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criminology is the story of

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three revolutions: reason, science, and reflexivity

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three schools of criminolgy

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classical, positivist, and critical

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In early Western history, the main theory of crime was

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the demonic perspective

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The demonic perspective saw crime as

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sinful behavior, offense to God

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criminology is the study of

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crime and criminal justice

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two types of parallel criminology include

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1) positivists and classicists (mainstream) 2) critical

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positivists and classicists are associated with

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the "culture of control"

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critical criminology is associated with

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the creation of the intersection of biography and history and the struggles for human liberation and social justice

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Classical criminology emerged during

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the age of Enlightenment (mid 1700s - early 1800s)

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classical criminology builds on the idea of

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social contract

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Thomas Hobbes was a

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classical theorist

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The two main classical theorists were

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Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham

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positivist criminology doesn't focus on law and crime, but instead

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behavior and treatment should fit the criminal

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Adolphe Quetlet

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was a Belgian astronomer who was an early influential positivist, developed social mechanics, argued the many causes of crime

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Three categories of crime according to Quetlet

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accidental (wars, famine, and tsunamis), variable (personality), and constant (age, gender, occupation)

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Francis Gall

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phrenology (head shape)

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Gregor Mendel

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genetics

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Charles Darwin

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origin of species

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Benjamin Rush

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diseases of the mind

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Cesare Lombrosos

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biology

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Italian school of positivism (Lombroso's 2 students)

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Enrico Ferri and Raffaele Garofalo

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Enrico Ferri argued

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for a sociopolitical criminality that emphasized the interrelatedness of social, economical, and political factors of crime

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Garofalo argued for

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a doctrine of natural crimes

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positivists argue over the relative importance of

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nature versus nurture (heredity vs. social environment)

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This Herbert Spencer model of society was discredited

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bioevolutionary

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The newest school of criminology

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critical crimiology

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Critical criminology is concerned with

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"whose law" and "what order"

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Critical criminologists are also

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reflexive criminologists

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crime theory frequently assumes

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that criminal law is a direct reflection of consensus

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The two main theorist who exposed the myth of the neutral criminal law

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Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels

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Crime control in the U.S. can be subdivided into

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instrumental and structural models of crime and criminal control

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Richard Quinney argued that

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two kinds of crimes emerged: crimes of domination and crimes of accommodation

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Crimes of domination include

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crimes of control (acts by police, FBI, in violation of civil liberties), crimes of government (Watergate, Iran-Contragate), crimes of economic domination (corporate acts of price fixing), and crimes of social injury (racism, sexism, and economic exploitation) - necessary for capitalism to exist

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crimes of accommodation include

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predator crimes (robbing, drug dealing), personal crimes (murder, rape), crimes of resistance (protests, sabotage

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William Chambliss articulates a

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structural-contradictions theory 62

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E.A. Ross promoted the notion of

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a criminaloid

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"not really crimes" include (seven categories of crimes of the powerful)

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corporate crimes, organizational crimes, crimes of globalization, environmental crimes, financial crimes, organizational white-collar crimes, state crimes, and state-corporate crimes

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corporate crimes involves

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a range of practices that victimize employees, consumers, environment, etc

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corporate violence refers to

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acts which inflict physical and emotional suffering rather than just monetary loss

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environmental crimes

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corporations and public policies that add degradation to the environment

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crimes of globalization involve

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the superexploitation of workers in developing countries

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state crime

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the act of public officials who try to perpetuate a specific administration, exercise government power etc

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state-corporate crimes

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hybrid of state and corporate crimes working together

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race is defined by a constellation of traits including

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physical characteristics, national origin, language, culture, and religion

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Willem Bonger's 1943 study Race and Crime was written as a

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critique against the growing fascist movement in Europe and arguments about the superiority of the Nordic peoples

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A Theory of African American Offending

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tried to recognize that centuries of subordination have created a worldview about African Americans

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Peggy McIntosh developed a five stage framework that provides an overview of the ongoing process by which the fields of criminology and criminal justice

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stage 1 - the intellectual falklands - ignored female criminality stage 2 - add women and stir - deviance is seen as normal, women insisted they be included in criminology research stage 3 - enter feminism - crimes that adversely affect women more than men (domestic violence) stage 4 & 5 - an emerging whole new pie - still conceptual because women and minorities are still being studies and literature is still being created

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intersections and intersectionality

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refers to efforts to combine the analysis of class and race and gender

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radical perspective

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drew on marx's ideas about capitalism and the social relations of production (1960s & 70s)

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critical race theory assumes

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racism is an ordinary, ingrained aspect of American society that cannot be readily remedied by law, developed in late 1970s by scholars who were discontent with the slow pace of achieving racial justice

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critical race feminism

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emerged from critical race theory to address the gap between what tended to be white feminism and critical race theories focusing on men

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critical legal scholarship is used to

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analyze, challenge, and resisting the dominant myths, presuppositions, and truths that make up the mainstream culture's view of race, gender, and law

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critical white studies

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newest body of scholarship that considers what it means to be white in the u.s.

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criminal law furnishes the basis for much of criminology and criminal justice as though

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the law were objective or neutral

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criminology needs philosophical reflection on the nature of crime to

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establish its intellectual independence of the state and therefore declare its status as a social science rather than an agency of social control

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The novel Snow Crash

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set in the US that magnifies the militarization of policing and economic priveledge

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Many critical criminologists argue that criminal justice is

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about controlling the poor and keeping them in their place

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Crime often refers to _______ rather than ________.

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crime in the street/ crime in the suites

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class can be defined as

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any division of society according to status or social ranking

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Horton and Hunt define social class as

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stratum of people of similar position in the social status continuum

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_______ is ultimately the primary factor involved in motivations and opportunities to commit crime as well as in responses of the criminal justice apparatus.

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Money

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Karl Marx identified the bourgeoisie as

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those who owned the means of production - banks, factories, and businesses

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the petty bourgeoisie are those who

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don't have any ownership but occupy management or professional positions

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the proletariat are those who

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are workers who need to sell their labor to make a wage

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the surplus population is also referred to as

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the lumpenproletariat

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the term precariat refers to

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those who have a precarious financial existence because of low job security, poor pay, and paycheck to paycheck lifeestyles

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stratification

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the distribution of social goods like incomes, wealth, and prestige

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whites have about ______ times the wealth of blacks

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eight times

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political action committees

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PACs donate thousands or even millions dollars to obtain political clout.

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John Rawls argues that

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justice is the result of decisions that people would make about society from behind a veil of ignorance

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the corporation's legally defined mandate is to

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pursue, relentlessly and without exception, its own self-interest, regardless of the often harmful consequences it might cause to others

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utilitarianism of Cesar Beccaria falls under

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Classical Criminology

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instrumental marxism

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sees criminal law and the criminal justice system as capitalist instruments for controlling the lower class

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structural marxism

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based on the belief that criminal law and the criminal justice system are a means of defending and preserving the capitalist system

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class and criminology - class is related to political power making - five problems

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(1) Criminology theory has accepted how the criminal law defines crime (2) Criminology has acted as if the definition of crime is an objective statement about harm (3) Crime theory assumes that criminal law is a direct reflection of consensus (4) theories of criminal law exclude inequality as part of their explanation (5) crimes against humanity are excluded from study

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crimes of accommodation are penalized because

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they threaten the political and economic status quo

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status

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a recognized social position that an individual occupies

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Class society a ______ society with pronounced social stratification

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capitialist

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Class mobility describes the movement or shifting across ________ classes

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socio-economic

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Stratification involves the role of the CJ system and the phenomenon "The Rich Get Richer and the Poor Get Prison"

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true

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Financial assets

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—measure of usable wealth or ownership of the economic system (stocks, bonds, trusts)

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Merton argued that socially mandated goals are uniform throughout society and access to legitimate means to achieve those goals is bound by class and status

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true

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Some people have inadequate means to attain societal goals.

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true

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Modes of Social Adaptation include

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Conformity; Innovation; Ritualism; Retreatism; Rebellion

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THE UPPER CLASS: THE CORPORATE RICH .

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constitute about 0.1% of all families in the United States

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The top 1.5% of households had incomes

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exceeding $250,000 with 146,000 households

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Cultural as well as economic capital is required for

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membership in the upper class

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The class is characterized by 'doing

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Upper Middle Class

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This upper middle class consists of lawyers, physicians

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true

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In general the upper middle class carries out the mandates of

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the upper class or supports them in a variety of ways. It may provide it with cultural capital often associated with education.

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lower middle class

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These are the 'white collar' lower middle management type people, Occupations tend to be those of teacher lower level management Small business owners the largest in contemporary western societies do most of the work of the society They are often quite conservative and very active in their religious communities

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THE WORKING CLASS: SKILLED AND UNSKILLED

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seen as the backbone of America This class consists of people who build the goods that we all consume truck drivers, policeman, firefighters, steel workers and coal miners This class also includes those who have very minimal skills

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THE LOWER CLASS: THE POOR / AN UNDERCLASS?

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often seen as an underclass a group that is perpetually underprivileged often not even managing to get by characterized as having little formal education few if any marketable skills.

Class, Race, Gender & Crime – Ch. 2 & 3 – Flashcards

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