CMU Psy 100 Test 4 – Flashcards
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Ted is friendly, loves to tells jokes at parties, and is perceived by others as warm and considerate. On which two of the Big Five traits would you expect Ted to obtain high scores? a. agreeableness and extraversion b. extraversion and conscientiousness c. neuroticism and openness to experience d. openness to experience and conscientiousness
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agreeableness and extraversion
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A therapist challenges what she sees as her client's irrational and self-defeating thoughts. Her goal is to help her client change these thoughts into more rational, helpful, positive thoughts. In addition, she wants to help her client develop strategies that can be used to cope with future problems. She is probably a ______________ therapist. a. cognitive-behavioral b. person-centered c. psychoanalytic d. Gestalt
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cognitive-behavioral
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You are a contestant on Jeopardy! and it is your turn. You say, "I'll take 'History of Therapies' for $100." The answer is, "He began the movement for humane treatment of the mentally ill." The smile on your face reveals the confidence you have as you say ______________. a. "Who was Sigmund Freud?" b. "Who was Carl Rogers?" c. "Who was Philippe Pinel?" d. "Who was Abraham Maslow?"
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"Who was Philippe Pinel?"
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The field of _____________ is devoted to the study of just how much of personality is due to inherited traits. a. behavioral genetics b. genetic microbiology c. genomanalysis d. geometric heredity
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behavioral genetics
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According to Sigmund Freud, when you awaken in the morning and remember a dream, you recall the dream's ___________. a. latent content b. deep meaning c. surface meaning d. manifest content
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latent content
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Medication, electroconvulsive shock therapy, and psychosurgery are all types of ______. a. cognitive therapy b. behavioral therapy c. biomedical therapy d. psychoanalytic therapy
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biomedical therapy
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Ellen has been described as creative, imaginative, curious, artistic, and nonconforming. She is likely to obtain an elevated score on a questionnaire designed to measure ______________. a. extraversion b. agreeableness c. conscientiousness d. openness
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openness
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Manny has such an intense fear of flying insects that he hardly ever goes outside his house during the summer months. He is probably suffering from a ______. a. somatoform disorder b. conversion reaction c. personality disorder d. phobia
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phobia
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Each of the following is a symptom of bulimia nervosa EXCEPT ______. a. recurrent episodes of binge eating b. refusal to maintain body weight at or above minimal normal weight for age and height c. recurrent inappropriate behaviors, such as self-induced vomiting, to try and prevent weight gain d. body shape and weight excessively influencing the person's self-image
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refusal to maintain body weight at or above minimal normal weight for age and height
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Jung believed that there were two levels to the unconscious mind, the personal and the ________. a. collective b. animus c. anima d. preconscious
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collective
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Carl Rogers's person-centered approach is considered ________ because the client actually does all the real work, with the therapist merely acting as a sounding board. a. directive b. nondirective c. behavioral d. cognitive
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nondirective
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Fears of snakes, thunderstorms, darkness, and water are classified as ______ phobias. a. specific b. social c. primary d. innate
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specific
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For Freud, ideas, thoughts, and feelings of which we are currently aware are in the ______ mind. a. unconscious b. preconscious c. collective unconscious d. conscious
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concious
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A therapist is interested in helping her client get a clearer understanding of his motives and actions. This therapist is most likely to be a(n) ____________. a. action therapist b. insight therapist c. biomedical therapist d. relationship therapist
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insight therapist
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The kind of therapy that uses biological treatments such as medication, surgical methods, and electrical shock treatments to bring about changes in the person's disordered behavior is called __________________. a. psychotherapy b. biomedical therapy c. physical therapy d. electroconvulsive shock therapy
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biomedical therapy
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Skinner and Watson believed that personality is the result of: a. operant conditioning and vicarious learning. b. classical and operant conditioning and observational learning. c. observational learning and classical conditioning. d. behavioral reinforcement.
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classical and operant conditioning and observational learning
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Some drugs that combat depression work by ____________. a. increasing the amount of serotonin in the brain b. blocking dopamine receptors in the brain c. inhibiting the function of the medulla and the pons d. increasing the amount of acetylcholine in the brain
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increasing the amount of serotonin in the brain
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Which of the following is one definition of abnormal behavior? a. behavior that is rare b. behavior that is consistent with the norms of society c. behavior that does not create distress d. behavior that is adaptive
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behavior that is rare
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In Carl Rogers's theory, our perception of our abilities, behaviors, and characteristics is known as ________. a. personality b. self-regard c. self-esteem d. self-concept
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self-concept
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John and his wife are having trouble communicating and getting along with one another. Which type of therapy is most likely to help them with their problems? a. family b. individual c. self-help group d. systematic desensitization
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family
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Which of the following was not a facet of Bandura's theory of reciprocal determinism? a. feelings of inferiority b. environment c. personal/cognitive factors d. behaviors
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feelings of inferiority
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Which of the following was one of the four humors studied by Hippocrates? a. urine b. saliva c. pus d. phlegm
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phlegm
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According to Freud, the ___________ of the dream refers to the hidden, symbolic meaning of the dream, which, if correctly interpreted, reveals the unconscious conflicts that created the nervous disorder. a. manifest content b. free association c. latent content d. resistance
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latent content
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Which neurotransmitter is not implicated in the development of mood disorders? a. serotonin b. endorphins c. dopamine d. norepinephrine
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endorphins
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Family counseling is a form of ______ therapy. a. organic b. group c. self-help d. informal
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group
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Albert Bandura's notion that people are affected by their environment, but can also influence that environment, is known as __________. a. self-efficacy b. locus of control c. phenomenology d. reciprocal determinism
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reciprocal determinism
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Ellie is a graduate student in psychology at the local university. She is interested in one day specializing in the study of abnormal behavior. What area of psychology should she focus on in school? a. health psychology b. psychopathology c. psychobiology d. developmental psychology
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psychopathology
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Twin studies have shown that if one identical twin has either major depression or bipolar disorder, the chances that the other twin will develop a mood disorder are about ________ percent. a. 40 to 70 b. 10 to 25 c. 25 to 50 d. 90
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40 to 70
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According to family, twin, and adoption studies, a person is at greatest risk for developing schizophrenia _________. a. if he or she has an identical twin diagnosed with the disorder b. if he or she has a nonidentical twin diagnosed with the disorder c. if he or she has an adoptive parent diagnosed with the disorder d. if he or she has a biological parent diagnosed with the disorder
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if he or she has an identical twin diagnosed with the disorder
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Which type of therapy emphasizes people's potential for growth and the importance of an empathetic therapist? a. psychoanalytic b. person-centered c. cognitive-behavior d. cognitive
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person-centered
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Which of the following individuals would be considered a good candidate for humanistic therapy? a. Mary, who is extremely withdrawn b. Kaleem, who suffers from a severe psychotic disorder c. Pasha, who is unable to verbally express her thoughts and feelings d. Lou, who is seeking a career change
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Lou, who is seeking a career change
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What is Freud's term for the primitive, biological side of personality? a. id b. ego c. superego d. preconscious
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ego
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Anthony is sick of writing papers and studying for tests, but he knows he needs a college degree if he wants to be successful in his chosen career. So every morning Anthony gives himself a dressing down—in essence, yelling at himself—to make himself get out of bed and go to classes, and every evening he does the same thing to get himself to do his work. According to Freud, which personality structure is in control here? a. id b. ego c. unconscious d. superego
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superego
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Which method of treating phobias involves progressive relaxation and exposure to the feared object? a. extinction b. punishment c. token economy d. systematic desensitization
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systematic desensitization
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Lydia is a divorced mother who attends meetings with peers who share the same problems and stressful situations. There is no professional facilitating these meetings. What type of sessions is Lydia attending? a. individual therapy b. family therapy c. self-help group d. assertiveness training
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self-help group
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The basic goal of systematic desensitization is to ________. a. relax body muscles b. address the causes of one's fears c. relax individuals in the presence of a feared object or situation d. understand what an individual is thinking when faced with a feared object or situation
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relax individuals in the presence of a feared object or situation
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Approximately ________ out of every 1,000 people worldwide will develop schizophrenia at some point during their lives. a. 7-8 b. 12-15 c. 25-30 d. 100-110
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7-8
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When Freud referred to the sexual drive of babies and young children, to what was he really referring? a. the fact that sexual orientation is established from birth b. the fact that children focus on their bodies to give them physical pleasure c. the fact that children need to be taught about sexual morality from a very early age d. the fact that children have genitals that distinguish them as male or female from birth
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the fact that children focus on their bodies to give them physical pleasure
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After being passed up for a promotion and then getting into a heated argument with his son, a man disappears. He shows up two weeks later in another town with no memory of who he is or how he got there. He appears to be suffering from ______. a. paraphilia b. schizophrenia c. a somatoform disorder d. a dissociative disorder
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a dissociative behavior
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The term affect is used by psychologists to refer to ______. a. thought b. emotion c. behavior d. intuition
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emotion
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According to Albert Bandura, a person's belief about his or her skills and ability to perform certain behaviors is known as ________. a. self-efficacy b. locus of control c. phenomenology d. reciprocal determinism
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self-efficacy
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Which behavior therapy technique is commonly used to treat anxieties or fears? a. interpretation b. free association c. dream analysis d. exposure
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exposure
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Many have compared Freud's idea of the mind to an iceberg. If that were the case, and you were standing on the deck of a ship in Alaska, what part of the mind would you see above the water? a. ego b. anima c. id d. preconscious
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ego
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The source that a person believes to be exerting control over life's events is called ________. a. low self-esteem b. locus of control c. high self-efficacy d. an internal focus
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locus of control
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Which term was given to psychoanalysts who broke away from strict interpretation of Freud's theory and developed theories of their own that were based upon Freud's work? a. retro-Freudians b. nouveau-Freudians c. neo-Freudians d. anti-Freudians
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neo-Freudians
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People who have a(n) ______ are afraid of being evaluated in some negative way by others, so they tend to avoid situations that can be embarrassing. a. agoraphobia b. social anxiety disorder c. specific phobia d. interactive phobia
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social anxiety disorder
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Which of the following is one of the criticisms of behavior therapy? a. It focuses on the underlying cause of behavior and not the symptoms. b. Therapy typically lasts for several years and is very expensive. c. It focuses too much on the past. d. It only relieves some symptoms of schizophrenia but does not treat the overall disorder.
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it only relieves some symptoms of schizophrenia but it does not treat the overall disorder
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Willamina is interested in helping her client get a clearer understanding of his motives and actions. She is most likely to be a(n) ____________. a. action therapist b. insight therapist c. biomedical therapist d. relationship therapist
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insight therapist
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What do behavior therapists see as the cause of abnormal or undesirable behaviors? a. learning b. unconscious conflicts c. distortions in thinking d. discrepancy between the real self and ideal self
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learning
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Carolyn took home some printer paper from the office. Later, she felt guilty for stealing it, so she brought some paper to work to replace what she took. Freud would suggest that Carolyn's ________ was influencing her motives and behavior. a. id b. unconscious mind c. ego d. superego
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superego
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Which of the following statements is true about the DSM-5? a. It describes symptoms and includes a checklist of specific criteria for diagnosis. b. It lists information regarding symptoms, but does not include a checklist of criteria that must be met for diagnosis. c. It is used to diagnose medical conditions that may have an impact on mental health. d. It is used to diagnose all kinds of medical conditions.
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it describes symptoms and includes a checklist of a specific criteria for diagnosis
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False sensory perceptions that often take the form of hearing voices are called ______. a. delusions b. hallucinations c. obsessions d. compulsions
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hallucinations
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After returning from the Iraq war, Caddell was plagued by nightmares of the attacks. In addition, he avoided anything associated with the war and was hypervigilant for danger. He has been home for nearly six months, but these symptoms continue. Caddell might have ________. a. acute stress disorder b. a mood disorder c. obsessive-compulsive disorder d. post-traumatic stress disorder
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post-traumatic stress disorder
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Which psychological test asks the subject to tell a story based on a picture of one or more people in which it is unclear what is going on? a. Rorschach test b. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) c. California Psychological Inventory (CPI) d. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
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Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
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What is the most frequently diagnosed anxiety disorder in the United States? a. specific phobia b. social anxiety disorder c. post-traumatic stress disorder d. obsessive-compulsive disorder
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specific phobia
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Which neurotransmitters are most important in the development of mood disorders? a. GABA, endorphins, and serotonin b. acetylcholine, serotonin, and GABA c. dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine d. norepinephrine, acetylcholine, and serotonin
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dopamine, serotonin, and norpinephrine
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When selecting a therapist, it seems that white men and women who are of middle income _________. a. have no preference regarding the gender of the therapist b. prefer a female therapist c. prefer a male therapist d. prefer male and female co-therapists
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prefer a female therapist
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The television talks to Heidi. It tells her the police are out to get her. Because Heidi has schizophrenia, she is mostly experiencing a(n) ________. a. delusion b. flat affect c. evolution d. hallucination
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hallucination
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For Freud, the only personality structure present at birth is the ______. a. id b. ego c. superego d. preconscious
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id
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What is the name of the culture-bound syndrome that involves a period of increased agitation and violence? a. taijin-kyofu-sho b. ghost sickness c. amok d. susto
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amok
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________ is a repetitive behavior or mental act that an individual feels compelled to perform in response to an obsession. a. Bulimia nervosa b. An obsession c. A compulsion d. Rumination
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a compulsion
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Padma is extremely confident and feels that lately she needs very little sleep. In addition, she reports that her thoughts seem to be going fast—similar to watching three television shows at once. Padma most likely is experiencing ________. a. a manic episode b. a dysthymic episode c. a loss of mental control d. a psychotic break
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a manic episode
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Which of the following is a condition in which a person shows little or no emotion? a. hallucinations b. delusions c. inappropriate affect d. flat affect
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flat affect
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______________ focuses on the present and assumes that people observe the world and the people around them, make assumptions and inferences based on these observations, and then decide how to respond. a. Person-centered therapy b. Cognitive-behavioral therapy c. Behavior therapy d. Gestalt therapy
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Cognitive-behavioral therapy
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Which occupation would be especially difficult for a person who suffers from acrophobia? a. cashier b. baseball umpire c. window washer d. emergency room nurse
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window washer
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_____________ theory is called the "third force" in personality theory. a. Psychoanalytic b. Behaviorist c. Cognitive d. Humanistic
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Humanistic
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Which of the following is a characteristic of major depressive disorder? a. depressed mood that comes and goes frequently b. diminished interest in daily activities c. heightened interest in sexual activity d. an enhanced sense of creativity
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diminished interest in daily activities
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People who are attempting to become extremely thin by refusing to eat suffer from __________________. a. bulimia nervosa b. obesity phobia c. anorexia nervosa d. dissociation
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anorexia nervosa
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In which form of therapy does the therapist take a directive role, challenging clients when they make "my way or nothing" statements? a. psychoanalysis b. behavior therapy c. person-centered therapy d. rational emotive behavior therapy
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rational emotive behavior theory
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Which of the following is the appropriate definition of psychosurgery? a. information given to a patient about a surgical procedure before the surgery in order to prevent anxiety b. surgery that is performed on brain tissue to relieve or control severe psychological disorders c. surgery that severs the spinal cord of the patient d. a procedure in which a brief current of electricity is used to trigger a seizure that typically lasts one minute, causing the body to convulse
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surgery that is performed on brain tissue to relieve or control severe psychological disorders
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In any given year, about ______ percent of adults over the age of 18 suffer from a mental disorder. a. 26 b. 12 c. 33 d. 43
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26
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Which of the following is an example of subjective discomfort? a. hearing voices that no one else can hear b. worrying about everything most of the time c. feeling that one is better than everyone else d. deciding that rules are for suckers and that you don't have to obey them as long as you don't get caught
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worrying about everything most of the time
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Iram is afraid of snakes. In an effort to help him overcome his fear, his therapist has him enter a room where there are dozens of snakes and has him hold them. Iram is not permitted to leave the room until the therapy session is completed. Iram's therapist is using ______. a. systematic desensitization b. flooding c. paradoxical intent d. aversion therapy
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flooding
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_______________ formed a large part of Freud's psychoanalytic method. a. Reflection b. Empathy c. Dream interpretation d. Unconditional positive regard
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Dream interpretation
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Probably the biggest problem with personality assessments by behaviorists is the _______. a. observer effect b. subject bias c. experimenter bias d. test bias
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observer effect
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When anxiety provoking memories are prevented from reaching conscious awareness, such as not remembering lying to parents, it is called ________. a. denial b. sublimation c. repression d. regression
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repression
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Julie has a fear of riding in elevators. She is seeing a therapist who asks her to construct a hierarchy of her fears related to riding in elevators. In addition, her therapist is teaching her to relax while imagining each fear in the hierarchy. Julie's therapist is using __________. a. person-centered therapy b. rational emotive therapy c. systematic desensitization d. cognitive consistency therapy
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systematic desensitization
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An individual operating on the reality principle seeks ____________. a. immediate gratification b. perfect accomplishments c. to reveal unconscious motivations d. rational means for obtaining gratification
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immediate gratification
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Yongmei is studying for her math test. Her boyfriend Marcus asks if she can go to the movies with him. She would love to go but she knows she has to study for the math test in order to pass the class. What part of Yongmei's personality will tell her to stay home and study because passing the class is necessary for her to graduate? a. her ego, because it is the moral conscience of her personality b. her id, because studying is what she really wants to do c. her libido, because she knows her boyfriend will love her more if she studies d. her superego, because it is this part of the personality that is the moral conscience
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her superego, because it is this part of the personality that is the moral conscience
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The psychodynamic model of abnormal behavior is based on the work of ______. a. Freud b. Perls c. Rogers d. Skinner
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Freud
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________ refers to psychotherapy that is provided on the internet. a. Cybertherapy b. Participant modeling c. Virtual reality d. In-vivo exposure
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cybertherapy
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The main advantage of personality inventories over projective tests and interviews is _____________. a. inventories are standardized b. interviews are standardized c. interviews have higher validity d. There are no major differences.
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inventories are standard
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In the wake of the recent BP oil spill disaster in the Gulf of Mexico, there has been an increase in reported cases of _________. Some researchers are finding that virtual reality exposure therapy has helped with the treatment of these problems. a. posttraumatic stress disorder b. major depression c. schizophrenia d. panic disorder
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post traumatic stress disorder
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When you accept someone—faults and all—regardless of whether or not you like the individual or approve of his or her lifestyle, Rogers suggests that you are exhibiting ________. a. restraint b. unconditional positive regard c. self-editing d. genuineness
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unconditional postive regard
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Juan is so afraid of germs that he wears gloves when opening doors. He is encouraged by his therapist to imitate a person in a video who demonstrates opening a door, step-by-step, without wearing gloves. Which technique is his therapist using? a. systematic desensitization b. token economy c. participant modeling d. extinction
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participant modeling
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A person's responses to a projective test are thought to reflect ____________. a. current events b. daydreaming themes c. maladaptive patterns of behavior d. unconscious thoughts and feelings
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unconscious thoughts and feelings
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Which of the following is an advantage of person-centered therapy? a. Clients do not need to be verbal. b. There is too much empirical research about it. c. It is one of the best approaches for treating serious disorders. d. The therapist has a lower risk of having his or her words misinterpreted by the client.
answer
the therapist has a lower risk of having his or her work misinterpreted by the client
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An eating disorder characterized by eating binges followed by self-induced vomiting is called ________. a. anorexia nervosa b. bulimia c. hormone under secretion d. leptin reduction
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bulimia
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A dissociative disorder characterized by a partial or complete loss of memory for personal information that is usually associated with a stressful or emotionally traumatic experience is known as ______. a. dissociative identity disorder b. depersonalization disorder c. dissociative amnesia d. dissociative fugue
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dissociative amnesia
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Lulu sees a therapist once a week. During her therapy sessions, she discusses issues and events that have impacted her life. Her therapist helps her to understand how these events and issues have affected her. The type of therapy Lulu is seeking is called ______________. a. psychotherapy b. biomedical therapy c. physical therapy d. electroconvulsive shock therapy
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psychotherapy
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Psychoanalysis was a therapy technique designed by ______. a. Alfred Adler b. Carl Rogers c. Fritz Perls d. Sigmund Freud
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Sigmund Freud
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Tony has devised a test in which people look at clouds and talk about what they see. What type of test would psychologists call this? a. dynamic b. projective c. objective d. predictive
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projective
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Which of the following statements describes the relationship between temperament and personality? a. Temperament and personality are the exact same thing. b. Personality, which we are born with, is the basis upon which one's temperament is built. c. Temperament, which we are born with, is the basis upon which one's personality is built. d. Temperament refers to negative personal characteristics, while personality refers to positive personal characteristics.
answer
temperament, which we are born with, is the basis upon one's personality is built
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According to Rogers, which of the following people is MOST likely to become a fully functioning person? a. someone with a strongly developed superego b. someone with an extraverted personality c. someone brought up with conditional positive regard d. someone brought up with unconditional positive regard
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someone brought up with a unconditional positive regard
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Shanda is afraid of failing one of her final exams, primarily because she thinks the professor gives hard exams and so, no matter how much studying she does, it won't matter. Cognitive theorists would suggest that Shanda: a. has an external locus of control. b. has an internal locus of control. c. has an introverted personality. d. has an extraverted personality.
answer
has an external locus of control
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There were three friends. Maybe you've heard of them! Harry was rational, logical, and cunning. Hermione was rule-oriented, moral, and always ethical. Ron was pleasure seeking, found it hard to delay gratification, and usually just did what he wanted. According to Freud, Ron was mostly ___________. a. id b. ego c. superego d. libido
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id
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The police find a man who is disheveled and in a daze wandering through the downtown area. When the police ask him for his name, he seems bewildered. A search of missing persons photographs reveals that this man was reported missing three months ago in a town more than 700 miles away. The man is most likely suffering from _________. a. schizophrenia b. dissociative fugue c. dissociative amnesia d. dissociative identity disorder
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dissociative amnesia
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There were three friends. Maybe you've heard of them! Harry was rational, logical, and cunning. Hermione was rule-oriented, moral, and always ethical. Ron was pleasure seeking, found it hard to delay gratification, and usually just did what he wanted. According to Freud, Hermione was mostly ___________. a. id b. ego c. superego d. libido
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superego
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Frank and Gina are looking at an abstract painting in a museum. Gina describes objects and people she thinks she sees in the painting. Frank says, "It's a bunch of paint thrown on a canvas." Gina responds, "No, there is so much here that you just don't see." During lunch, they agree that their experience reminds them of what concept they learned in introductory psychology? a. social cognition b. trait theory c. projective testing d. the Big Five
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projective testing
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A technique for treating phobias and other stress disorders in which the person is suddenly exposed to the fear-provoking situation or object in an intense way and is prevented from making the usual avoidance or escape response is called __________. a. systematic desensitization b. flooding c. paradoxical intent d. aversive therapy
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flooding
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Someone interested in an inventory that might be helpful for making a career choice should try _______. a. the TAT b. a Rorschach test c. the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator d. the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
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the myer-briggs type indicator
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Which of the following is a legitimate hypothesis that explains why the rate of depression appears to be twice as high for women as compared to men across various cultures? a. Women seek treatment more often than men. b. Women appear to have excessive amounts of the neurotransmitter that plays a key role in depression. c. The increased divorce rate has been more traumatic to how women view themselves and their purpose in life. d. The different social roles played by women predispose them to depression.
answer
the different social roles played by women predispose them to depression
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Therapy that depends on identifying and changing distorted thinking and unrealistic beliefs is ______ therapy. a. cognitive b. psychoanalytic c. behavior d. person-centered
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cognitive
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Using Hofstede's dimensions of cultural personality, how would you describe a culture characterized by loose ties between individuals, shared activities among friends, autonomy, and equality? a. individualistic b. high in power distance c. masculine d. high in uncertainty avoidance
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individualistic
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Which of the following is a therapy based on the principles of operant conditioning? a. systematic desensitization b. flooding c. aversion therapy d. token economy
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token economy
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According to Freud, during the first 18 months of life, the dominant source of erogenous pleasure is the ______. a. genitals b. mouth c. hands d. anus
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mouth
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According to Carl Rogers, the __________ is how people think they should be. a. ideal self b. real self c. ego d. id
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ideal self
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What do humanistic and psychoanalytic theories have in common? a. They are both testable. b. They are both difficult to test. c. They both rely on stages. d. They both base much of their theory on early stressful events.
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they are both difficult to test
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Which of the following descriptions is likely to fit the quality of self-actualization? a. shy, silent, and humorless b. real self close to ideal self c. ideal self dominating real self d. superego dominating id
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real self close to ideal self
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Which of the Freudian stages of personality development begins around puberty? a. oral b. anal c. phallic d. genital
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genital
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Which of the following is a barrier to effective therapy when the cultural backgrounds of the client and therapist are different? a. language b. gender c. age d. clothing
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language
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Which pair consists of negative symptoms of schizophrenia? a. poor attention and flat affect b. blunted affect and delusions c. abolition and hallucinations d. delusions and hallucinations
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delusions and hallucinations
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Linda is afraid of cats because, when she was a little girl, a cat scared her by jumping out of her closet and onto her face. As a result of this experience, Linda learned to be afraid of cats. Which model of abnormality offers the best explanation of Linda's fear? a. cognitive b. behavioral c. sociocultural d. psychoanalytic
answer
behavioral
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According to the Consumer Reports survey, which of the following is accurate? a. Individual psychotherapy works best for every type of disorder. b. The longer a person stays in therapy, the greater the improvement. c. Overall psychotherapy without drugs is not as effective as psychotherapy with drugs. d. Group therapy is more effective than individual therapy in treating a wide range of disorders.
answer
The longer a person stays in therapy, the greater the improvement
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A famous psychologist argues that there are three factors that influence personality: environment, person, and behavior. This psychologist is most likely a ______ psychologist. a. psychodynamic b. social cognitive c. psychoanalytic d. trait
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social cognitive
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For those people in the Middle Ages who believed abnormal behavior resulted from spirit possession, the treatment of choice was ______. a. herbal cures b. "magic" potions c. exorcism d. trepanning
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exorcism
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Therapies directed at changing the disordered behavior are referred to as __________. a. action therapies b. insight therapies c. biomedical therapies d. relationship therapies
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action therapies
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Which defense mechanism figured prominently in the theory of Alfred Adler? a. repression b. compensation c. depression d. rationalization
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compensation
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__________ is a form of therapy in which clients are directed to move their eyes rapidly back and forth while thinking of a disturbing memory. a. Eye-movement desensitization reprocessing (EMDR) b. Systematic desensitization c. Eye-memory therapy d. Eye therapy
answer
eye-moement desensitization reprocessing (EMDR)
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Which of the following is one of the cognitive distortions proposed by Aaron Beck? a. selective thinking b. low frustration tolerance c. hostility and rage d. self-downing
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selective thinking
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Which of the following is a projective test? a. MMPI-2 b. 16PF c. NEO-PI-R d. Rorschach
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rorschach
question
What is the best way to describe the positive symptoms of schizophrenia? a. clearly identifiable symptoms b. a decrease in normal functioning c. an excess or distortion of normal functions d. symptoms that psychologists are certain are occurring
answer
an excess or distortion of normal functions
question
The _____________ theory of personality has its basis in the theories of learning, and focuses on the effects of environment on one's personal characteristics and actions. a. psychodynamic b. humanistic c. trait d. behaviorist
answer
behaviorist
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Fear of being in a place or situation from which escape is difficult or impossible if something should go wrong is called ______. a. agoraphobia b. a social phobia c. a specific phobia d. trypanophobia
answer
agoraphobia
question
What did Sigmund Freud believe could happen if our needs were delayed at a particular psychosexual stage? a. We could become fixated at that stage. b. We would revert to our biological predispositions. c. We would be more capable of overcoming the obstacle in adulthood. d. We could become overly dependent on the superego for future guidance.
answer
We could become fixated at that stage.
question
A type of therapy in which clients meet regularly in a group setting and discuss problems under the guidance of a single therapist is called ______ therapy. a. social b. informal c. group d. Gestalt
answer
group
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Steve's psychiatrist notes that Steve is experiencing a disruption of the usually integrated functions of consciousness, memory, and identity. Therefore, Steve most likely has a(n) ________ disorder. a. schizophrenic b. adjustment c. dissociative d. impulse-control
answer
dissociative
question
Marty is moody, manipulative, unstable, lacks a clear sense of identity, and often clings to others. He wants to have close relationships but is unable to do so because he is untrusting of others. Marty is suffering from ______ personality disorder. a. antisocial b. avoidant c. dependent d. borderline
answer
borderline
question
Ancient Greeks believed imbalances in ________ caused abnormality, while people living during the Middle Ages believed it was caused by ________. However, many contemporary psychologists try to understand psychological disorders in terms of the ________ model. a. evil; water; biopsychosocial b. behavior; evil; ecological c. bile; exposure; psychodynamic d. bodily fluids; the devil; biopsychosocial
answer
bodily fluids; the devil; biopsychosocial
question
Person-centered therapy is a type of ______ therapy. a. insight b. behavior c. cognitive d. reality
answer
insight
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Levi's therapist is using interpersonal therapy. What would be the goal of Levi's therapy sessions? a. to help Levi understand how his moods and behaviors are impacted by his relationships b. to uncover Levi's unconscious anxiety and motives c. to assist Levi in the process of self-actualization d. to address the bad thoughts that Levi is experiencing and replace them with good thoughts
answer
to help Levi understand how his moods and behaviors are impacted by his relationships
question
Which theory of personality was a direct reaction against the psychoanalytic and behaviorist perspectives? a. humanistic perspective b. trait perspective c. projective perspective d. inventory perspective
answer
humanistic perspective
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The tendency of those studying psychopathology to start seeing themselves as suffering from the illnesses being discussed is known as _____________. a. accurate self-assessment b. unnecessary worrying c. psychopathological transference d. psychology student's syndrome
answer
psychology student's syndrome
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Which model of abnormality views abnormal behavior as the result of illogical thinking? a. psychoanalytic b. cognitive c. behavioral d. biological
answer
cognitive
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Which of the following is a symptom of acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder? a. persistent reliving of the event b. an obsessive need to be close to anything associated with the trauma c. decreased arousal d. symptoms of a manic episode
answer
persistent reliving of the event
question
An advantage of group therapy is that it ___________. a. can provide help to individuals who may be unable to afford individual psychotherapy b. can be helpful to individuals who are uncomfortable in social situations c. can only be used alone and not in combination with any other form of therapy d. can be helpful to those who have difficulty speaking in public
answer
can provide help to individuals who may be unable to afford individual psychotherapy
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The use of learning techniques to modify or change undesirable behavior and increase desirable behaviors is called _______. a. behavior modification b. empty chair technique c. reflection d. selective thinking
answer
behavior modification
question
Every time Jarrad opens his cigarette case or uses his lighter, he gets a painful electric shock. Jarrad's friends and family have been asked not to give him any cigarettes or light any cigarettes for him, so he must use his own lighter if he wants to smoke. Eventually, Jarrad loses his desire to smoke, thanks to ______. a. negative transference b. behavioral contracting c. systematic desensitization d. aversion conditioning
answer
aversion conditioning
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Research on _____________ supports the hypothesis that personality differences are due in part to genetic differences. a. the heritability of traits b. peak experiences c. the use of defense mechanisms d. unconditional positive regard
answer
the heritability of traits
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________ has been used successfully in helping children who have a fear of going to the dentist, social withdrawal, obsessive-compulsive behaviors, and phobias. a. Modeling b. Transference c. Voyeurism d. Empathy
answer
modeling
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Carl Rogers believed that people question themselves and experience negative effects on their self-concept when they receive ______. a. conditional esteem b. unconditional esteem c. conditional positive regard d. unconditional positive regard
answer
conditionals positive regard
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Severe depression that comes on suddenly or seems to have no external cause is called ______. a. dysthymia b. bipolar disorder c. hypomania d. major depressive disorder
answer
major depressive disorder
question
Your teacher organizes a debate on Freudian theory. You are assigned to be on the anti-Freud side and, therefore, must point out problems in the theory. Which of the following would be a reasonable argument for you to make? a. Parents have little influence on their children's motives. b. His interpretations of what his patients told him were ambiguous. c. Defense mechanisms actually increase anxiety. d. Psychoanalytic therapy is effective for treating psychotics only.
answer
His interpretations of what his patients told him were ambiguous.
question
Dinah, a therapist, works with her clients to help them change their problematic behaviors and irrational thoughts and provide new, more adaptive behaviors and beliefs to replace old, maladaptive ones. Dinah uses what type of therapy? a. behavior therapy b. cognitive-behavior therapy c. psychoanalysis d. person-centered therapy
answer
cognitive-behavior therapy
question
From what Latin phrase is the term superego derived? a. "without morals" b. "above the rules" c. "beyond me" d. "over the self"
answer
"over the self"
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Expressing empathy, developing the discrepancies between a client's present behaviors and values, rolling with resistance, and supporting a client's self-efficacy are the four pillars of __________. a. motivational interviewing b. rational emotive therapy c. person-centered therapy d. contingency contracting
answer
motivational interviewing
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According to Freud, rationality, logical thinking, and reasoning are controlled by the ______. a. pleasure principle b. ego c. superego d. animus
answer
ego
question
Darcy is sitting at her desk in her office one day when, without warning, her heart begins racing rapidly, she has a sensation of being "out of her body," and she experiences dulled vision and hearing, rapid breathing, and sweating. She thinks she is having a heart attack. Nothing she is doing seems to have caused such an episode. Her symptoms MOST resemble ______. a. a phobic disorder b. a panic attack c. post-traumatic stress d. an affective disorder
answer
a panic attack
question
The drug ______ is used to treat depression. a. Valium b. Prozac c. Ritalin d. lithium
answer
prozac
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______ are specifically trained to use biomedical therapies. a. Family therapists b. Psychiatrists c. Counselors d. Social workers
answer
psychiatrists
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The biological model views psychological disorders as resulting from _____________. a. distorted thought patterns b. repressed memories c. underlying behavioral issues d. physiological causes
answer
physiological causes
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"If it feels good, do it" best describes the ______________. a. id b. ego c. superego d. preconscious
answer
id
question
Archaeologists have found skulls from as long ago as 3000 B.C. that bear evidence of an ancient surgical technique, in which holes were cut into the skulls of live individuals in an attempt to release demons from the possessed victim. This process is called __________. a. trephining b. drilling c. humoring d. exorcism
answer
trephining
question
Which model of abnormality holds that physical, mental, and cultural factors are intertwined and that they must all be considered when dealing with psychology disorders? a. the eclectic model b. the biopsychosocial model c. the psychophysiological model d. the Gestalt model
answer
the biopsychosocial model
question
A goal of family therapy is to ______. a. change the needs of individual family members b. improve family communication and interaction c. identify and treat the person in the family who is the source of the majority of the family's problems d. teach family members to remain neutral on sensitive issues
answer
improve family communication and interaction
question
According to Jung, the memories and behavior patterns inherited from past generations are part of the ______. a. persona b. personal unconscious c. alter-ego d. collective unconscious
answer
collective unconscious
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Fear of public speaking and stage fright are both examples of ______ phobias. a. specific b. social c. complex d. interactive
answer
social
question
Azdah's teenage son fails his mathematics exam due to lack of studying. She immediately assumes that it is her fault. Azdah is engaging in ___________. a. arbitrary inference b. selective thinking c. personalization d. minimization
answer
personalization
question
Jessie becomes furious when her favorite hockey player is intentionally hurt by an opponent. According to Freud's model of the mind, her id would unconsciously say: a. "Thou shalt not kill!" b. "I'm going to tear this program in half!" c. "What, me angry? I never get angry!" d. "I'm so angry I could kill that player!"
answer
"I'm so angry I could kill that player!"
question
One of the main differences between the psychoanalytic view and the social cognitive view is that ________________. a. the social cognitive view allows for testing, whereas the psychoanalytic view does not b. the mind is more important to the psychoanalyst than the cognitivist c. the psychoanalytic view requires feedback from clients and the social cognitive view does not d. the social cognitive view is more abstract than the psychoanalytic view
answer
the social cognitive view allows for testing, whereas the psychoanalytic view does not
question
"Oh my gosh," Sara exclaims as she leaves her biology exam. "I just KNOW that I got number 48 wrong! I just know that I'm going to fail this class." According to a cognitive psychologist, Sara is engaging in which of the following distorted thought processes? a. all-or-nothing thinking b. magnification c. overgeneralization d. minimization
answer
all-or-nothing thinking
question
As part of a fraternity initiation ritual, Saul is instructed to interrupt a school basketball game by running on the court naked while singing the nursery rhyme "Twinkle Twinkle Little Star." If Sam complies with this ritual, his behavior would best illustrate ________. a. psychosis b. distress c. disability d. social norm deviance
answer
social norm deviance
question
A disorder resulting from exposure to a major stressor, with symptoms of anxiety, nightmares, poor sleep, reliving the event, and concentration problems, lasting for more than one month, is called _________. a. acute stress disorder b. external locus of control c. catastrophic stress d. post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
answer
post-traumatic stess disorder
question
Therapies aimed mainly at understanding one's motives and actions are referred to as _________________. a. action therapies b. insight therapies c. biomedical therapies d. relationship therapies
answer
insight therapies
question
Dr. Shedrika uses a form of therapy that emphasizes revealing his clients' unconscious conflicts, urges, and desires, which he believes are the cause of his clients' disordered emotions and behavior. This therapist is most likely using ________. a. behavior therapy b. psychoanalysis c. Gestalt therapy d. systematic desensitization
answer
psychoanalyst
question
In the metaphor of the angel, the devil, and me, the angel is the ____________. a. id b. ego c. superego d. unconscious
answer
superego
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____________ therapies have had considerable success in treating bedwetting, overeating, drug addictions, and phobic reactions. a. Behavior b. Psychoanalytic c. Biomedical d. Humanistic
answer
behavior
question
Which of the following statements correctly describes the rate of PTSD among combat-exposed military personnel since 2001? a. PTSD has remained stable since 2001, since there have been no new combat experiences for soldiers since 2001. b. Since PTSD is more fully understood, PTSD has declined in soldiers due to better medications. c. The rate of PTSD has tripled since 2001. d. PTSD has increased in combat-exposed women but not in combat-exposed men since 2001.
answer
the rate of PTSD has tripled since 2001
question
Freud's refusal to believe his patients who said they were sexually molested as children is an example of _________. a. the horn effect b. unconscious motives c. interviewer bias d. the halo effect
answer
interviewer bias
question
Of the five known human sensory systems, which type of hallucination is the most common? a. visual b. tactile c. gustatory d. auditory
answer
auditory
question
What are the Big Five personality traits? a. conscientiousness, openness, agreeableness, extraversion, dominance b. openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism c. sensation seeking, conscientiousness, openness, agreeableness, dominance d. neuroticism, psychoticism, extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness
answer
openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism
question
Gary takes antipsychotic drugs to control the symptoms of schizophrenia. After taking the drug for some time, he begins exhibiting repetitive, involuntary jerks and movements of his face, lips, and legs. Gary is showing signs of _________. a. savant syndrome b. tardive dyskinesia c. a clozapine overdose d. neuroleptic malignant syndrome
answer
tardive dyskinesia
question
Kevin shows a pattern of instability in his relationships, self-image, and feelings. As such, he most likely has ________ personality disorder. a. antisocial b. borderline c. dependent d. avoidant
answer
borderline
question
You are a psychologist who is evaluating the behavior of a new client. The client tells you that he does not like to wear clothing and that he walks around nude most of the time. In addition, he tells you that he lives in a society in which clothing is required and nudity is seen as abnormal. Which of the following is NOT a criterion by which you evaluate your client's behavior as abnormal? a. statistical definition b. maladaptive c. subjective discomfort d. social norm deviance
answer
subjective discomfort
question
Which of these is an acronym that could help you remember the Big Five traits? a. START b. BEGIN c. DUNES d. OCEAN
answer
OCEAN
question
Dr. Graham listens to Maria's statements and then restates what he feels is Maria's message and describes her emotions. What type of therapy is Dr. Graham practicing? a. behavior b. cognitive c. psychoanalytic d. person-centered
answer
person-centered
question
What was the basis for Freud's development of his theory of the Oedipus conflict? a. He did not believe that the stories his female patients told about having been sexually abused by their fathers and other family members were real memories. b. He felt that we were biologically pre-wired to go through this conflict at certain ages, regardless of our surroundings or experiences. c. He felt that women, by definition, were born neurotic and the Oedipus conflict gave value to that belief. d. He observed that all women were unconsciously angry at their own children, and developed the theory of the Oedipus conflict as a result.
answer
He did not believe that the stories his female patients told about having been sexually abused by their fathers and other family members were real memories.
question
Delusions of ________ are false beliefs held by a person who is convinced that others are trying to hurt them in some way. a. persecution b. grandeur c. reference d. influence
answer
persecution
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The ego operates according to the ______. a. guilt/pride principle b. reality principle c. pleasure principle d. reflex principle
answer
reality principle
question
In which disorder does a person seem to experience at least two or more distinct personalities existing in one body? a. schizophrenia b. panic disorder c. depersonalization d. dissociative identity disorder
answer
dissociative identity disorder
question
What is a major goal of the Gestalt therapist? a. to facilitate transference b. to eliminate the client's undesirable behaviors c. to provide unconditional positive regard d. to help clients become more aware of their own feelings
answer
to help the clients become more aware of their own feelings
question
John has made a career of stealing older people's retirement money by taking advantage of their trust and selling them phony retirement investments. John explains that he has done nothing wrong—if these people were not so greedy, they would not be so eager to invest in his phony schemes. In his mind, his victims got exactly what they deserved. John's behavior and attitude are typical of someone with ______ personality disorder. a. schizoid b. schizotypal c. passive-aggressive d. antisocial
answer
antisocial
question
The ______ controls the satisfaction of the id's drives in a socially acceptable manner. a. personal unconscious b. ego c. superego d. persona
answer
ego
question
Which of the following individuals would be considered a good candidate for psychoanalysis? a. Mary, who is extremely withdrawn b. Kaleem, who suffers from a severe psychotic disorder c. Pasha, who is unable to verbally express her thoughts and feelings d. Lou, who suffers from anxiety
answer
Kaleem, who suffers from a severe psychotic disorder
question
Beck's cognitive therapy is particularly effective in the treatment of ______. a. anxiety disorders b. somatoform disorders c. schizophrenia d. depression
answer
depression
question
The most important aspect of successful psychotherapy is the __________ between client and therapist. a. therapeutic alliance b. transference c. mindfulness d. authenticity
answer
therapeutic alliance
question
____________ therapies have had considerable success in treating many types of disorders, including depression, stress disorders, anxiety disorders, and even some of the behavioral symptoms of schizophrenia. a. Humanistic b. Psychoanalytic c. Biomedical d. Cognitive and cognitive-behavioral
answer
cognitive and cognitive-behavioral
question
For Freud, thoughts and feelings that are well below the surface of awareness and cannot normally be recalled are in the ______ mind. a. unconscious b. preconscious c. collective unconscious d. conscious
answer
unconscious
question
The social or environmental setting of a person's behavior is referred to as _________. a. the situational context b. the historical context c. the cohort effect d. societal norms
answer
the situational content
question
Mei is Chinese American. She is very loyal to her family. Her sister lives with her, and she mails money back to China to her father and younger brother. Mei's way of life is typical of someone who comes from a culture that is _________. a. collectivistic b. low in power distance c. feminine d. low in uncertainty avoidance
answer
collectivistic
question
What did Raymond Cattell call the underlying traits that direct surface traits? a. source traits b. secondary traits c. background traits d. subordinate traits
answer
source traits
question
Which neo-Freudian viewed personality disturbances as resulting from the feelings of inferiority that all people share? a. Carl Jung b. Alfred Adler c. Carl Rogers d. Karen Horney
answer
Alfred Adler
question
Which of the following is an advantage of self-help groups? a. They provide access to needed medications. b. They are free. c. They are facilitated by an experienced therapist who is familiar with the group members' problems. d. They are facilitated by a person who is not familiar with the members' problems.
answer
They are facilitated by an experienced therapist who is familiar with the group members' problems.
