College Grammar
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a word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb: tells: Where? When? In what manner? or To what extent?
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Adverb*
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e.g: The boy ran.....at, with, near, below, by, to...endless possibilities, just think "The boy ran" then a following noun phrase. -Occurs before the a noun phrase. -relates the noun or pronoun following it to another word in the sentence
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Preposition*
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clause+____+clause and, for, or, yet, but, nor, so F--A--N--B--O--Y--S
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Coordinating Conjunction*
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introduce dependent (subordinate) clauses: as, if, since, because, when, while, that
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Subordinate Conjunctions*
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three most common adjective-- *a, an, the.* - precedes nouns.
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Article*
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to show ownership: my, your,his,her,its,our,their
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Possessive*
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a verb with one, two, or three helping verbs before it
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verb phrase*
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is be am being are been was were
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Forms of "be"
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do does did
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Helping verbs
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has have had
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Helping verbs
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shall should will would
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Helping verbs
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can could may might must
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Helping verbs
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leftmost verb in a verb phrase. - Carries tense *
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finite verb
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rightmost verb in a verb phrase
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Main verb
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past and past participle are formed by adding, -ed *
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Regular Verb
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past and past participle are not formed by adding -ed or -d *
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Irregular Verb
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A verb form that can be used as an adjective form: usually preceding auxiliaries BE and HAVE: present = ing past = -ed, -en e.g: grandpa was sitting in a rocking chair the roasted marshmallow the broken bow the unsung hero
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participle*
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any form of the verb BE used as a link or coupling between its subject and a following phrase. -The link either expresses identity or describes some property or attribute of the subject. - extras: look, sound, taste, feel and smell
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Copula*
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Helping Verb: -A form of HAVE or BE, which is used to 'help' another verb to express details about the timing of the events described.
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Auxiliaries*
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act as the speaker's opinion in the moment of speaking Present: Can, will, shall, may Past: Could, would, should, might
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modal*
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can will shall may
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Present Tense modals
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could would should might
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past tense modals
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have has
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present tense auxiliary forms of have
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had had
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past tense auxiliary forms of have
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had
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past participle auxiliary forms of have
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is am are
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present tense auxiliary forms of be
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was was were
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past tense auxiliary forms of be
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been
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past participle auxiliary forms of be
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do does
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present auxiliary forms of do
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did did
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past tense auxiliary forms of do
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done
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past participle auxiliary forms of do
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Does NOT carry a tense - never in verb phrase.
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Non-finite verb
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a form of a verb that generally appears with the word 'to' and acts as a noun, adjective, or adverb
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infinitive*
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a verb form ending in -ing that is used as a noun e.g: I hate the dog's barking Camping is fun
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Gerund*
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I draw
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Present
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I am drawing
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present progressive
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I drew
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past
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I did draw
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past emphatic
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I have drawn
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present perfect
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I had drawn
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past perfect
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I was drawing
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past progressive
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I have been drawing
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present perfect progressive
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I had been drawing
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past perfect progressive
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I will draw
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future
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I will have drawn
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future perfect
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I will be drawing
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future progressive
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I will have been drawing
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future perfect progressive
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when a modal is placed within the verb phrase:
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condition tense
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when the subject performs the action
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Active voice
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when the action is performed upon the subject.
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Passive voice
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subordinating conjunctions which introduce clauses acting as adjectives
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relative pronouns
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tell which one or what kind of: who, which, where, that, whose, why, who, when
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relative clauses
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they tell when, where, why, how, to what extent, or under what conditions:
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adverb clauses
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they tell who or what:
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complement clauses
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possessive: mine,yours,his,hers,its,ours,theirs
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possessive pronoun*
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adding 's or s' to the last word in the phrase: this car's, my father's
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possessive phrase*
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modifies a noun, pointing gesture: this, that, these, those
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demonstrative*
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modifies a noun in a noun phrase. Basically just an adjective.
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attributive adjective*
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it is the complement of a copulative function that links it to the noun: he was livid with rage
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predicate adjective*
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