question

What are General Signs and Symptoms of Sudden Illness?

answer

Changes in level of consciousness Headache, dizziness, weakness Nausea or vomiting Change in breathing, pulse, skin color, or temperature

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What are Common Sudden Illnesses?

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-Fainting -Diabetic emergencies -Seizures -Stroke -Allergic Reactions & Poisoning -Heart attack

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How do you Care for Sudden Illness?

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-Do no harm -Monitor breathing and consciousness -Check head to toe for other injuries -Reassure the victim -Care for shock; keep the victim from getting chilled or overheated. -Call EMS personnel, if needed.

question

Fainting?

answer

Signs & Symptoms -Change in level of consciousness -Shock like signs and symptom -Looking and feeling ill Care -Position the person on a flat surface -Elevate the legs -Monitor breathing and consciousness -Loosen clothing -Call 9-1-1 as needed

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Diabetic Emergencies

answer

Signs and Symptoms -Change in level of consciousness -Irregular breathing/abnormal heartbeat (pulse) -Looking and feeling ill Care -Care for any life-threatening conditions -If the victim is conscious, give a substance containing sugar -Keep the victim from getting chilled or overheated -Call 9-1-1 as needed

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Seizures

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Signs & Symptoms -Sudden loss of body control -Feeling or looking ill -Changes in level of consciousness Care -Protect the victim from injury -Do not restrain the victim -Monitor breathing and pulse -Position the victim so that fluids can drain from the mouth -Reassure the victim -Call EMS if needed

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Stroke

answer

Signs & Symptoms -Looking or feeling ill -Sudden weakness and numbness of the face, arm or leg -Difficulty talking or speaking -Blurred or dimmed vision -Sudden severe headache, dizziness, confusion, or ringing in the ears -Loss of consciousness -Loss of bowl or bladder control Care -Check for life threatening conditions (airway, pulse, etc) -FAST (Face - Arms - Speech - Time)

question

What are ways poison enters the body?

answer

-Inhalation -Ingestion -Absorption -Injection

question

Signs and Symptoms of Poisoning

answer

The Scene -Odors -Open/empty/spilled containers -Flames/smoke -Overturned/damaged plants The Victim -Nausea/vomiting/diarrhea -Chest/abdominal pain -Breathing difficulty -Sweating profusely -Weakness -Changes in level of consciousness -Burns in/around the mouth -Irregular pupil size -Convulsions/dizziness

question

Care for Poisoning

answer

-Check the scene/gather clues -Remove the victim from the source -Check for life-threatening conditions -Call 9-1-1 -Poison Control Center: 1- 800-222-1222

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Bites & Stings

answer

Bites and Stings are among the most common forms of injected poisons. Some of the most common types of bites and stings are from: -Insects -Ticks -Spiders, Scorpions & Snakes -Domestic and wild Animals -Humans

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Common Bites & Stings of Insects

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Signs & Symptoms -A bite or sting mark -A stinger, tentacle or venom sac left behind -Redness -Swelling -Pain or tenderness Care -Examine the sting site -If the stinger is still present, remove it to prevent further poisoning. -Wash the area with soap and water and cover the site, then apply ice or a cold pack -Observe the victim for signals of allergic reaction

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Allergic Reaction: Anaphylaxis

answer

Signs & Symptoms -Itching or hives -Red watery eyes -Coughing, wheezing, or difficulty breathing -Throat tightness or closing or difficulty swallowing -Nausea, stomach cramps, or vomiting -Change in voice -Dizziness, fainting or loss of consciousness -Change of skin color -Sense of doom Care -Use Epinephrine Auto-Injector -Call 9-1-1 -Monitor Airway & Breathing

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Misused & Abused Substances

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-Substances are categorized according to their effect on the body. -The six major categories of commonly misused and abused substances are: -Stimulants -Depressants -Hallucinogens -Narcotics -Inhalants -Cannabis products

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Signals of Substances Misuse & Abuse

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Signals of substances misuse and abuse are similar to those of other medical emergencies -Moist or flushed skin -Dizziness -Sweating, chills, nausea -Headache -Rapid pulse, rapid breathing -Fever -Unconsciousness -Chest Pain

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Care for Substance Misuse & Abuse

answer

-Follow these general principles as you would for any poisoning -Check the scene to make sure it is safe to help -Do not approach if the victim is behaving in a threatening manner -Call 9-1-1 or National Poison Control Center -Care for any life-threatening conditions -Care for any other conditions you find

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Designer Drugs

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-These drugs are variations of other substances such as narcotics and amphetamines. -The molecular structures of designer drugs include substances used for medical purposes that are modified by chemists

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Anabolic Steroids

answer

-Anabolic steroids are sometimes used by athletes to enhance performance and increase muscle mass. -Chronic use of anabolic steroids can lead to sterility, live cancer and personality changes -Steroid abused by young people may also disrupt normal growth

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Over-the-Counter Substances

answer

The most commonly misused and abused over-the-counter substances are aspirin, laxatives and nasal sprays

question

Call 9-1-1 If the victim of a Sudden Illness

answer

-Is Unconscious, unusually confused -Has trouble breathing or is breathing strangely -Has persistent chest discomfort -Has pressure or discomfort in the abdomen that doesn't go away -Is vomiting blood -Has a seizure lasting more than 5minutes or has multiple seizures -Has a severe headache or slurred speech -Appears to have been poisoned

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Signs & Symptoms:Heat Related Emergencies

answer

Heat Cramps -Heavy Sweating -Muscles Spasms -Pain Heat Exhaustion -Dizziness/weakness -Cool/moist/pale skin -Nausea/vomiting Heat Stroke -Sweating stops -Rapid rise in body temperature -Changes in consciousness -Vomiting -Body systems fail-- respiratory/cardiac arrest

question

Care for Heat-Related Emergencies

answer

-Cool the Victim -Remove the victim from hot environment -Give the victim cool water if conscious -Loosen clothing -Apply wet towels or cold packs. -Call EMS

question

Cold Related Emergencies: Frostbite

answer

Signs and Symptoms -Cold Skin -Discoloration of the skin -Skin appears waxy -Blisters Care -Handle gently -Do not rub affected area -Warm in water 100-105 degrees -Bandage loosely

question

Cold Related Emergencies: Hypothermia

answer

Signs and Symptoms -Shivering -Slow, irregular heartbeat -Numbness -Apathy -Change in consciousness Care -Warm Location -Remove wet clothing -Gradually re-warm --blankets, warm liquids -Call EMS

question

List 4 ways that poisoning an be caused

answer

Ingesting various substances, Inhaling poisonous gases, Injecting substances and contacting the skin with poison

question

Treatment for poisoning will vary depending on the ____ of poison, the ____ involved, And the method of ___

answer

Type, injury, contact

question

How should you position an unconscious poisoning victim who is breathing? why?

answer

Put victim on side so they fluids can drain from mouth

question

What is the first thing to do when a victim swallows a poison

answer

Call poison control center

question

List 3 types of information that should be given to a poison control center or physician

answer

The label/container/ name of the substance How much was taken What time poisoning occurred

question

What should you do if a conscious poison victim vomits

answer

Save sample of vomit

question

List 2 ways to induce vomiting

answer

Tickle back of throat Make victim drink saltwater

question

Why is activated charcoal used after a poisoning victim vomits

answer

So the body doesn't absorb the poison

question

List 4 types of poison victims in whom vomiting should not be induced

answer

Acid, alkali, petroleum products, victim is convulsing or has burns on lips/mouth

question

What is the first step of treatment for a victim who has been poisoned by inhaling gas

answer

Check for breathing and do artificial respiration if needed

question

How do you treat victims poisoned by chemicals splashing on skin

answer

Use large amounts of water to wash skin at least 15-20 minutes to dilute the substance or remove it

question

List 5 signs of an allergic reaction to an injected poison

answer

Site, itching, hives, pain, swelling of throat, difficult breathing, dizziness and change in the level of consciousness

question

a clinical set of signs and symptoms that are associated with an inadequate supply of blood to body organs

answer

shock

question

name the two main body organs affected by an inadequate supply of blood.

answer

brain and heart

question

list six causes of shock.

answer

-excessive loss of blood (hemorrhage) -dehydration (burns, vomiting, diarrhea) -excessive pain or infection -heart attack or stroke -poisoning -lack of oxygen

question

list nine signs or symptoms of shock.

answer

skin is pale or bluish-gray in color, skin is cool or cold to the touch, diaphoresis (excessive perspiration), rapid, weak pulse, respirations that are shallow, rapid, and sometimes irregular, blood pressure that is very low or not obtainable, general weakness, extreme restlessness, blurred vision

question

Treatment for shock is directed at eliminating the _______, improving ___________, providing ______, and maintaining _____________.

answer

cause; circulation; oxygen; body temperature

question

position for victim with neck or spine injuries:

answer

do not move them unless necessary for their safety

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position for victim vomiting or bleeding from the mouth:

answer

on their side to prevent choking or breathing problems

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victim with respiratory distress:

answer

head should be slightly raised

question

position if none of the previous conditions is present:

answer

flat on the back with legs and feet raised to improve circulation to the heart and brain

question

allergic reaction to a substance

answer

anaphylactic shock

question

caused by damage to the heart muscle form heart attack or cardiac arrest

answer

cardiogenic shock

question

caused by severe bleeding or loss of blood plasma

answer

hemorrhagic shock

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caused by a loss of body fluid from severe vomiting, diarrhea, or heat illness

answer

hypovolemic shock

question

caused by injury and trauma to the brain and/or spinal cord

answer

neurogenic shock

question

caused by emotional distress such as anger, fear, or grief

answer

psychogenic shock

question

caused by trauma to respiratory tract; respiratory distress or arrest (chronic disease, choking)

answer

respiratory shock

question

caused by acute infection

answer

septic shock

question

an injury that can be caused by fire, heat, chemical agents, radiation and/or electricity

answer

burn

question

involves only the first layer of skin ex) sunburn, brief contact with hot objects

answer

first degree or superficial

question

-causes injury to top layers of skin; involves both the dermis and epidermis -swelling occurs ex) severe sunburn, contact with boiling liquids

answer

second degree or partial-thickness

question

-involves injury to all layers of the skin AND underlying tissue -can be painless -life-threatening ex) exposure to fire/flames, electricity

answer

third degree or full-thickness

question

first aid treatment for burns is directed at removing the ____________, cooling the _______, covering the ____, relieving ______, observing and treating for ______, and preventing ________.

answer

source of heat; skin area; burn; pain; shock; infection

question

identify 4 times when medical care should be obtained for burn victims.

answer

-more than 15% of the ADULT body is burned -more than 10% of a CHILD'S body is burned -burns affect face or respiratory tract -burns result form chemicals, explosions, or electricity

question

what is the main treatment for superficial and mild, partial-thickness burns?

answer

-cool the area by flushing it with cool water -use dry, sterile gauze to blot the area dry -elevate the affected part if possible

question

why is a sterile dressing applied to a burn?

answer

to prevent infection

question

if blisters appear on a burn, how should you treat these?

answer

DO NOT break any blisters open!

question

how should third degree burns be treated?

answer

-call for medical help immediately -cover with a sterile dressing -elevate the extremity -do not attempt to remove articles of clothing from the burn -watch the victim closely until help arrives

question

if chemicals or irritating gases burn the eyes, how should the eye be treated?

answer

-remove contact lenses if applicable -flush eyes with large amounts of water for 15-20 minutes -allow water to run to the outside of the eye

question

why is shock frequently noted in victims with severe burns?

answer

because of loss of body fluids (dehydration)

question

Difference between a closed wound and an open wound?

answer

closed under skin skin is open outside

question

...

answer

First aid care for wounds must be directed at controlling bleeding and preventing infection

question

Abrasion

answer

Scrape on the skin

question

Incision

answer

Cut or injury by sharp object

question

Laceration

answer

Jagged irregular injury with tearing

question

Puncture

answer

Wound caused by sharp pointed object

question

Avulsion

answer

Tissue torn or separated from body

question

Amputation

answer

Body part cut off

question

Arterial blood

answer

Spurts from a wound, results in heavy blood loss

question

Venous

answer

Slower, steadier, and dark red or maroon color

question

Capillary blood

answer

oozes from the wound slowly is less red than arterial blood

question

4 methods of controlling bleeding in order

answer

Direct pressure, elevation, pressure bandage, pressure points

question

2 items that can be used to form a protective barrier

answer

gloves plastic wrap

question

Main pressure point for the arm

answer

brachial artery

question

Main pressure point in the leg

answer

Femoral artery

question

5 signs of infection

answer

swelling, heat, redness, fever, pus

question

what occurs when the body is over exposed to heat?

answer

a chemical imbalance of water and salt that occurs through perspiration

question

what are heat cramps?

answer

muscle pains/spasms that result from salt and water loss

question

list 3 first aid treatments for heat cramps.

answer

-apply firm pressure on the muscle -encourage the victim to rest and move to a cooler area -give small sips of water or sports drink

question

list 6 signs or symptoms of heat exhaustion.

answer

-pale, clammy skin -profuse perspiration -tired, weak -headache -muscle cramps -nausea/vomiting

question

list 3 first aid treatments for heat exhaustion.

answer

-loosen or remove clothing -apply cool, wet cloths -lie victim down and elevate feet slightly

question

how does internal body temperature differ in heat exhaustion and heat stroke?

answer

-body is not able to eliminate excess heat -body temp is 105 degrees or higher whereas in heat exhaustion, it is not elevated

question

list 3 signs and symptoms of heat stroke.

answer

-red, hot, dry skin -rapid pulse -loss of consciousness

question

high body temperatures (such as 105 degrees F or 41 degrees C) can cause _________ and/or ______.

answer

convulsions; death

question

list 3 first aid treatments for heat stroke.

answer

-cool victim quickly, place them in a tub of cool water -apply cold packs to wrists, ankles, axillary and groin area -watch for signs of shock

question

identify 2 precautions a victim should take after recovering from any condition caused by exposure to heat.

answer

-warn the victim to avoid warm or hot temperatures for several days after recovering from heat exposure -encourage the victim to drink sufficient amounts of water and have an adequate intake of salt

question

fracture

answer

break in a bone

question

signs and symptoms of a fracture

answer

deformity, loss of motion, pain and tenderness, swelling, dicoloration

question

treatment for fractures

answer

treat for shock, keep the broken bone from moving, prevent further injury, obtain medical help

question

dislocation

answer

when the end of a bone is either displaced from a joint or moved out of its normal position within the joint

question

signs and symptoms of a dislocation

answer

deformity, limited movement, swelling, discoloration, pain, tenderness

question

sprain

answer

an injury to the tissues surrounding a joint

question

first aid for a sprain

answer

apply cold application to decrease swelling and pain, elevate the area, obtain medical help

question

strains

answer

the overstretching of a muscle

question

signs and symptoms of a strain

answer

sudden pain, swelling, and/or bruising

question

What should you do if an open wound is present?

answer

use sterile dressing to apply pressure and control bleeding

question

What is the most dangerous type of injury to bones and joints?

answer

neck or spine

question

How to treat a blow to the eye injury?

answer

apply a sterile dressing or an eye shield, keep the victim lying flat and obtain help

question

first aid for a ruptured eardrum

answer

place sterile gauze on the outer ear canal and then seek medical attention

question

signs and symptoms of brain injurys

answer

loss of consciousness, headache, visual disturbances, convulsions, nausea, and vommiting

question

epistaxis

answer

nosebleed

question

reasons for nosebleeds

answer

change in altitude, strenuous activity, high blood pressure, and ruppture of small blood vessels after a cold

question

treatment for nosebleeds

answer

pinch nose and tilt head forward

question

myocardial infarction

answer

heart attack

question

cerebrovascular accident

answer

stroke

question

fainting

answer

occurs when there is a temporary reduction in the supply of blood to the brain

question

convulsion

answer

type of seizure, a strong involuntary contraction of muscles

question

hyperglycemia

answer

diabetic coma

question

hypoglycemia

answer

insulin shock

question

5 symptoms that can result from prolonged exposure to the cold.

answer

-shivering -numbness -weakness -drowsiness -low body temperature

question

3 first aid treatments for hypothermia

answer

-getting victim to warm are -remove wet clothing -slowly warm up the victim by wrapping blankets

question

frostbite

answer

actual freezng of tissue fluids accompained by damage to the skin and underlying tissue.

question

4 symptoms of frostbite:

answer

-redness -tingling -pale -glossy skin

question

what temperature water should be used to warm a body part injured by frostbite?

answer

100-104F* 37.8- 40*C

question

why is it important not to rub or message a body part affected by frostbite?

answer

Because it may cause death of the tissue (gangrene)

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