octave presents a problem or situation which is then resolved or commented on in the sestet. The most common rhyme scheme is A-B-B-A A-B-B-A C-D-E C-D-E, though there is flexibility in the sestet, such as C-D-C D-C-D.

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Petrarchan Sonnet

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contains three quatrains and a couplet, with more rhymes (because of the greater difficulty finding rhymes in English). The most common rhyme scheme is A-B-A-B C-D-C-D E-F-E-F G-G. In the couplet often undercuts the thought created in the rest of the poem.

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Shakespearean Sonnet

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Also called accentual rhythm—this term was to describe his personal metrical system in which the major stresses are sprung from each line of poetry. The accent falls on the first syllable of every foot and varying number of unaccented syllables following the accented one, but all feet last an equal amount of time when being pronounced.

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Sprung Rhythm

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A nine line stanza rhyming in an ababbcbcc pattern in which the first eight lines are pentameter and the last line is an Alexandrine—12 syllable line. Probably the longest and most intricate stanza generally employed in a narrative poem

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Spenserian Stanza

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A general type that appears repeatedly in a particular literary genre, one which has certain conventional attributes or attitudes.

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Stock Characters

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In classical Greek literature, like the play Antigone and the Pindaric Odes, often times this and the antistrophe were alternating stanzas sun aloud.

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Strophe

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Writing in which a characters perceptions, thoughts, and memories are presented in an apparently random form, without regard for logical sequence, chronology, or syntax. Often times such writing makes no distinction between various levels of reality—such as dreams, memories, imaginative thoughts or real sensory perception.

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Stream of Consciousness

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Something that on the surface is its literal self but which also has another meaning or even several meanings.

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Symbol

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A rhetorical trope involving a part of an object representing the whole, or the whole of an object representing a part.

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Synedoche

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A three line stanza form with interlocking rhymes that move from one stanza to the next, typically in the pattern of ABA, BCB, CDC, DED. Dante chose this particular pattern as his basic poetic unit for his trilogy, The Divine Comedy.

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Terza Rima

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Poetry in which each foot consists primarily of trochees (poetic feet consisting of a heavy stress followed by a light stress).

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Trochaic Pentameter

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A versatile genre of poetry consisting of nineteen lines—five tersest and a concluding quatrain. The form requires that whole lines be repeated in a specific order, and that only two rhyming sounds occur in the course of the poem.

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Villanelle

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Ancient stories, and it has a set form.

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Traditional Literature

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Much more recent. its categories can overlap some of the categories of traditional literature and can include additional forms of literature

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Modern Literature

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a story that is realistic and has a moral

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Parable

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teaches a lesson

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didactic

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nonrealistic story with a moral

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fable

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a Greek slave supposedly born around 600 BCE is often associated with the fable

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Aesop

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fables in which animals behave as humans

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beast tales

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key characteristic is the element of magic. usually follow a pattern and often present an "ideal" to the listener or the reader.

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fairy tales

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recorded German fairy tales in the 1800s

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Grimm Brothers

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frequent feature of a fairy tale, there are often three attempts at achieving a goal, three wishes, or three siblings

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magic three

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writers like Nathaniel Hawthorne refer to the magical elements in the fairy tale with this term, often appear in the characters of witches, wizards, magical animals, and talking beasts.

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wonder tales

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another characteristic of a fairy tale, as soon as the storyteller or reader says the word stepmother, the listener knows the woman is wicked. woods-fear, impending doom, prince-young, handsome, princess-beautiful

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stereotyping

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told in the native language of the people. do not necessarily have a moral. entertainment as their main purpose. 1600/1700s Appalachian mountains.

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folktales

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another type of humorous folktale, have characters that the listener can outsmart.

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noodlehead stories

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collected many of the Appalachian folktales- "Jack Tales" and "Grandfather Tales"

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Richard Chase

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stories designed to explain things that the teller does not understand. Greeks and Romans used this story type and its associated heroes and heroines to explain thunder, fire, and the movements of the sun.

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myths

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Native American myths

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Pourquoi tales

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stories-usually exaggerated- about real people, places, and things. There were no silver dollars minted during the American Revolution so it would've been impossible for him to have tossed a silver dollar across the Potomac.

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Legends

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flourished in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, beginning in Germany and England and spreading quickly throughout Europe. "emphasized imagination, fancy, and freedom, emotion, wildness, beauty of the natural world, the rights of the individual, the nobility of the common man, and the attractiveness of pastoral life." Wordsworth, Lord Byron, Percy Shelley, Victor Hugo

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Romanticism

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nineteenth century reaction to Romanticism, the novel was popular during this time period. embraced true-to-life approach to subject matter. Rejecting the classical themes common in literature such as mythology and ballads, realists preferred to focus on everyday life. George Eliot and Leo Tolstoy.

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Realism

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Reached its peak in the last two decades of the nineteenth century. Denotes an early modernist literary movement initiated in France during the nineteenth century that reacted against the prevailing standards of realism. Writers in this movement aimed to evoke, indirectly and symbolically, an order of being beyond the material world of the five senses. William Butler Yeats and T.S. Eliot

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Symbolism

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associated with the first decades of the twentieth century. The term modernist can describe the content and the form of a work, or either aspect alone. Knowledge is not absolute. Albert Einstein and Sigmund Freud's theories.

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Modernism

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another literary movement of the twentieth century, Works from this time period feature the element of surprise, unexpected juxtaposition, and non-sequitur. Andre Breton is considered the leader of this movement, which began in Paris in the early 1920s and soon spread across the world. "long live the social revolution and it alone!" -communism and anarchism.

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Surrealism

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a classification in deciding if a book is modern fiction or not.

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realistic

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recount realistic stories that really could happen or could have happened.

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novels

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a romance presents an idealized view of life in which the characters, setting, and action are better than what one would experience in real life.

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romance

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one character reveals thoughts and ideas.

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confession

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the reader knows in detail

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round character

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allows the reader to see the world through the eyes of another. Roald Dahl's Charlie and the Chocolate Factory

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Menippean satire

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reveals the author's attitude toward the writing, the reader, the subject ,and/or the people, places, events in a work.

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Tone

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occurs when the writer talks down to the reader. the writer addresses the reader as if they are below him in age, knowledge, or class.

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condescension

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embodies a teaching tone, the writer addresses the readers as if they must learn something.

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didacticism

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the incongruity between what one expects and what actually happens.

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irony

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there is a contrast between what is said and what is meant.

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verbal irony

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there is a discrepancy between what happens and what the reader expects to happen.

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situational irony

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there is a contrast between what a character believes or says and what the reader understands to be true.

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dramatic irony

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coveys fun

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humor

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a humorous or ridiculing imitation of something else.

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parody

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the excessive use of feeling or emotion

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sentimentality

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a description that uses like, than or as, to draw a comparison between two dissimilar things.

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simile

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a figure of speech containing an implied comparison in which a word or phrase ordinarily and primarily used for one purpose is applied to another which is not applicable. "rocket candy"

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metaphor

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a comparison of one thing to another. "the world is a stage"

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analogy

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the attribution of human characteristics to inanimate objects.

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personification

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phrases that have become meaningless because of their frequent use.

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cliches

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a reference to a historical, literary, or otherwise generally familiar character or event that helps make an idea understandable.

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allusion

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the author's choice of words

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diction

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describes a writer's individual writing style and combines an author's use of dialogue, diction, alliteration, and other devices within the body of the text

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voice

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a narrator who knows all about the characters and the actions and shares this information with the audience

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omniscient point of view

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a narrator who does not share all the information about all the characters or all the vents with the readers

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limited omniscient point of view

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simply tell the happenings without voicing an opinion

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objective point of view

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unfolds through the eyes of one central character

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first-person singular point of view

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employs the word "you"

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second-person point of view

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the narrator does not participate in the action of the story.

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third-person point of view

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a precise meaning of a word

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denotation

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the word's impression or feeling a word gives beyond its exact meaning

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connotation

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the repetition of initial sounds in two or more words in a sentence or phrase.

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alliteration

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involves sounds of words; consonance is the repetition of consonant sounds, especially at the end of stressed syllables.

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consonance

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the repetition of vowel sounds.

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assonance

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stylistic device in which the sound of the word imitates the sound it represents.

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onomatopoeia

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flow or cadence.

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rhythm

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descriptive language designed to create a mental image for the reader of smells, feelings, sounds, or sights of a person, place, thing, or event.

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imagery

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an exaggeration

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hyperbole

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underplays something and presents it to be less significant than is actually true

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understatement

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stylistic device that many writers employ essentially as it sounds, the playful and creative use of words for a witty effect.

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wordplay

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a humorous word play in which the two meanings of a word or two similar-sounding words are deliberately confused.

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pun

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the use of one person, place, or thing to represent another

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symbolism

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Daniel Defoe

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Robinson Crusoe

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Johnathan Smith

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Gulliver's Travels

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Robert Cormier

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The Chocolate War

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the use of emotionally charged words, expressions, or events in order to provoke a strong reaction to the reader.

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sensationalism

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the highest point of interest in the story.

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climax

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the reader mistakenly believes that all the story's questions have been answered only to find the story or book has new twists and turns.

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false climax

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ending of a book

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denouement

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leaves some of the reader's questions unanswered.

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open denouement

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answers all the reader's questions

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closed denouement

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requires one to read the entire book or story to find the answers to the questions

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progressive plot

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features individual chapters or episodes that are related to each other but of which is a story unto itself.

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eposodic ploy

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the plot and setting together

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structure

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one that is not essential to the plot

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backdrop setting

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simply serves as an illustration

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figurative setting

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setting that is essential to the plot

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integral setting

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not fully developed, described, or revealed.

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flat character

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developing or changing

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dynamic

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unchanging

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static

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dialect or diction

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speech

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Karen Hesse

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Out of the Dust

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Dori Sanders

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Clover

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Frank Bonham

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Durango Street

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S.E. Hinton

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The Outsiders

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a good, positive force in the book.

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protagonist

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the bad or evil element

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antagonist

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main idea or central meaning of the book

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theme

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suggested theme

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implicit theme

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stated theme

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explicit theme

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Gulliver's Travels- face many life-threatening situations; in reality they probably shouldn't have survived.

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survival of the unfittest theme

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evident in Gulliver's Travels- the journey brings excitement and danger into each character's lives.

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picaresque theme

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usually played out as a change or even a complete turnabout in the circumstances of a character or characters. is a frequent feature of modern juvenile literature (Heidi)

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reversal of fortune theme

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believable and convincing

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authenticity

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referred to as expository writing. biographies, autobiographies, and essays, meant to inform reader.

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nonfiction prose

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a group of lines to which there is often a metrical order and a repeated rhyme.

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stanza

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can refer to corresponding sounds, to rhyme schemes, and/or the metrical order.

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rhyme

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aabb scheme- Jill and hill, go and slow. end of the line rhyming.

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end rhyme

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one rhyming word within the line

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internal rhyme

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developed from vers libre meaning free verse which suggests that little skill or craft went into the poem.

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open-form poems

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recognizable because the poet adheres to the form, number of lines, rhyme scheme, meter, and/or shape.

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closed-form poems

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closed or fixed-form poem for 14 lines;

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sonnet

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two groups: octave of eight lines and a sestet of six lines. usually rhyme scheme is abbaabba-cdecde.

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Petrarchan sonnet

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organizes the lines into three groups of four lines (quatrains) and to rhyming lines (a couplet) ALWAYS abab cdcd efef and gg.

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Shakespearean sonnet

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the couplet is a closed form of poetry. it is two-line stanza that usually has an end rhyme.

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couplet

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a couplet that is end-stopped. it is written in iambic pentameter.

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heroic couplet

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a story that is vast in length, written with dignified language, and that celebrates the achievement of a hero. The Odyssey, Paradise Lost, The Illiad

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epoc

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The Illiad and The Odyssey

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Homer

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are stories in a song, four lines in a rhyme scheme of ab cb.

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ballads

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the compositions of later poets, rather than the result of the oral tradition.

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literary ballad

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moves the listener/reader from the story of the ballad to the emotion.

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lyric

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type of lyric, a lament for someone or something

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elegy

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another part of the lyric family, longer than an elegy and describes more topics than just death.

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ode

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a courtly love poem from medieval times

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villanelle

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a french form of poetry, the most difficult of all closed-poetry. six stanzas of six lines.

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sestina

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a short poem with a clever twist at the end, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Benjamin Franklin

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epigram

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have five lines and the rhyme scheme of aabba, Edward Lear

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limericks

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a device that some poets use to surprise the reader

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slant rhyme

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typically uses one-syllable words to give a feeling of strength or impact.

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masculine rhyme

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may use a rhyme of two or more syllables, the stress does not fall upon the final syllable.

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feminine rhyme

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"vers libre" without rhyme and without rhythm.

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free verse

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unrhymed but has a strict rhythm- written in iambic pentameter

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blank verse

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a poetry meter in which each one contains five measures of one unstressed and one stressed syllable.

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iambic pentameter

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basic measuring unit of a line of poetry

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foot

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each one of these unstressed-stressed syllable pairs

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iambic foot

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a foot consisting of three syllables in which the first two are short or unstressed and the final one is long or stressed.

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anapest

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a foot that has two syllables in which the first is long or stressed and the second is short and unstressed.

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trochee

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a foot of three syllables in which the first is long or stressed and the next two are unstressed or short

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dactyl

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specific type of Japanese poetry that expresses one thought written in 17 syllables with three lines of five, seven, and five syllables respectively.

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haiku

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(1200-800 B.C.E.) Greek legends are passed along orally, including Homer's The Illiad and The Odyssey. this is a chaotic period of warrior princes, wandering sea traders, and fierce pirates.

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Homeric or Heroic Period

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(800-200 B.C.E) Greek writers, playwrights, and philosophers such as Gorgias, Aesop, Plato, Socrates, Aristotle, and Sophocles all make their mark during this period. Sophisticated age of the polis, or individual city-state, early democracy.

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Classical Greek Period

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(200 B.C.E.-455 C.E.) Greece's culture gives way to Roman power when Rome conquers Greece in 146 C.E. Ovid, Horace, Virgil, Roman- Marcus Aurelius and Lucretius

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Classical Roman Period

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(ca. 70 C.E.- 455 C.E.) Early Christian writings appear such as those by Saint Augustine, Tertullian, Saint Cyprian, Saint Ambrose, and Saint Jerome. first compiles the Bible.

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Patristic Period

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(428-1066) The so-called dark ages (455-799) occur when Rome falls and barbarian tribes move to Europe. Franks, Ostrogoths, Lombards, and Goths settle in the ruins of Europe. The Angles, Saxons, and Jutes migrate to Britian. Beowulf

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Old English (Anglo-Saxon period)

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(800-850) emerges in Europe, encyclopedias, Viking sagas

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Carolingian Renaissance

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(1066-1450) In 1066, Norman French armies invade and conquer England under William I. Twelfth-Century Renaissance (1100-1200) French fables great scholastic and theological works

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Middle English Period

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(1200-1485) Chaucer

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Late or "High" Medieval Period

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(1485-1660) takes place in Britain but somewhat earlier in Italy and southern Europe

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Renaissance and the Reformation

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(1485-1558) Martin Luther's split with the Roman Catholic church- Protestantism Edmund Spenser- poet of this period

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Early Tudor Period

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(1558-1603) Queen Elizabeth I saves England from both the Spanish invasion and squabbles at home. William Shakespeare, Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Kyd.

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Elizabethan Period

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(1603-1625) Shakespeare writers his later works, Ben Johnson

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Jacobean Period

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(1625-1649) John Milton, George Herbert, "Sons of Ben" write during the reign of Charles I and his Cavaliers

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Caroline Age

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(1649-1660) Under Oliver Cromwell's Puritan dictatorship, John Milton continues to write

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Commonwealth Period or Puritan Interregnum

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(1660-1790) Neoclassical refers to the increased influence of classical literature upon these centuries. intellectual backlash against Puritanism and America's revolution against England.

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The Enlightenment (Neoclassical) Period

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(1660-1700) This period marks the British king's restoration to the throne after a long period of Puritan domination in England. John Lock.

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Restoration Period

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(1700-1750) This period is marked by the imitation of Virgil and Horace's literature in English letters. Johnathan Swift. Alexander Pope, Francois-Marie Arouet Voltaire.

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Augustan Age

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(1750-1790) This period marks the transition toward the upcoming Romanticism through the period is still largely neoclassical. Samuel Johnson. Colonial period in America- Ben Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, and Thomas Paine.

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Age of Johnson

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(1790-1830) Romantic poets write about nature, imagination, and individuality in England. John Keats, Percy Bysshe Shelley, Jane Austen, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreou

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Romantic Period

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overlap Romantic writings (1790-1890) Ann Radcliffe, Monk Lewis, Edgar Allan Poe, Nathaniel Hawthrone

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Gothic writings

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(1832-1901) Sentimental novels typify this period. Elizabeth Browning. Matthew Arnold. Robert Browning. Charles Dickens and the Bronte sisters.

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Victorian Period and the Nineteenth Century

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(1914-1945) W.B. Yeats, Virginia Woolf, Robert Frost, Flannery O'Connor

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Modern Period

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Stephen Crane, Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson

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naturalist writers

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(1914-1929) writers of the jazz age- Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, William Faulkner.

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Lost Generation

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James Baldwin Ralph Waldo Emerson

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Harlem Renaissance writers

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(ca. 1945-onward) T.S. Eliot, Sandra Cisneros, Langston Hughes

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Postmodern Period

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uses history to understand a literary work more clearly.

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Historical Criticism

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the selection after thorough examination of all material is the only trustworthy evidence on which to base a text.

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recension

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the effort to eliminate all errors found in even the best manuscripts.

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emendation

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seeks to correct or to supplement what is regarded as a predominantly male-dominated critical perspective with female consciousness.

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feminist criticism

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uses the knowledge of the author's life experiences to gain a better understanding of the writer's work

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biographical criticism

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focuses on the historical, social, and economic contexts of a work

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cultural criticsm

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pays particular attention to formal elements of the work such as structure, language, and tone.

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formal criticism

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made up of "to" and the base form of a verb (to order, to abandon)

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infinitive phrase

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verb form ending in (ing or ed) operates as an adjective ("barking" dog, "painted" fence)

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participle

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a verb ending in "ing" that functions as a noun/subject ("Laughing" is good for you) possessive nouns are usually used with gerunds (running is fun)

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verbal - gerund

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the noun to which the pronoun is referring (Sally=antecedent for her)

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antecedent

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A word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb (No nouns) and tells: - where: there, here, outside - when: now, then, later, immediately - how: quickly, slowly, stupidly - how often/long: frequently, never - how much: hardly, extremely, too, more

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adverb

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language that is meant to be evasive or conceal (downsized = fired loss of job

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double speak

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literal, dictionary meanings of a word

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denotations

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the study of sounds of language

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phonetics

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The study of the structure of words

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morphology

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the study of the meaning in language, in language, study of meanings of words

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semantics

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the study of the structure of sentences, studies of the rules for forming admissible sentences

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syntax

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noun; the art or study of correct spelling according to established usage / the aspect of language study concerned with letters and their sequences with words / spelling

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orthography

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two sentences joined incorrectly with only a comma

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comma splice

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dangling modifiers have no noun or pronoun to modify, change the dangling modifier to an independent clause., Word, or group of words, that does not modify any words in the sentence

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dangling modifier

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gives a command or makes a request and ends with a period

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imperitive sentence

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The history of a word.

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etymology

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A sentence that expresses wishes or conditions contrary to fact.

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conditional sentence

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A sentence composed of at least two independent clauses.

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compound sentence

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A sentence with two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.

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compound/complex sentence

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A verb that expresses an action directed toward a person, a place, a thing, or an idea Jack "burned" the hot dogs

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transitive verb

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An action verb is iNtransitive if it does NOT direct action toward someone or something The Fire "burned" brightly.

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intransitive verb

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A tense of verbs used in describing action that has been completed or began in the past.

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perfect tense

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Pronouns that point out people, places, or things without naming them.

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demonstrative pronouns

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Has a subject and a predicate.

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clause

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Not seasons P for president when it is part of the person's name Historical periods (Civil War, Middle Ages) Not algebra, history The word earth is not capitalized when you use the word "the" and talk about "the" earth

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capitalization rules

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has a subject and a verb but the reader is left dangling it depends on something else to make it a complete sentence

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dependent clause

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A clause that has a complete meaning AND has a subject and a verb

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independent clause

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A word that joins words or groups of words (and and but, yet, so, or, because)

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conjunctions

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$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ADD TO THIS examples: Neither...nor Either...or Not only...but also Both..and

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correlative conjunctions

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All the meanings, associations, or emotions that a word suggests

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connotations

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A verb is a word used to describe an action, state, or occurrence, and forming the main part of the predicate of a sentence. A verbal is a word, or words functioning as a verb. For example: She slept in. slept functions as the verb because she is performing the action. Jogging three miles every day is good for you. To jog is a verb, but in this case, jogging is used as a verbal.

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distinguishing a verbal from a verb

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sdcsdscsdc

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effective sentences

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(8) Nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, conjunctions, prepositions, and interjections

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parts of speech

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names a person, place, thing, idea, or quality (idea=democracy, truth & quality=beauty, caring, boredom)

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noun

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a, an, the

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articles (in titles)

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and, but, for, or, nor

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conjunctions (in titles)

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short ones such as in and with long ones such as throughout and without

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prepositions (in titles)

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show ownership Syman and Mimi's marriage (they share one marriage) Kate's and Meg's toes (they don't share the same toes)

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possessive nouns

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a word that stands in for a noun (her, its, who, you, what, your, he, she, everyone, nobody, each other, myself, etc.)

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pronoun

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Subjective = the doer (subject) of the action Objective = the receiver (object) of the action Possessive = shows ownership (I sing, sing to me, my song) *remember it's I, it's me, it's she NOT her and it's he NOT him

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pronoun cases

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a word that shows action (run, swim, jump) or state of being (be, appear, seem, feel)

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verb

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present tense, past tense, future tense, present perfect tense, past perfect tense, future perfect tense

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verb tenses

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(6) action continues for awhile present progressive (am eating), past progressive (was eating), future progressive (will be eating), present perfect (have been), past perfect (had been), and future perfect (will have been)

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progressive verb forms

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(3) uses (includes word do or did w.verb) Emphasis: I do eat! I did eat! Questions: Do I eat? Did I eat? Negatives: I don not eat. I did not eat.

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emphatic verb form

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present action, action that happens over and over, scientific facts, and headlines

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when to use present tense

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ask who or what

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passive voice

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a mood that represent an act or state (not as a fact but) as contingent or possible "what if" = If I were (not I was) a magician, I would... "If only" = If I were (not was) an eagle, I would...

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subjunctive mood

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Ask? Today I ..., Yesterday I..., Many times I have ... today i cook, yesterday I cooked, many times I have cooked

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irregular verbs

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Lie=still, lay=action Lie (to lie down on a bed) lie, lay, lain, lying Lay (to place something, to set down) lay, laid, laid, laying Lay works the same as pay and say Lie (to tell a lie) lie, lied, lied, lying

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lie and lay

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a word describes a noun or pronoun and tells: - which one: that, this, these - what kind: red, large, thick, cloudy - how many: six, four, many, several Ask? which one, what king, or how many to decide if an adjective or an adverb is needed

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adjectives

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linking, transitive, intransitive, and auxilary

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kinds of verbs

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be (and all of its forms) am, was, will, be, have been, will have been describe the subject but no action is really taking place, as in "Tori IS [linking] tired (verb)" a verb that links the subject to an adjective or more info about the subject

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linking verbs

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Marcella "feels" [linking - describes the subject] tired (verb) The vet "feels" [action] the cat's tummy carefully [adverb]

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linking verb vs. action verb

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big, bigger, biggest positive: big comparative: bigger superlative: biggest For short adverbs/adjectives add -er, -est For long adverbs/adjective use more and most, as in "I am capable, you are more capable, she is most capable

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comparisons (verbs)

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Introduce prepositional phrase and always used with a noun or pronoun (about, above, across, after, against, among, around, at, before, behind, beside, between, beyond, during, except, for, from, in, into, near, of, off, on, over, past, through, to, toward, under, until, up, with)

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prepositions

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A phrase that begins with a preposition: "to" the store, "down" the street, "under" the car, etc. shows a relationship between the noun and another word in the sentence

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prepositional phrase

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successive sentences or phrases follow the same pattern of wording in order to emphasize and idea

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parallel construction

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Express feeling (wow, gee, oops) Say Yes or No Call attention (yo, hey, whoa) Indicate a pause (well, um, hmm) Stand alone for emphasis, as in "Wow! That's a beautiful dress."

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interjections

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has a subject but not verb (my big fat mouth)

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phrase

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only direct questions get question marks

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question mark

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is a strong type of comma, for between two complete sentences that show us where to pause in a sentence Function: to allow two closely related COMPLETE sentences to work as one use a semicolon before clauses that are introduced by "for example, that is, or namely) "Olivia is an excellent student; for example, she has made A's on all her tests.

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semicolons

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shoe a relationship between two complete sentence (also, besides, indeed otherwise, therefore, in fact) adverbs in sentences used as a conjunctions

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conjunctive adverbs

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a sentence missing a subject OR verb or complete thought missing MAIN CLAUSE

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sentence fragment

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A clause in a complex sentence that cannot stand alone as a complete sentence and that functions within the sentence as a noun or adjective or adverb

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subordinate clause

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A sentence composed of at least one main clause and one subordinate clause

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complex sentence

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phrase that includes the participle, its modifier, and its objects; example: The child, FLASHING A MISCHIEVOUS SMILE, turned and walked away.

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participle phrase

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the person or thing who has the verb done to it, passive voice

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object of a sentence

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A noun or noun substitute that is placed directly next to the noun it is describing: My student, Sidney, makes me want to retire.

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appositive

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use: - when you want to say "here comes an example" or "here's what I'm talking about" as in There's only one sport for me: alligator wrestling - before some lists (introduced saying" these are," "the following," or "these things" - not if list comes after a verb or preposition - before subtitles - with expressions of time - with greeting part formal letter - after words such as "caution," "wanted," or "note"

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colon

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subject is said to be something or do something that is not logically possible "The purpose (subject) of the book persuades (purpose is incapable of persuasion) readers to get involved in community service. In the sentence above, the subject is "purpose." However, the purpose itself cannot "persuade," as the verb in this sentence states. In other words, a purpose is not capable of the perceptive act of persuading. This faulty predication can be easily revised so that the subject and verb are relevant to each other: The author of the book persuades readers to get involved in community service.

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faulty prediction

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An infinitive is a verb form that is used as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb. An infinitive starts with the WORD "to" (not the preposition) and the base of the verb. Examples: to run, to jump, to find, etc. DO NOT confuse infinitives with a prepositional phrase. A prepositional phrase will have a noun or pronoun (object of the preposition) following it, not a verb. Example: Sara wants to learn Spanish. "To learn" is an infinitive. Sara will go to the store. "To the store" is a prepositional phrase.

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verbal - infinitive

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infinitive, participles, gerunds

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types of verbals

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a word formed from a verb (e.g., going, gone, being, been ) and used as an adjective (e.g., working woman, burned toast ) or a noun (e.g., good breeding ). The old "laughing" lady dropped by to call.

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verbal - participles

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Describes or modifies someone or something in the sentence

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modifiers

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the part of a sentence or clause that expresses what is said of the subject and that usually consists of a verb with or without objects, complements, or adverbial modifiers

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predicate

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An auxiliary verb (also known as a helping verb) is a verb that may come before the main verb in a sentence. Together the auxiliary verb and the main verb form a verb phrase. For example: They have played soccer for three hours this morning. Have acts as the auxiliary verb, and played acts as the main verb, as it is conveying the action being done.

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auxillary

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A sentence consisting of one independent clause and no dependent clause

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simple sentence

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subject stays the same; verb must be singular or plural to match the subject

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subject verb agreement

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common, proper, concrete abstract, collective

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kinds of nouns

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question

when a character speaks his or her thoughts aloud without regard to the audience

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Soliloquy

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spoken directly to the audience by one character for the purpose of giving them knowledge that is not shared with the other character

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Aside

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Romantic Fiction, Realism and Social Commentary

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Jane Austen

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o American 20th century o Fantasy, Science Fiction, Horror and Mystery Fiction

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Ray Bradbury- When, Author?

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Stephen Crane

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o Red Badge of Courage- Civil War novel (1895) Henry Fleming flees from battle, standard-bearer o Maggie: A Girl of the Streets (1893) First American Naturalism

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Stephen Crane- Major Works

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Fahrenheit 451: (1953) Dystopian. Guy Montag- firefighter. Censorship, Knowledge vs. Ignorance, religion as a knowledge giver. o The Martian Chronicles (1950) o The Illustrated Man (1951)

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Ray Bradbury- Works

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Emma; Pride and Prejudice; Persuasion; Mansfield Park

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Jane Austen- Works

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o 19th century o Themes: flowers/ gardens, morbidity, gospel, undiscovered continent o Writing: Irregular capitalization, dashes and enjambment, liberty with meter

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Emily Dickinson

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o "Wild Nights—Wild Nights!" "I Heard a Fly Buzz When I Died" "Because I Could Not Stop For Death"

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Emily Dickinson- Works

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American 20th century The Great Gatsby (1925)

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F. Scott Fitzgerald & Works

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o American 20th century o "Colloquial" Speech (informal language) o Describes rural life= social and philosophical themes

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Robert Frost

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o The Diary of a Young Girl (1952): autobiographical, takes place 1942-1944.

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Anne Frank & Works

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o "The Road Not Taken" (1916)

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Robert Frost- Works

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o 19th century o English Romantic Movement o Poet

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John Keats

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o "On First Looking Into Chapman's Homer" (1816) o "To Autumn"

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John Keats- Works

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o American Modern o To Kill a Mockingbird (1960): Southern gothic novel. Atticus Finch defends character against rape.

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Harper Lee & Works

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o Irish Novelist, Poet o The Chronicles of Narnia (1950) o The Screwtape Letters (1942): satirical Christian apologetic

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C.S. Lewis & Works

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o American o Novelist, short story, essayist, poet

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Herman Melville

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o Moby Dick- Dark Romantic (1851): Ishmael, Captain Ahab. • Themes: Allegorical- Whale= Nature/God/Universe; Ahab=Man's Conflicted Identity/ Civilization/ Human Will/ Ishmael=Poet vs. Philosopher

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Herman Melville- Work

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o 1984 (1949)

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George Orwell

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o American o American Romantic Movement o Mystery & Macabre o Invented short story, detective fiction, and science fiction

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Edgar Allan Poe

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o The Pit and the Pendulum (1842) o Tell-Tale Heart & Black Cat (1843) o The Raven (1845) o Cask of Amontillado (1846) o "To Science," "The City and the Sea" "Silence"

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Edgar Allan Poe- works & dates

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o American o The Catcher and the Rye (1951): Holden Caulfield, NYC, coming of age= confusion, angst, alienation, and rebellion. Themes: identity, belonging, connection, alienation.

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J.D. Salinger & works

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English Renaissance

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William Shakespeare- Time Period

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William Shakespeare- works

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o English o Romantic British o Novelist, short story, dramatist, essayist, biographer, travel writer

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Mary Shelley

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o Frankenstein (1818)

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Mary Shelley- work & date

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o English Romantic o Lyric Poet

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Percy Bysshe Shelley

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o "Prometheus Unbound" "Ode to the West Wind" "To A Skylark"

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Percy Bysshe Shelley- work

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o The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884) • First American vernacular • Mock-epic tale of democracy • Huck & Jim o The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876)

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Mark Twain

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o American poet, essayist, and journalist. o Humanist, a mix of transcendentalism and realism o Father of free verse (open form, inconsistent meter patterns, rhyme, follows natural speech).

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Walt Whitman

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o Leaves of Grass (1855): philosophy of life and humanity, the body and material world rather than symbolism, allegory, and religion. - Transcendentalist- nature & man's role in it.

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Walt Whitman- work

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o Black Female Writer o Celebrated poet, memoirist, novelist, educator, dramatist, producer, actress, historian, filmmaker, and civil rights activist.

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Maya Angelou

question

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Maya Angelou- works

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o American novelist, philosopher, play writer, screenwriter. o Created Objectivism: Reality exists independent of consciousness- independent rights.

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Ayn Rand

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o The Fountainhead (1943) o Atlas Shrugged (1957) o Anthem (1937) • Dystopian- Character's struggle to break collectivist society and be an individual (anti-communist)

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Ayn Rand- works

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American, Female African American

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Toni Morrison

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o The Bluest Eye o Beloved (1987): Slave, Margaret Garner escaped. Killed daughter rather than be recaptured, visited by spirit

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Toni Morrison- works

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o American Writer o Experiences of Chinese- Americans in 20th century. Mother- daughter relationships

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Amy Tan

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o The Joy Luck Club (1989): Four families, mother-daughter, Woo, Jong, Hsu, St. Clair.

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Amy Tan- works

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o African American author and poet o The Color Purple (1982): epistolary novel- written as a series of documents

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Alice Walker & works

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o Chinese American author o The Woman Warrior (1975): memoir, autobiography mixed with folklore. Gender and ethnicity in lives of women.

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Maxine Hong Kingston & works- date

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o American folklorist, anthropologist, and author. o Their Eyes Were Watching God (1937): Janie Crawford- Coming of age, racial, rejection of racial uplift literary prescriptions.

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Zora Neale Hurston & works

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Ralph Waldo Emerson & works

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o "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" (1820) o "Rip Van Winkle" (1819)

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Washington Irving- works

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No fixed lines, meter-drama and long narrative poems

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Blank Verse:

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Iambic unit, or Foot (5), Syllable (10)

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Iambic Pentameter:

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Open form, inconsistent meter patterns, rhyme, follows natural speech.

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Free verse

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A foot with stressed syllable followed by unstressed

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Trochee:

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A foot with two long syllables

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Spondee:

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A foot with a long syllable followed by two short. Ex: Just for a handful of silver he left us.

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Dactyl:

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anonymous narrative poems o Ballad Stanza= 4-line stanza alternating tetrameter and trimeter lines w/ rhyme scheme of abab or abcd

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Ballads

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in satires or parodies that mock classical stereotypes of heroes.

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Mock Epic (Mock- heroic):

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5-line, strict rhyme scheme (AABBA), humorous intent. Popularized by Edward Lear in 19th century.

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Limerick

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o Concerned with self-analysis • William Wordsworth, Samuel Coleridge, Mary Shelley, William Blake, John Keats, Percy Bysshe Shelley, Lord Byron

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British Romantics Movements- concerned with? who?

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18th century- writers responding to each other. Attached to history. Birth of political satire. Empiricism- Knowledge comes only from sensory experience. Periodicals

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Neoclassicism- Augustan when? Beliefs?

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inherent goodness of both people and nature. Society and its institutions corrupt the purity of the individual. o Ralph Waldo Emerson o Henry David Thoreau

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Transcendentalism:

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Europe end of 18th century. Themes: criticism of the past, emphasis of women and children, heroic isolation, new, untrammeled nature. Satire unworthy.

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Romanticism

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Jane Austin, William Blake, Bronte Family, Thomas Carlyle

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Romanticism Authors

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Attempts to evoke rather than describe. Everything has symbolic value. Late 19th century

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Symbolism Movement, When?

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Joseph Addison and Richard Steele.

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Neoclassicism- Augustan Writers

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o Poets: Gustave Kahn and Ezra Pound o Oscar Wilde, T.S. Eliot, Katherine Mansfield, George Sterling, George MacDonald

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Symbolism Writers

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artistic and cultural movement reflecting African Americans, New York City, 1920's.

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Harlem Renaissance:

question

o Zora Neale Hurston o Countee Cullen o Claude McKay o Langston Hughes

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Harlem Renaissance Writers

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17th century. Use of speculation of love and religion. o Characteristics: wit, far-fetched similes or metaphor.

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Describe the Metaphysical Movement:

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o Poets: John Donne, Andrew Marvell, George Herbert

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Metaphysical Movement Writers

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late 19th and early 20th centuries in Europe and North America. Characterized by self-conscious break with traditional styles of poetry and verse.

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Modernist Movement

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Virginia Woolf, Ezra Pound, Thomas Mann, James Joyce, Ernest Hemingway, Robert Frost, F. Scott Fitzgerald, William Faulkner, Ralph W. Ellison, T.S. Eliot, EE Cummings

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Modernist Movement Writers

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Primary Source

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Secondary Source

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Relies on reason or logic

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• Logos

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Drawing generalization or conclusions from reliable evidence.

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• Inductive Reasoning:

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Starting with the generalization then applying it to specifics. -More localized.

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• Deductive Reasoning:

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Deductive Reasoning

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• Logical Syllogisms:

question

If A happens, Z will happen through small steps and assumptions.

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• Slippery Slope

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Believing claim if delivered by authority figure.

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• Appeals to Authority:

question

Assumes if A occurred after B, then B caused A.

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• Post hoc ergo propter hoc

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Conclusion based on insufficient or biased evidence.

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• Hasty Generalization

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The origins of a person, idea, institute or theory determines its value, character, or nature.

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• Genetic Fallacy:

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Writer should prove validation within the claim.

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• Begging the Claim:

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Restates the argument rather than proving it. "George communicates well because he speaks effectively."

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• Circular Argument:

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Oversimplifies the argument by reducing it to only two sides.

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• Either/or: (Argument)

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Speaker asks questions not to get information, but to express a conviction- no answer to questions.

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• Rhetorical Questions:

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attack on the character of a person rather than argument

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• Ad hominem:

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emotional appeal that speaks to positive (patriotism, religion, democracy) or negative (terrorism) rather than the real issue.

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• Ad populum

question

Diversion tactic that avoids key issues by avoiding opposing arguments rather than addressing them.

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• Red Herring:

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o Mary Shelley's Frankenstein o Horace Walpole's The Castle of Otranto

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• Gothic Fiction Examples

question

answer

• Absurdist Fiction

question

Edward Lear, Lewis Carroll

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• Nonsense Fiction

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current, common meanings, and offers the most historical info

answer

• Oxford English Dictionary

question

information about writing and formatting for a variety of purposes- guidelines for documenting sources in an essay.

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• Style Manual:

question

answer

• Semicolon

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(Gerund- verb ending in -ing that is used as a noun.) Will begin with gerund. "Eating ice cream on a windy day can be messy.

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• Gerund Phrase:

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Begins with a present or past participle. (verb in past or present form) Includes objects or modifiers. Ex: Crunching caramel corn for the entire movie.

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• Participial Phrase:

question

answer

• Prepositional Phrase:

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A noun and the modifiers which distinguish it. Modifier can come before or after. ex: "the dog"

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• Noun Phrase

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the use of it, they, this, that, these, those, and which. The question "what" comes to mind.

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• Unclear Pronoun reference:

question

Matching singular verbs with singular nouns. Ex: "The team of Americans was the best in the world."

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• Incorrect Subject-verb Agreement:

question

A word separated from the word it modifies or describes. Ex: W- "The child ate a cold dish of cereal."

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• Misplaced modifier:

question

Two or more independent clauses

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• Compound:

question

contains an independent clause and at least one dependent clause

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• Complex:

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Two independent clauses and one more dependent clause Ex: "We decided that the movie was too violent, but our children, who like to watch scary movies, thought that we were wrong.

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• Compound Complex:

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Contains a subject and a verb.

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• Simple:

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Francis Bacon, Thomas Dekker, John Donne, John Fletcher

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British Renaissance Writers

question

answer

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Religious writings. John Winthrop, Edward Winslow, William Bradford, Anne Bradstreet

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American Colonial Writers

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Mid 19th century- Raph Emerson, Hawthorne, Melville, Thoreau, Whitman

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American Renaissance Writers

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Charles Darwin, Emile Zola- Dark harshness of life

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Naturalism Writers

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Joseph Heller, Tim O'Brien,

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Post- Modernism Writers

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Beowulf

answer

Anonymous

question

Things Fall Apart

answer

Achebe, Chinua

question

A Death in the Family

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Agee, James

question

Pride and Prejudice

answer

Austen, Jane

question

Go Tell It on the Mountain

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Baldwin, James

question

Waiting for Godot

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Beckett, Samuel

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The Adventures of Augie March

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Bellow, Saul

question

Farenheit 451

answer

Bradbury, Ray

question

Jane Eyre

answer

Brontë, Charlotte

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Wuthering Heights

answer

Brontë, Emily

question

The Stranger

answer

Camus, Albert

question

Death Comes for the Archbishop

answer

Cather, Willa

question

The Canterbury Tales

answer

Chaucer, Geoffrey

question

The Cherry Orchard

answer

Chekhov, Anton

question

The Awakening

answer

Chopin, Kate

question

Heart of Darkness

answer

Conrad, Joseph

question

The Last of the Mohicans

answer

Cooper, James Fenimore

question

The Red Badge of Courage

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Crane, Stephen

question

Inferno

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Dante

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Don Quixote

answer

de Cervantes, Miguel

question

Robinson Crusoe

answer

Defoe, Daniel

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A Tale of Two Cities & Oliver Twist

answer

Dickens, Charles

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Crime and Punishment

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Dostoyevsky, Fyodor

question

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass

answer

Douglass, Frederick

question

An American Tragedy

answer

Dreiser, Theodore

question

The Three Musketeers

answer

Dumas, Alexandre

question

The Mill on the Floss

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Eliot, George

question

the Wasteland

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Eliot, T.S.

question

Invisible Man

answer

Ellison, Ralph

question

Selected Essays

answer

Emerson, Ralph Waldo

question

As I Lay Dying

answer

Faulkner, William

question

The Sound and the Fury

answer

Faulkner, William

question

Tom Jones

answer

Fielding, Henry

question

The Great Gatsby

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Fitzgerald, F. Scott

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Madame Bovary

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Flaubert, Gustave

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The Good Soldier

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Ford, Ford Madox

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Faust

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Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von

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Lord of the Flies

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Golding, William

question

Tess of the d'Urbervilles

answer

Hardy, Thomas

question

The Scarlet Letter

answer

Hawthorne, Nathaniel

question

Catch-22

answer

Heller, Joseph

question

A Farewell to Arms

answer

Hemingway, Ernest

question

The Iliad & The Odyssey

answer

Homer

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The Hunchback of Notre Dame

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Hugo, Victor

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Their Eyes Were Watching God

answer

Hurston, Zora Neale

question

Brave New World

answer

Huxley, Aldous

question

A Doll's House

answer

Ibsen, Henrik

question

The Portrait of a Lady & also The American

answer

James, Henry

question

A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man

answer

Joyce, James

question

The Metamorphosis

answer

Kafka, Franz

question

The Woman Warrior

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Kingston, Maxine Hong

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To Kill a Mockingbird

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Lee, Harper

question

Babbitt

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Lewis, Sinclair

question

The Call of the Wild

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London, Jack

question

The Magic Mountain

answer

Mann, Thomas

question

One Hundred Years of Solitude

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Marquez, Gabriel García

question

Bartleby the Scrivener & Moby Dick

answer

Melville, Herman

question

The Crucible

answer

Miller, Arthur

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Beloved

answer

Morrison, Toni

question

A Good Man is Hard to Find

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O'Connor, Flannery

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Long Day's Journey into Night

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O'Neill, Eugene

question

Animal Farm

answer

Orwell, George

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Doctor Zhivago

answer

Pasternak, Boris

question

The Bell Jar

answer

Plath, Sylvia

question

Selected Tales

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Poe, Edgar Allan

question

Swann's Way

answer

Proust, Marcel

question

The Crying of Lot 49

answer

Pynchon, Thomas

question

All Quiet on the Western Front

answer

Remarque, Erich Maria

question

Cyrano de Bergerac

answer

Rostand, Edmond

question

Call It Sleep

answer

Roth, Henry

question

The Catcher in the Rye

answer

Salinger, J.D.

question

Hamlet, Macbeth, & A Midsummer Night's Dream

answer

Shakespeare, William

question

Pygmalion

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Shaw, George Bernard

question

Frankenstein

answer

Shelley, Mary

question

Ceremony

answer

Silko, Leslie Marmon

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One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich

answer

Solzhenitsyn, Alexander

question

Antigone & Oedipus Rex

answer

Sophocles

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The Grapes of Wrath

answer

Steinbeck, John

question

Treasure Island

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Stevenson, Robert Louis

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Uncle Tom's Cabin

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Stowe, Harriet Beecher

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Gulliver's Travels

answer

Swift, Jonathan

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The Joy Luck Club

answer

Tan, Amy

question

Vanity Fair

answer

Thackeray, William

question

Walden

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Thoreau, Henry David

question

War and Peace

answer

Tolstoy, Leo

question

Fathers and Sons

answer

Turgenev, Ivan

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The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn

answer

Twain, Mark

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Candide

answer

Voltaire

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Slaughterhouse-Five

answer

Vonnegut, Kurt Jr.

question

The Color Purple

answer

Walker, Alice

question

The House of Mirth

answer

Wharton, Edith

question

Collected Stories

answer

Welty, Eudora

question

Leaves of Grass

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Whitman, Walt

question

The Picture of Dorian Gray

answer

Wilde, Oscar

question

The Glass Menagerie

answer

Williams, Tennessee

question

To the Lighthouse & Mrs. Dalloway

answer

Woolf, Virginia

question

Native Son

answer

Wright, Richard

question

The Conquest of Granada

answer

Dryden, John

question

The Divine Comedy

answer

Dante, Alighieri

question

Andromaque

answer

Racine, Jean

question

1969

answer

Maya Angelou, I know Why the Caged Bird Sings

question

1813

answer

JAne Austen, pride and predjudice

question

1953

answer

Ray Bradbury, Farenheight 451

question

1920's

answer

Willa Cather, The song of the Lark, O' pioneers

question

1895

answer

Stephan Crane, red badge of courage

question

1850's

answer

Emily Dickinson

question

1836

answer

Ralph Waldo Emerson, "nature"

question

1920s

answer

Fitzgerald, the side of paradise

question

1940s

answer

Anne Frank

question

early 1900s

answer

Robert Frost

question

1937

answer

Zora Neal Hurstson, Their eyes were watching god

question

1818

answer

John Keats, wrote various odes

question

1961

answer

HArper Lee

question

1950

answer

C.S. Lewis, Chronicals of NArnia

question

1851

answer

Herman Melville, Moby dick and billy bud

question

1945

answer

George Orwell, Animal Farm

question

1845

answer

Edgar Allan Poe, The Raven

question

1951

answer

J.D. Salinger catcher in the rye

question

early 1600's

answer

William Shakespeare

question

1818

answer

MAry Shelly (romantic)

question

1818

answer

Percy Shelly "Ozmandias"

question

1990s

answer

AMy TAN

question

1876

answer

Mark Twain, tom sawyer and huck finn

question

1982

answer

ALice walker, the color purple

question

1860's

answer

Walt Whitman "captain my Captain" to a stranger

question

6 six-line stanzas followed by a 3 line stanza. The same 6 words are repeated at the end of lines throughout. The last word becomes the first word of next line

answer

Sestina

question

A 19-line poem made up of 5 tercets and a final quatrain in which all 19 lines carry 1 of only 2 rhymes. There are two refrains. Ex: Dylan Thomas's "Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night"

answer

Villanelle

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Eight line stanza with iambic pentameter and the rhyme scheme ABABACC. This is difficult to do in English (rhyming triplets). Ex: Yeats's "Among School Children"

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Ottava Rima

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A sentence or clause that runs into the next line without a break. Creates a series of suspense or excitement and gives emphasis to the word at the end of the line. Ex: Keats's "Ode to a Nightingale"

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Enjambment

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A pair of rhyming lines in iambic pentameter, often spoken by Shakespeare's characters

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Heroic Couplet

question

A system of interlaced tercets linked by common rhymes: ABA BCB CDC Ex: Dante's "Divine Comedy"

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Terza Rima

question

A rhyme consisting of a stressed syllable followed by unstressed Ex: Mo' ther, Bro' ther

answer

Feminine Rhyme

question

A rhyme consisting of a single stressed syllable Ex: Car, Far

answer

Masculine Rhyme

question

Written in iambic pentameter with ABAB rhyme scheme

answer

Heroic Quatrain

question

Imperfect, oblique or off rhyme in which the sounds are similar but not exactly the same Ex: Port-Heart

answer

Slant Rhyme

question

Alternating tetrameter and trimeter usually iambic and rhyming. Common in traditional folksong and poetry Ex: Samuel Coleridge's "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner"

answer

Ballad

question

Unrhymed iambic pentameter. Bears a close resemblance to the rhythms of ordinary speach

answer

Blank Verse

question

Each line has five feet each consisting of an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed

answer

Iambic Pentameter

question

Two successive syllables with light stresses Ex: up to

answer

Pyrrhic

question

Two successive syllables with strong stresses Ex: Stop' Thief'

answer

Spondee

question

Two unstressed syllables followed by a stressed Ex: It is time'

answer

Anapest

question

Stressed syllable followed by two unstressed Ex: di' fi cult

answer

Dactyl

question

An unstressed syllable followed by stressed Ex: to day'

answer

Iamb

question

A stressed syllable followed by unstressed Ex: car' ry

answer

Trochee

question

A pause between feet usually marked by a comma or hyphen

answer

Caesura

question

The process of scanning or analyzing the number and type of feet in a line

answer

Scansion

question

The study of the elements of poetry

answer

Prosody

question

The basic unit into which a line of verse can be divided

answer

Foot

question

In which both the number of stressed and total number of syllables is fixed. This is the most common type of meter since "Chaucer" in the Middle Ages

answer

Accentual-Syllabic Meter

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In which the duration of sound each syllable, rather than its stress, determines the meter. Common in Greek, Latin, Sanskrit, and Arabic

answer

Quantitative Meter

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In which the total number of syllables in a line IS fixed but the number of stressed syllables is not. Rare in English poetry

answer

Syllabic Meter

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In which the number of stressed syllables in a line are fixed but the total number of syllables is not. Ex: "Beowulf" Anglo-Saxon

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Accentual Meter

question

answer

Sprung Rhythm

question

The perception of fate or the universe as malicious or indifferent to human suffering Ex: Thomas Hardy

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Cosmic Irony

question

answer

Deux ex Machina

question

The author discusses the work in the work itself Ex: Lawrence Sterne in "Tristram Shandy" discusses writing the novel within the novel

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Romantic irony

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A breaking-off of speech usually because of rising emotion or excitement Ex: "Touch me one more time, and I swear..."

answer

Aposispesis

question

A direct address to an absent or dead person, or to an object, quality, or idea Ex: Whitman's "O Captain, My Captain" written upon the death of Abraham Lincoln

answer

Apostrophe

question

Repetition of similar vowel sounds in a sequence of nearby words Ex: Tennyson with the sound "All day the wind breathes low with mellower tone"

answer

Assonance

question

Two phrases in which the syntax is the same, but the placement of words is reversed Ex: Coleridge's "The Pain of Sleep." "To be beloved is all I need, / And whom I love, I love indeed"

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Chiasmus

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A pleasing arrangement of sounds Ex: Cellar Door

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Euphony

question

An elaborate parallel between two seemingly dissimilar objects or ideas. Ex: The metaphysical poets such as John Donne's "The Flea"

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Conceit

question

A form of understatement in which a statement is affirmed by negating its opposite Ex: He is not unfriendly

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Litotes

question

Intentional understatement; opposite of hyperbole and often employes litotes to an ironic effect Ex: Mercutio, It is only a "scratch"

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Meiosis

question

The substitution of one term for another that is generally associated with it Ex: "Suits" instead of "businessmen"

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Metonymy

question

answer

Free Indirect Discourse

question

A style in which the narrator reports neutrally on the outward behavior of the characters but offers no interpretation of their actions or their states Ex: Ernest Hemingway

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Objective Narration

question

The narrator is revealed overtime to be an unworthy source of information Ex: Humbert in Nabakov's "Lolita" and Stevens in Ishiquro's "The Remains of the Day"

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Unreliable Narration

question

answer

Stream-of-consciousness Narration

question

A protagonist who is not admirable or who challenges the notions of what should be considered admirable. Ex: Willy Loman in Arthur Miller's "Death of a Salesman" because he is ordinary and pathetic

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Antihero

question

A common character type that recurs throughout literature Ex: Witty servant, scheming villan, femme fatale

answer

Stock Character

question

The primary character type that acts to frustrate the goal of the protagonist Ex: Claudius in "Hamlet" and Military Bureaucracy in "Catch-22"

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Antagonist

question

Reversal or sudden shift that sends the protagonist's fortune from good to bad or vice versa

answer

Peripeteia

question

Falling action, the protagonist responds to the events of the climax, and various plot elements are resolved

answer

Denouement

question

Attribution of human feeling or motivation to a nonhuman object especially found in nature Ex: John Keats's "Ode to Melancholy" describes a "weeping" cloud

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Pathetic Fallacy

question

The plot builds up to frustrate the reader with a non-event, usually humorous Ex: Jane Austen's novels are full of these

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Anticlimax

question

answer

Paralipsis

question

The use of one kind of sensory experience to describe another Ex: "Heard melodies are sweet" in Keats's "Ode to a Grecian Urn"

answer

Synaesthesia

question

An elaborate and round-about manner of speech that uses more words than necessary Ex: "I appear to be entirely without financial resources"

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Periphasis

question

A form of metonymy in which a part of an entity is used to refer to the whole Ex: "My wheels" for "my car"

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Synecdoche

question

Extends the literal meanings of words by inviting a comparison to other words, things or ideas Such as metaphor, metonymy, and simile

answer

Trope

question

answer

Anagnorisis

question

answer

Zeugma

question

answer

Bathos

question

answer

Pathos

question

answer

Neoclassicism

question

1955-1970 A French movement led by Alain Robbe-Grillet. Dispensed traditional elements of the novel, such as plot and character in favor of neutrally recording the experience of sensations and things

answer

Nouveau Roman

question

works that express a preference for the natural over the artificial in human culture, and a belief that the life of primitive cultures is preferable Ex: Rousseau's "Julia, ou la Nouvelle Heloise"

answer

Primitivist Literature

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A novel that focuses on the social customs of a certain class, often with sharp eye for irony

answer

Novel of Manners

question

Novels such as Jean-Paul Sartre's "Nausea" which the author uses as a platform for discussing ideas

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Novel of Ideas

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A novel written in the form of letters exchanged by characters Ex: Samuel in Richardson's "Clarissa" and Alice Walker's "The Color Purple

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Epistolary Novel

question

answer

Bildungsroman

question

answer

Metafiction

question

answer

Noir

question

A poem that contains words, a fictional or historical character who speaks to a particular audience Ex: Tennyson's "Ulysses"

answer

Dramatic Monologue

question

Late 1950s-1960s An autobiographic poetic genre in which the author discusses intensely personal subject matter with unusual frankness Ex: Robert Lowell's "Life Studies"

answer

Confessional Poetry

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Literature intended to instruct or educate Ex: Virgil's "Georgics"

answer

Didactic Literature

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Disturbing or absurd material presented in a humorous manner, usually with the intention to confront uncomfortable truths Ex: Heller's "Catch-22"

answer

Black Comedy

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1920s Generally considered the golden age of modernist literature Ex: James Joyce's "Ulysses," T.S. Elliot "The Wasteland," Virginia Woolf "Mrs. Dalloway," Marcel Proust "In Search of Lost Time"

answer

High Modernism

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1865-1900 Used detailed realism to suggest social conditions, heredity, and environment had inescapable force in shaping human nature Ex: Emile Zola, Theodore Dreiser, and Stephan Crane

answer

Naturalism

question

answer

Modernism

question

answer

Middle English

question

1633-1680 A group of poets who combined direct language with ingenious images, paradoxes, and conceits Ex: John Donne and Andrew Maxwell

answer

Metaphysical Poets

question

1935-Present Combines realism with moments of dream-like fantasy within a single prose narrative Ex: Jorge Luis Borges, Gabriel Garcia Marquez, Gunter Grass

answer

Magic Realism

question

answer

Harlem Renaissance

question

1918-1930s Describes writers, many of them soldiers, that came to maturity during WWI Ex: Ernest Hemingway's "The Sun Also Rises," F. Scott Fitzgerald, John Dos Passos

answer

Lost Generation

question

1764-1860 Featured brooding, mysterious settings and plots. Ex: Horace Wapole's "Castle of Otranto," later included Poe's short stories

answer

Gothic Fiction

question

1558-1603 English literature, particularly drama, from the period of Queen Elizabeth's reign Ex: Francis Bacon, Shakespeare, Ben Jonson, Christopher Marlow, Edmund Spenser, and Sir Phillip Sidney

answer

Elizabethan Era

question

answer

Enlightenment

question

1916-1922 An avant-garde movement in response to WWI. Based in Paris, led by Tristan Tzara, produced nihilistic and anti-logical prose and rejected traditions, rules, and ideals of prewar Europe

answer

Dadaism

question

answer

Commedia del'arte

question

answer

Bloomsburg group

question

1950s-1980s A group of British writers who created visceral plays and fiction at odds with the political establishment and self-satisfied middle class Ex: John Osborne's play "Look Back in Anger"

answer

Angry Young Men

question

1950s-1960s A group of American writers who sought release and illumination through a Bohemian counterculture of sex, drugs, and Zen Buddhism Ex: Kerouac "On the Road," Ginsberg "Howl

answer

Beat Generation

question

answer

Aestheticism

question

answer

Literature of the Absurd

question

answer

Transcendentalism

question

answer

Victorian Era

question

answer

Symbolists

question

answer

Surrealism

question

answer

Romanticism

question

1770s A brief German movement that advocated passionate individuality in the face of Neoclassical rationalism and restraint Ex: Goethe's "The Sorrows of Young Werther"

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Strum und Drang

question

answer

Realism

question

answer

Pre-Raphaelites

question

answer

Postmodern Literature

question

answer

Postcolonial Literature

question

answer

E.M. Forster

question

answer

Ramayana

question

short story by Khushwant Singh

answer

The Wog

question

author of Black Rook in Rainy Weather - advent poem, she longs for the miraculous but is wary of it.

answer

Sylvia Plath

question

poem by T.S. Eliot- describe's wise men's feelings, not totally understanding Jesus, lost their identity

answer

The Journey of the Magi

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author of "The Cultivation of Christmas Trees", poem where Eliot discusses keeping the spirit of wonder and the struggle against the great enemy - time.

answer

T.S. Eliot

question

the time span roughly from the collapse of the Roman empire to the Renaissance and the Reformation. Ended in 1485 with start of Tudors

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Middle Ages

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from Latin "medium" and "aevum", refers to whatever was made or thought in the middle ages. 3 sections - Anglo-Saxon Lit, Anglo-Norman Lit, Middle English

answer

medieval

question

period associated w/ an outburst of creativity attributed to "rebirth" or revival of Latin and Greek. Started in Italy in 14th-15th cent.

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Renaissance

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religious movement started in early 17th cent. that ended supreme authority of the Catholic church

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Reformation

question

"English Homer", "embellisher of English tongue", "father of English poetry", author of Canterbury Tales

answer

Chaucer

question

author of Ecclesiastical History of the English People

answer

Bede

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poetry with lots of war, little love, different terms for common words, take 1 word turn it into two (ex. life-house = body), personification, lots of riddles, lines often organized by alliteration

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Anglo-Saxon Poetry

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the use of parallel and appositive expressions, giving verse a highly structured, musical quality

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variation

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ironic understatement

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litote

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Old English poem preserved in the Exeter book, a lonely man who used to be a lord's servant, muses on his past happiness, but, keeps his faith in God

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"The Wanderer"

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compiled in 10th century, largest existing collection of old English lit. Variety of topics - 1/2 religious, some laments, some riddles, a little heroic lit, but not too much.

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Exeter Book

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compound words (hyphenated), metaphoric substitution (ex: ocean = whale-road)

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kennings

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pause in a poem

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ceasura

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poem that meditates on death

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elegy

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lament in the Exeter book, themes: hardship, transience, tells of a scop (poet), who's lord has replaced him

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Deor

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lament in the Exeter book, unclear whether husband left her or if her husband exiled her somewhere

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The Wife's Lament

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Nonrestrictive clause

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Restrictive Clause

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used after an independent clause to introduce a list of particulars, an appositive, an amplification, or an illustrative question

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Colon

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when 2 elements, normally noun phrases, are places side by side, and one element identifies the other in a certain way

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Appositive

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Used to set off abrupt breaks or interruptions or announces a long appositive or summary

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Dash

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saved Beowulf from fire

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Sir Robert Cotton

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Beowulf

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one of earliest Christian poems, dreamer has a vision of the cross, cross speaks in own voice, dreamer reflects on his words

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The Dream of the Rood

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Bede wrote about him, he had a vision and received the hymn in a barn, became a poet.

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Caedmon's Hymn

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By Chaucer, a group of pilgrims going to a shrine in Canterbury, different tales, used the vernacular, different pilgrims had different poems

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Canterbury Tales

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Wife of Bath's Tale

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author of Mort D'Authur, a novelization of the King Arthur myth, title means "Death of Arthur", after he dies he goes to Isle of Avilon, killed by Mordred

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Thomas Malory

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a rubric which simply seeks to judge the overall quality of the writing

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Holistic Rubric

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A rubric where all of the specific traits that make good writing are judged. More in-depth and specific.

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Analytical Rubric

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A sentence with an independent clause and no dependent clauses, a single subject and predicate

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Simple Sentence

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A verb that takes one or more objects

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Transitive verb

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A verb that does not take an object

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Intransitive verb

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Two sentences joined incorrectly with only a comma

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Comma splice

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made up of "to" and the base form of a verb, "to help", "to abandon", etc.

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infinitive phrase

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a verb that comes before the main verb in the sentence (ex: have played, have is this type of verb)

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auxiliary verb

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the study of the sounds of language

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phonetics

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literal, dictionary meaning of a word

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denotation

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a sentence composed of at least two independent clauses

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Compound sentence

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a verb acting (most commonly) as an adjective (ex: working woman), or an adverb (ex: raving mad), or potentially as a noun (ex: good breeding)

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Participle

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A verb ending in "ing" that acts as a noun

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Gerund

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the study of correct spelling, the practice of a proper way of spelling

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Orthography

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the study of correct structure of words

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morphology

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a word, or words, functioning as a verb

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Verbal

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Psycho-Analytic Criticism

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Formalism/ New Criticism

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Post-structuralism/Deconstruction

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Structuralism/Semiotics

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Marxist Criticism

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Cultural Studies

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a figure of speech where the name of a thing is replaced with the name of something else closely related (Ex: The US plans to declare war - actually, the US here refers to the govt.)

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Metonomy

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A conclusion is based on the argument that that origins of something determine it's character, nature, or worth. Ex: This sweater is lovely because it was given to me by dear Aunt Josephine.

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Genetic Fallacy

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The conclusion that assumes if A occurred after B, then B must have caused A. Ex: I ate pancakes and then I passed the test, therefore, the pancakes must have made me pass the test.

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Post hoc ergo propter hoc

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Restates the argument rather than actually proving it. Ex: The Nazis were evil murderers because they killed lots of people.

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Circular argument

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Ad populum

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An attack on the character of a person rather than on the strength of their arguments. Ex: I disagree with Janet's stance on abortion because Janet is a silly gossip.

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Ad hominem

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a distinct sound in a language

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Phoneme

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The logical fallacy that oversimplifies an argument by reducing it to only 2 sides or choices. ex: You can vote for my candidate or watch the country be destroyed.

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Either/or

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Begging the claim

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The Book of Songs

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Inductive Reasoning

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The Monkey King

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a metaphor used throughout a work or over a series of lines in prose or poetry.

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Extended Metaphor

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Most famous period of Chinese poets

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Tang Dynasty Poets

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Deductive reasoning

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Point of view where "you" is used. The reader is directly addressed. Often used in self-help books, advertisements, brochures, etc.

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Second Person point of view

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Ballad Form

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The rhyme scheme first used by Dante Aligheri. There's an interlocking 3-line rhyme scheme. Structure: ABA BCB CDC DED.

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Terza Rima

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7 line stanzas of iambic pentameter. ABABBCC rhyme scheme. Used by Chaucer and other medieval poets.

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Rhyme Royal

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A figure of speech where a word applies to two others in different senses, or to two others when it semantically suits only one.

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Zeugma

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A stanza of nine lines in iambic meter, rhymed ABABBCBCC. The first eight lines are in iambic pentameter, and the ninth line is in iambic hexameter. Used in "The Faerie Queen"

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Spenserian Stanza

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the process of marking lines of poetry to show the type of feet and the number of feet they contain.

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Scansion

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Type of assessment that measures student performance against a fixed set of standards.

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Criterion Referenced Assessment

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A type of fiction that tells of a rough, rascally, but likeable hero, who is a commoner who lives his everyday life and makes his way via his wits. Humorous. Often told in an autobiographical style.

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Picaresque

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Term for a voice or assumed role of a character that represents the thoughts/views of the author. Often the protagonist.

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Persona

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a stereotypical character that relies heavily on cultural types or characteristics and is often reused in literature or drama

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Stock character

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the part of an ancient Greek choral ode sung by the chorus when moving from right to left.

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Strophe

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author of Hoot

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Carl Hiiason

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author of Walk Two Moons

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Sharon Creech

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author of The Chocolate War

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Robert Cormier

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author of Our Town

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Thorton Wilder

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author of Out of the Dust

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Karen Hesse

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author of The Yearling

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Marjorie Kinnan Rawling

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author of The Voice on the Radio

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Caroline Cooney

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author of Julie of the Wolves

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Jean Craighead George

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author of Sounder

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William Armstrong

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author of Crispin, Nothing but the Truth, The True Confessions of Charlotte Doyle

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Avi

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author of short story "The Birth-mark", dark romanticist

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Nathaniel Hawthorne

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author of The House on Mango Street

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Sandra Cisneros

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author of Crime and Punishment

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Fyodor Dostoevsky

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author of The Watsons Go to Birmingham, Bud Not Buddy

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Christopher Paul Curtis

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author of A Raisin in the Sun

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Lorraine Hansberry

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author of Jane Eyre

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Charlotte Bronte

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author of Wuthering Heights

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Emily Bronte

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epic poem about the Trojan War, by Homer

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The Illiad

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author of The Swiss Family Robinson

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Johann David Wyss

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Sarah Plain and Tall

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Patricia Maclachlan

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author of Death of a Salesman

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Arthur Miller

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author of Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man

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James Joyce

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author of The House of Spirits

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Isabel Allende

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author of The Turn of a Screw

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Henry James

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author of Johnny Tremain

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Ester Forbes

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author of Shiloh

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Phyllis Reynolds Taylor

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author of The Catcher in the Rye

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JD Salinger

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Type of rhyme scheme that typically uses 1-syllable words to give a feeling of strength or impact

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Masculine Rhyme

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Literary period. (1603-1625). Shakespeare writes his later works. Ben Johnson

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Jacobean Period

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Literary Period. (1200-1485). Chaucer

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Late or "High Medieval Period

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a foot that has two syllables in which the first is long or stressed and the second is short and unstressed

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trochee

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a Greek slave supposedly born around 600 BC. Often associated with the fable

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Aesop

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discrepancy between what happens and what the reader expects to happen

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Situational irony

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contrast between what is said and what is meant

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Verbal irony

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the part of communication by speech that isn't the actual words you say, like intonation, body language, pitch, speed of speaking, facial expressions,etc.

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Paralanguage

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May use a rhyme of two or more syllables, the stress does not fall upon the final syllable

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Feminine rhyme

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Neoclassical or Enlightenment Period

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Literary period. 1066-1450. Norman French armies invade and conquer England under William I. Twelfth-Century Renaissance (1100-1200) French fables great scholastic and theological works

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Middle English Period

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French form of poetry. 6 stanzas of 6 lines. Most difficult of all closed poetry

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Sestina

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Literary period. 1649-1660. Under Oliver Cromwell's Puritan dictatorship, John Milton continues to write

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Commonwealth Period or Puritan Interregnum

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term used for the writers of the jazz age such as F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, William Faulkner, etc.

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Lost Generation

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Literary period. 70 C.E.- 455 C.E. Early Christian writings appear such as those by Saint Augustine, Tertullian, Saint Cyprian, Saint Ambrose, and Saint Jerome. first compiles the Bible.

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Patristic Period

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Classical Greek Period

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Words that almost rhyme or look to the eye like they rhyme but don't quite. ex: farm, yard or said, paid

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Slant rhyme

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Literary period. 1458-1558. Martin Luther's split with the Roman Catholic church- Protestantism. Edmund Spenser- poet of this period

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Early Tudor Period

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Homeric or Heroic Period

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octave of eight lines and a sestet of six lines. Rhyme scheme is usually abbaabba-cdecde.

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Petrarchan sonnet

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Literary Period. 1914-1945. W.B. Yeats, Virginia Woolf, Robert Frost, Flannery O'Connor.

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Modern Period

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Funny, five-line poems. AABBA rhyme scheme. Edward Lear

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Limerick

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Literary Period. 1660-1700. This period marks the British king's restoration to the throne after a long period of Puritan domination in England. John Locke.

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Restoration Period

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3 quatrains and a couplet. Rhyme scheme is ABAB CDCD EFEF GG.

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Shakespearean sonnet

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a 19 line poem with 5 3 line stanzas and a quatrain. Only 2 rhymes throughout. Often a courtly love poem from the medieval times.

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Villanelle

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Literary period. 1945-today. T.S. Eliot, Sandra Cisneros, Langston Hughes.

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Postmodern Period

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Where commas and periods ALWAYS GO!

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Inside the quotations marks

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Realism

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Literary period. 1880s-1940s; Pessimism, determinism, detachment from story Major Writers: Crane, Norris

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American Naturalistic Period

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Literary period. 1876-1917; renewed self-confidence, nationalism, transcendentalism

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American Renaissance Period

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1607-1783; nonfiction prose, enlightenment, age of reason

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American Colonial Period

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Adventure Novel

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Allegory

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Not to be confused with the punctuation mark, this is the act of addressing some abstraction or personification that is not physically present.

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Apostrophe

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Repeating a consonant sound in close proximity to others, or beginning several works with the same vowel sound

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Alliteration

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Casual reference in literature to a person, place, event, or another passage of literature often without explicit identification.

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Allusion

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The character typically against the protagonist.

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Antagonist

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Using opposite phrases in close conjunction.

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Antithesis

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Anastrophe

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Anticlimax

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Aphorism

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Originally referred to a mystical revelation of a spiritual truth, but as changed in twentieth-century use to refer specifically to mystical visions concerning the end of the world.

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Apocalypse

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Archetype

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A statement of a poem's major point - usually appearing in the introduction of the poem.

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Argument

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Logical fallacies

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Unrhymed iambic pentameter. Shakespeare's plays are largely blank verse, as are other Renaissance plays. Blank verse was the most popular in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries in England.

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Blank Verse

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A non-fictional account of a person's life - usually a celebrity, an important historical figure or a writer.

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Biography

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Burlesque

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A pause, metrical or rhetorical, occurring somewhere in a line of poetry. The pause may or may not be typographically indicated (usually with a comma).

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Caesura

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The 'turning downward' f the plot in a classical tragedy. Traditionally, this occurs in the fourth act of the play after the climax.

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Catastrophe

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Catharsis

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Conceit

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A hackneyed or trite phrase that has becoming overused.

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Cliche

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The meaning behind the word, other than its dictionary meaning.

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Connotation

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Special type of alliteration in which the repeated pattern of consonants is marked by changes in the intervening vowel.

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Consonance

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Two lines - the second line immediately following the first with the same metrical length that end in a rhyme to form a complete unit.

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Couplet

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A three syllable foot consisting of a heavy stress and two light stresses.

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Dactyl

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The strict definition of a word found in a dictionary.

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Denotation

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Denouement

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The choice of a particular word as opposed to others.

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Diction

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Epiphany

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A conclusion added to a literary work such as a novel, play, or long poem. It is the opposite of a prologue. A Midsummer Night's Dream by Shakespeare contains one of the most famous.

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Epilogue

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Background information that usually provide insight.

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Exposition

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The running over a sentence or thought into the next couplet or line without a pause at the end of the line

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Enjambment

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A scheme or trope used for rhetorical or artistic effect

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Figure of speech

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Verse that has neither regular rhyme nor regular meter. This particular verse often uses cadences rather than uniform metrical feet.

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Free verse

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Often provides hints, suggestions, or clearly indicates what will happen next.

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Foreshadowing

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Foot

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an exaggeration or overstatement

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Hyperbole

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another name for anastrophe

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Inversion

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Irony

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Meter

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Memoir

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Using a vaguely suggestive, physical object to embody a more general idea.

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Metonymy

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A conspicuous recurring element, such as a type of incident, a device, a reference, or verbal formula, which appears frequently throughout works of literature.

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Motif

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A comparison or analogy stated in such a way as to imply that one object is another one, figuratively speaking; without using the words using as, like, etc.

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Metaphor

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antihero whose activities illustrate the stupidity of the class or group he represents

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Mock heroic

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Opposite of a soliloquy, in which it does not necessarily represent spoken words, but rather the internal or emotional thoughts or feelings of an individual.

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Monologue

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The use of sounds that are extremely similar to what they represent.

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Onomatopoeia

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using contradiction in a manner that oddly makes sense on a deeper level.

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Oxymoron

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over exaggerated statement

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Overstatement

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Also called oxymoron, which uses contradiction in a manner that oddly, makes sense on a deeper level. Common ones seem to reveal a deeper truth through their contradictions.

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Paradox

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When a writer establishes similar patterns of grammatical structure and length.

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Parallelism

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Persona

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Giving animal, ideas or objects, human characteristics. Particularly common in poetry, but it appears in nearly all types of artful writing.

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Personification

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The structure and relationship of actions and events in a work of fiction. In order for a plot to begin, some sort of catalyst is necessary.

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Plot

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A stanza with four lines, often rhyming in an ABAB pattern. Three of these form the main body of a Shakespearean sonnet followed with a final couplet.

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Quatrain

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Rhyme Royal

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A form of sneering criticism in which disapproval is often expressed as ironic praise.

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Sarcasm

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The act of 'scanning' a poem to determine its meter. Students break down each line into individual metrical feet and determines which syllables have heavy stress and which have lighter stress.

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Scansion

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A literary mode based on criticism of people and society through ridicule.

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Satire

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A point in the play in which the character believes himself to be alone. Reveals characters innermost thoughts, including his feelings, state of mind, motives or intention.

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Soliloquy

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The last part of an Italian or Petrarchan sonnet, it consists of six lines that rhyme with a varying pattern. Common rhyme patters include CDECDE or CDCCDC.

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Sestet

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Setting

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A fourteen line poem, usually in iambic pentameter, with a varied rhyme scheme.

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Sonnet

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Petrarchan Sonnet

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Shakespearean Sonnet

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Sprung Rhythm

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Spenserian Stanza

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A general type that appears repeatedly in a particular literary genre, one which has certain conventional attributes or attitudes.

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Stock Characters

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In classical Greek literature, like the play Antigone and the Pindaric Odes, often times this and the antistrophe were alternating stanzas sun aloud.

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Strophe

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Stream of Consciousness

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Something that on the surface is its literal self but which also has another meaning or even several meanings.

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Symbol

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A rhetorical trope involving a part of an object representing the whole, or the whole of an object representing a part.

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Synedoche

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Terza Rima

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Poetry in which each foot consists primarily of trochees (poetic feet consisting of a heavy stress followed by a light stress).

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Trochaic Pentameter

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Villanelle

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Ancient stories, and it has a set form.

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Traditional Literature

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Much more recent. its categories can overlap some of the categories of traditional literature and can include additional forms of literature

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Modern Literature

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a story that is realistic and has a moral

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Parable

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teaches a lesson

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didactic

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nonrealistic story with a moral

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fable

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a Greek slave supposedly born around 600 BCE is often associated with the fable

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Aesop

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fables in which animals behave as humans

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beast tales

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key characteristic is the element of magic. usually follow a pattern and often present an "ideal" to the listener or the reader.

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fairy tales

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recorded German fairy tales in the 1800s

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Grimm Brothers

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frequent feature of a fairy tale, there are often three attempts at achieving a goal, three wishes, or three siblings

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magic three

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writers like Nathaniel Hawthorne refer to the magical elements in the fairy tale with this term, often appear in the characters of witches, wizards, magical animals, and talking beasts.

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wonder tales

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stereotyping

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told in the native language of the people. do not necessarily have a moral. entertainment as their main purpose. 1600/1700s Appalachian mountains.

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folktales

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another type of humorous folktale, have characters that the listener can outsmart.

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noodlehead stories

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collected many of the Appalachian folktales- "Jack Tales" and "Grandfather Tales"

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Richard Chase

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myths

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Native American myths

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Pourquoi tales

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Legends

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Romanticism

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Realism

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Symbolism

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Modernism

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Surrealism

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a classification in deciding if a book is modern fiction or not.

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realistic

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recount realistic stories that really could happen or could have happened.

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novels

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a romance presents an idealized view of life in which the characters, setting, and action are better than what one would experience in real life.

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romance

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one character reveals thoughts and ideas.

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confession

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the reader knows in detail

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round character

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allows the reader to see the world through the eyes of another. Roald Dahl's Charlie and the Chocolate Factory

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Menippean satire

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reveals the author's attitude toward the writing, the reader, the subject ,and/or the people, places, events in a work.

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Tone

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occurs when the writer talks down to the reader. the writer addresses the reader as if they are below him in age, knowledge, or class.

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condescension

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embodies a teaching tone, the writer addresses the readers as if they must learn something.

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didacticism

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the incongruity between what one expects and what actually happens.

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irony

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there is a contrast between what is said and what is meant.

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verbal irony

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there is a discrepancy between what happens and what the reader expects to happen.

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situational irony

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there is a contrast between what a character believes or says and what the reader understands to be true.

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dramatic irony

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coveys fun

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humor

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a humorous or ridiculing imitation of something else.

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parody

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the excessive use of feeling or emotion

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sentimentality

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a description that uses like, than or as, to draw a comparison between two dissimilar things.

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simile

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a figure of speech containing an implied comparison in which a word or phrase ordinarily and primarily used for one purpose is applied to another which is not applicable. "rocket candy"

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metaphor

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a comparison of one thing to another. "the world is a stage"

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analogy

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the attribution of human characteristics to inanimate objects.

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personification

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phrases that have become meaningless because of their frequent use.

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cliches

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a reference to a historical, literary, or otherwise generally familiar character or event that helps make an idea understandable.

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allusion

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the author's choice of words

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diction

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describes a writer's individual writing style and combines an author's use of dialogue, diction, alliteration, and other devices within the body of the text

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voice

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a narrator who knows all about the characters and the actions and shares this information with the audience

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omniscient point of view

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a narrator who does not share all the information about all the characters or all the vents with the readers

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limited omniscient point of view

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simply tell the happenings without voicing an opinion

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objective point of view

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unfolds through the eyes of one central character

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first-person singular point of view

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employs the word "you"

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second-person point of view

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the narrator does not participate in the action of the story.

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third-person point of view

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a precise meaning of a word

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denotation

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the word's impression or feeling a word gives beyond its exact meaning

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connotation

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the repetition of initial sounds in two or more words in a sentence or phrase.

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alliteration

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involves sounds of words; consonance is the repetition of consonant sounds, especially at the end of stressed syllables.

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consonance

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the repetition of vowel sounds.

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assonance

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stylistic device in which the sound of the word imitates the sound it represents.

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onomatopoeia

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flow or cadence.

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rhythm

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descriptive language designed to create a mental image for the reader of smells, feelings, sounds, or sights of a person, place, thing, or event.

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imagery

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an exaggeration

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hyperbole

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underplays something and presents it to be less significant than is actually true

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understatement

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stylistic device that many writers employ essentially as it sounds, the playful and creative use of words for a witty effect.

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wordplay

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a humorous word play in which the two meanings of a word or two similar-sounding words are deliberately confused.

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pun

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the use of one person, place, or thing to represent another

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symbolism

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Daniel Defoe

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Robinson Crusoe

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Johnathan Smith

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Gulliver's Travels

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Robert Cormier

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The Chocolate War

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the use of emotionally charged words, expressions, or events in order to provoke a strong reaction to the reader.

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sensationalism

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the highest point of interest in the story.

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climax

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the reader mistakenly believes that all the story's questions have been answered only to find the story or book has new twists and turns.

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false climax

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ending of a book

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denouement

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leaves some of the reader's questions unanswered.

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open denouement

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answers all the reader's questions

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closed denouement

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requires one to read the entire book or story to find the answers to the questions

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progressive plot

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features individual chapters or episodes that are related to each other but of which is a story unto itself.

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eposodic ploy

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the plot and setting together

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structure

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one that is not essential to the plot

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backdrop setting

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simply serves as an illustration

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figurative setting

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setting that is essential to the plot

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integral setting

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not fully developed, described, or revealed.

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flat character

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developing or changing

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dynamic

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unchanging

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static

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dialect or diction

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speech

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Karen Hesse

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Out of the Dust

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Dori Sanders

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Clover

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Frank Bonham

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Durango Street

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S.E. Hinton

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The Outsiders

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a good, positive force in the book.

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protagonist

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the bad or evil element

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antagonist

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main idea or central meaning of the book

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theme

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suggested theme

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implicit theme

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stated theme

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explicit theme

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Gulliver's Travels- face many life-threatening situations; in reality they probably shouldn't have survived.

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survival of the unfittest theme

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evident in Gulliver's Travels- the journey brings excitement and danger into each character's lives.

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picaresque theme

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usually played out as a change or even a complete turnabout in the circumstances of a character or characters. is a frequent feature of modern juvenile literature (Heidi)

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reversal of fortune theme

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believable and convincing

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authenticity

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referred to as expository writing. biographies, autobiographies, and essays, meant to inform reader.

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nonfiction prose

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a group of lines to which there is often a metrical order and a repeated rhyme.

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stanza

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can refer to corresponding sounds, to rhyme schemes, and/or the metrical order.

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rhyme

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aabb scheme- Jill and hill, go and slow. end of the line rhyming.

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end rhyme

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one rhyming word within the line

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internal rhyme

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developed from vers libre meaning free verse which suggests that little skill or craft went into the poem.

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open-form poems

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recognizable because the poet adheres to the form, number of lines, rhyme scheme, meter, and/or shape.

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closed-form poems

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closed or fixed-form poem for 14 lines;

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sonnet

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two groups: octave of eight lines and a sestet of six lines. usually rhyme scheme is abbaabba-cdecde.

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Petrarchan sonnet

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organizes the lines into three groups of four lines (quatrains) and to rhyming lines (a couplet) ALWAYS abab cdcd efef and gg.

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Shakespearean sonnet

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the couplet is a closed form of poetry. it is two-line stanza that usually has an end rhyme.

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couplet

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a couplet that is end-stopped. it is written in iambic pentameter.

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heroic couplet

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a story that is vast in length, written with dignified language, and that celebrates the achievement of a hero. The Odyssey, Paradise Lost, The Illiad

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epoc

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The Illiad and The Odyssey

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Homer

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are stories in a song, four lines in a rhyme scheme of ab cb.

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ballads

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the compositions of later poets, rather than the result of the oral tradition.

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literary ballad

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moves the listener/reader from the story of the ballad to the emotion.

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lyric

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type of lyric, a lament for someone or something

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elegy

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another part of the lyric family, longer than an elegy and describes more topics than just death.

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ode

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a courtly love poem from medieval times

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villanelle

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a french form of poetry, the most difficult of all closed-poetry. six stanzas of six lines.

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sestina

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a short poem with a clever twist at the end, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Benjamin Franklin

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epigram

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have five lines and the rhyme scheme of aabba, Edward Lear

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limericks

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a device that some poets use to surprise the reader

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slant rhyme

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typically uses one-syllable words to give a feeling of strength or impact.

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masculine rhyme

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may use a rhyme of two or more syllables, the stress does not fall upon the final syllable.

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feminine rhyme

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"vers libre" without rhyme and without rhythm.

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free verse

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unrhymed but has a strict rhythm- written in iambic pentameter

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blank verse

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a poetry meter in which each one contains five measures of one unstressed and one stressed syllable.

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iambic pentameter

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basic measuring unit of a line of poetry

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foot

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each one of these unstressed-stressed syllable pairs

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iambic foot

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a foot consisting of three syllables in which the first two are short or unstressed and the final one is long or stressed.

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anapest

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a foot that has two syllables in which the first is long or stressed and the second is short and unstressed.

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trochee

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a foot of three syllables in which the first is long or stressed and the next two are unstressed or short

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dactyl

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specific type of Japanese poetry that expresses one thought written in 17 syllables with three lines of five, seven, and five syllables respectively.

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haiku

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(1200-800 B.C.E.) Greek legends are passed along orally, including Homer's The Illiad and The Odyssey. this is a chaotic period of warrior princes, wandering sea traders, and fierce pirates.

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Homeric or Heroic Period

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Classical Greek Period

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(200 B.C.E.-455 C.E.) Greece's culture gives way to Roman power when Rome conquers Greece in 146 C.E. Ovid, Horace, Virgil, Roman- Marcus Aurelius and Lucretius

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Classical Roman Period

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(ca. 70 C.E.- 455 C.E.) Early Christian writings appear such as those by Saint Augustine, Tertullian, Saint Cyprian, Saint Ambrose, and Saint Jerome. first compiles the Bible.

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Patristic Period

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Old English (Anglo-Saxon period)

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(800-850) emerges in Europe, encyclopedias, Viking sagas

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Carolingian Renaissance

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(1066-1450) In 1066, Norman French armies invade and conquer England under William I. Twelfth-Century Renaissance (1100-1200) French fables great scholastic and theological works

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Middle English Period

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(1200-1485) Chaucer

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Late or "High" Medieval Period

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(1485-1660) takes place in Britain but somewhat earlier in Italy and southern Europe

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Renaissance and the Reformation

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(1485-1558) Martin Luther's split with the Roman Catholic church- Protestantism Edmund Spenser- poet of this period

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Early Tudor Period

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(1558-1603) Queen Elizabeth I saves England from both the Spanish invasion and squabbles at home. William Shakespeare, Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Kyd.

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Elizabethan Period

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(1603-1625) Shakespeare writers his later works, Ben Johnson

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Jacobean Period

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(1625-1649) John Milton, George Herbert, "Sons of Ben" write during the reign of Charles I and his Cavaliers

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Caroline Age

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(1649-1660) Under Oliver Cromwell's Puritan dictatorship, John Milton continues to write

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Commonwealth Period or Puritan Interregnum

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(1660-1790) Neoclassical refers to the increased influence of classical literature upon these centuries. intellectual backlash against Puritanism and America's revolution against England.

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The Enlightenment (Neoclassical) Period

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(1660-1700) This period marks the British king's restoration to the throne after a long period of Puritan domination in England. John Lock.

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Restoration Period

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(1700-1750) This period is marked by the imitation of Virgil and Horace's literature in English letters. Johnathan Swift. Alexander Pope, Francois-Marie Arouet Voltaire.

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Augustan Age

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Age of Johnson

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(1790-1830) Romantic poets write about nature, imagination, and individuality in England. John Keats, Percy Bysshe Shelley, Jane Austen, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreou

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Romantic Period

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overlap Romantic writings (1790-1890) Ann Radcliffe, Monk Lewis, Edgar Allan Poe, Nathaniel Hawthrone

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Gothic writings

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(1832-1901) Sentimental novels typify this period. Elizabeth Browning. Matthew Arnold. Robert Browning. Charles Dickens and the Bronte sisters.

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Victorian Period and the Nineteenth Century

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(1914-1945) W.B. Yeats, Virginia Woolf, Robert Frost, Flannery O'Connor

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Modern Period

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Stephen Crane, Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson

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naturalist writers

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(1914-1929) writers of the jazz age- Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, William Faulkner.

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Lost Generation

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James Baldwin Ralph Waldo Emerson

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Harlem Renaissance writers

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(ca. 1945-onward) T.S. Eliot, Sandra Cisneros, Langston Hughes

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Postmodern Period

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uses history to understand a literary work more clearly.

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Historical Criticism

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the selection after thorough examination of all material is the only trustworthy evidence on which to base a text.

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recension

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the effort to eliminate all errors found in even the best manuscripts.

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emendation

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seeks to correct or to supplement what is regarded as a predominantly male-dominated critical perspective with female consciousness.

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feminist criticism

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uses the knowledge of the author's life experiences to gain a better understanding of the writer's work

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biographical criticism

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focuses on the historical, social, and economic contexts of a work

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cultural criticsm

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pays particular attention to formal elements of the work such as structure, language, and tone.

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formal criticism

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made up of "to" and the base form of a verb (to order, to abandon)

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infinitive phrase

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verb form ending in (ing or ed) operates as an adjective ("barking" dog, "painted" fence)

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participle

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a verb ending in "ing" that functions as a noun/subject ("Laughing" is good for you) possessive nouns are usually used with gerunds (running is fun)

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verbal - gerund

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the noun to which the pronoun is referring (Sally=antecedent for her)

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antecedent

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adverb

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language that is meant to be evasive or conceal (downsized = fired loss of job

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double speak

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literal, dictionary meanings of a word

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denotations

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the study of sounds of language

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phonetics

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The study of the structure of words

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morphology

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the study of the meaning in language, in language, study of meanings of words

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semantics

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the study of the structure of sentences, studies of the rules for forming admissible sentences

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syntax

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noun; the art or study of correct spelling according to established usage / the aspect of language study concerned with letters and their sequences with words / spelling

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orthography

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two sentences joined incorrectly with only a comma

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comma splice

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dangling modifiers have no noun or pronoun to modify, change the dangling modifier to an independent clause., Word, or group of words, that does not modify any words in the sentence

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dangling modifier

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gives a command or makes a request and ends with a period

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imperitive sentence

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The history of a word.

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etymology

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A sentence that expresses wishes or conditions contrary to fact.

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conditional sentence

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A sentence composed of at least two independent clauses.

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compound sentence

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A sentence with two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.

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compound/complex sentence

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A verb that expresses an action directed toward a person, a place, a thing, or an idea Jack "burned" the hot dogs

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transitive verb

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An action verb is iNtransitive if it does NOT direct action toward someone or something The Fire "burned" brightly.

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intransitive verb

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A tense of verbs used in describing action that has been completed or began in the past.

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perfect tense

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Pronouns that point out people, places, or things without naming them.

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demonstrative pronouns

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Has a subject and a predicate.

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clause

question

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capitalization rules

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has a subject and a verb but the reader is left dangling it depends on something else to make it a complete sentence

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dependent clause

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A clause that has a complete meaning AND has a subject and a verb

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independent clause

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A word that joins words or groups of words (and and but, yet, so, or, because)

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conjunctions

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$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ADD TO THIS examples: Neither...nor Either...or Not only...but also Both..and

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correlative conjunctions

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All the meanings, associations, or emotions that a word suggests

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connotations

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distinguishing a verbal from a verb

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sdcsdscsdc

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effective sentences

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(8) Nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, conjunctions, prepositions, and interjections

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parts of speech

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names a person, place, thing, idea, or quality (idea=democracy, truth & quality=beauty, caring, boredom)

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noun

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a, an, the

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articles (in titles)

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and, but, for, or, nor

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conjunctions (in titles)

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short ones such as in and with long ones such as throughout and without

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prepositions (in titles)

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show ownership Syman and Mimi's marriage (they share one marriage) Kate's and Meg's toes (they don't share the same toes)

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possessive nouns

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a word that stands in for a noun (her, its, who, you, what, your, he, she, everyone, nobody, each other, myself, etc.)

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pronoun

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pronoun cases

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a word that shows action (run, swim, jump) or state of being (be, appear, seem, feel)

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verb

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present tense, past tense, future tense, present perfect tense, past perfect tense, future perfect tense

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verb tenses

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progressive verb forms

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(3) uses (includes word do or did w.verb) Emphasis: I do eat! I did eat! Questions: Do I eat? Did I eat? Negatives: I don not eat. I did not eat.

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emphatic verb form

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present action, action that happens over and over, scientific facts, and headlines

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when to use present tense

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ask who or what

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passive voice

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a mood that represent an act or state (not as a fact but) as contingent or possible "what if" = If I were (not I was) a magician, I would... "If only" = If I were (not was) an eagle, I would...

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subjunctive mood

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Ask? Today I ..., Yesterday I..., Many times I have ... today i cook, yesterday I cooked, many times I have cooked

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irregular verbs

question

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lie and lay

question

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adjectives

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linking, transitive, intransitive, and auxilary

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kinds of verbs

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linking verbs

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Marcella "feels" [linking - describes the subject] tired (verb) The vet "feels" [action] the cat's tummy carefully [adverb]

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linking verb vs. action verb

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comparisons (verbs)

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prepositions

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A phrase that begins with a preposition: "to" the store, "down" the street, "under" the car, etc. shows a relationship between the noun and another word in the sentence

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prepositional phrase

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successive sentences or phrases follow the same pattern of wording in order to emphasize and idea

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parallel construction

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Express feeling (wow, gee, oops) Say Yes or No Call attention (yo, hey, whoa) Indicate a pause (well, um, hmm) Stand alone for emphasis, as in "Wow! That's a beautiful dress."

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interjections

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has a subject but not verb (my big fat mouth)

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phrase

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only direct questions get question marks

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question mark

question

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semicolons

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shoe a relationship between two complete sentence (also, besides, indeed otherwise, therefore, in fact) adverbs in sentences used as a conjunctions

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conjunctive adverbs

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a sentence missing a subject OR verb or complete thought missing MAIN CLAUSE

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sentence fragment

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A clause in a complex sentence that cannot stand alone as a complete sentence and that functions within the sentence as a noun or adjective or adverb

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subordinate clause

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A sentence composed of at least one main clause and one subordinate clause

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complex sentence

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phrase that includes the participle, its modifier, and its objects; example: The child, FLASHING A MISCHIEVOUS SMILE, turned and walked away.

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participle phrase

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the person or thing who has the verb done to it, passive voice

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object of a sentence

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A noun or noun substitute that is placed directly next to the noun it is describing: My student, Sidney, makes me want to retire.

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appositive

question

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colon

question

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faulty prediction

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verbal - infinitive

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infinitive, participles, gerunds

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types of verbals

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a word formed from a verb (e.g., going, gone, being, been ) and used as an adjective (e.g., working woman, burned toast ) or a noun (e.g., good breeding ). The old "laughing" lady dropped by to call.

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verbal - participles

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Describes or modifies someone or something in the sentence

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modifiers

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the part of a sentence or clause that expresses what is said of the subject and that usually consists of a verb with or without objects, complements, or adverbial modifiers

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predicate

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auxillary

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A sentence consisting of one independent clause and no dependent clause

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simple sentence

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subject stays the same; verb must be singular or plural to match the subject

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subject verb agreement

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common, proper, concrete abstract, collective

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kinds of nouns

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