question

Which of the following terms means procedural fairness?

answer

Due process

question

Which of the following terms is defined as the principle of fairness or the ideal of moral equity?

answer

Justice

question

Public-order advocates support the interests of society over individual rights.

answer

True

question

Criminology is the scientific study of the causes and prevention of crime and the rehabilitation and punishment of offenders

answer

True

question

In the mid-1980s, the sale and use of illicit drugs was at an all-time low.

answer

False

question

The crime epidemic of 1850-1880 was related to social upheaval caused by large- scale immigration and the Civil War.

answer

True

question

The first ten amendments of the United States Constitution are collectively known as the Bill of Rights.

answer

True

question

When an offender receives a _____ sentence, they serve one sentence after another is completed.

answer

consecutive

question

Civil justice concerns itself with fairness in relationships among citizens, government agencies, and businesses in private matters.

answer

True

question

The ultimate goal of the justice system is to establish balance between _____.

answer

crime control and due process

question

The dual goals of crime control and due process are often assumed to be opposing goals.

answer

True

question

Which model assumes that the system's subcomponents work together harmoniously to achieve the social product we call justice?

answer

consensus model

question

Which stage of the criminal justice process involves taking pictures and fingerprints of the suspect?

answer

Booking

question

Which model emphasizes individual rights?

answer

due-process model

question

Which of the following advocates would support the protection of personal freedoms and civil rights?

answer

individual-rights advocates

question

The preliminary hearing is used to decide whether _____.

answer

there are reasonable grounds to believe the defendant committed the crime

question

Individual-rights advocates primarily seek to protect personal freedoms and civil rights within the society, and especially within the criminal justice process.

answer

True

question

The due process clause of the United States Constitution is specifically stated in which amendment?

answer

Fifth

question

The adjudication period involves a variety of sentences that can be imposed on a defendant.

answer

False

question

Contemporary multiculturalism and social diversity draw attention to racial, ethnic, subcultural, generational, faith, economic, and gender lines.

answer

True

question

The ________ is based on crimes reported to police.

answer

Uniform Crime Reports

question

Each of the following are UCR/NIBRS property crime offenses, EXCEPT ________.

answer

robbery

question

The weapons used most often to commit murder are ________.

answer

firearms

question

An example of a violent crime is _____.

answer

robbery

question

All of the following crimes are UCR/NIBRS Part I offenses, EXCEPT ________.

answer

drug use

question

Most hate crimes are motivated by _____.

answer

racial hatred

question

Which is not a type of larceny?

answer

armed robbery

question

Clearances are based primarily on ________.

answer

arrests

question

One of the crimes the National Crime Victimization Survey includes information about is _____.

answer

robbery

question

An incident-based reporting system that collects detailed data on every single crime occurrence is called a ________.

answer

NIBRS

question

All of the following are Part I offenses, EXCEPT ________.

answer

fraud

question

A criminal offense committed against a person, property, or society that is motivated, in whole or in part, by the offender's bias against a race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or ethnicity/national origin is called ________.

answer

hate crime

question

What type of terrorism, according to the 1996 RAND report, is distinguished by how terrorist groups organize and by how they use high technology?

answer

cyberterrorism

question

A murderer who kills at two or more locations with almost no time break between murders is a ________.

answer

spree killer

question

Which of the following agencies is responsible for compiling the NCVS?

answer

Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS)

question

Each of the following offenses falls under the category of larceny, EXCEPT ________.

answer

robbery

question

UCR/NIBRS terminology may differ from ________ definitions of crime.

answer

statutory

question

The killing of four or more victims at one location within one event is termed _____.

answer

mass murder

question

The _____ is based on victims' reports rather than on police reports.

answer

National Crime Victimization Survey

question

Any willful or malicious burning or attempt to burn, with or without intent to defraud, a dwelling house, public building, motor vehicle or aircraft, personal property of another, and so on is termed as ________.

answer

arson

question

What is the most common form of larceny?

answer

stealing motor vehicle parts

question

Which major crime is most frequently reported to the police according to the UCR/NIBRS?

answer

larceny-theft

question

Which of the following data sources asks respondents to reveal an illegal activity in which they have been involved?

answer

offender self-reports

question

The weapons most often used to commit murder are _____.

answer

firearms

question

Which of the following would not be categorized as a felony?

answer

simple assault

question

Which of the following violations is not a misdemeanor?

answer

robbery

question

Which of the following is considered as "law on the books?"

answer

statutory

question

The principle of recognizing previous decisions as precedents to guide future deliberations is called _____.

answer

stare decisis

question

Most crimes have three elements. They are ______, _________, and _______.

answer

the concurrence of act and intent, actus reus, mens rea

question

Our legal system generally does not recognize which of the following broad categories of defenses?

answer

pleadings

question

Which of the following refers to a traditional body of unwritten legal precedents created from everyday social customs, rules, and practices?

answer

common law

question

_____ is the philosophy of law.

answer

Jurisprudence

question

This is a verdict equivalent to a finding of guilty that establishes the defendant, although mentally ill, was in sufficient possession of his or her facilities to be morally blameworthy for his or her acts.

answer

guilty but mentally ill

question

What term expresses the belief that a society must be governed by established principles to maintain order?

answer

rule of law

question

Which of the following types of law is based on the assumption that acts injure not just individuals but society as a whole?

answer

criminal law

question

How many levels or types of mens rea can be distinguished?

answer

four

question

An alibi defense is best supported by _____.

answer

witnesses and documentation

question

Which of the following is a justification defense?

answer

self-defense

question

Which of the following elements of crime means guilty mind?

answer

mens rea

question

Roles within police agencies generally fall into one of two categories: _____ operations.

answer

line or staff

question

Which of the following is not a major level of law enforcement?

answer

district

question

According to the 2001 Status of Women in Policing Survey, about what percentage of U.S. law enforcement officers is female?

answer

12.7%

question

Which policing strategy reorganizes conventional patrol strategies into integrated and versatile police teams assigned to a fixed district?

answer

team policing

question

Attempts to police the early Western frontier can be characterized as _____.

answer

vigilantism

question

_____ uses research into everyday policing procedures to evaluate current policing practices and guide future policing decisions.

answer

evidence-based policing

question

Which of the following is typically not a function of a sheriff's department?

answer

appoint a local coroner

question

Alice Stebbins Wells is considered _____.

answer

the first police woman in the world

question

Which agency would not be encompassed by the term local police?

answer

state police

question

Semipermanent assignment of officers to particular neighborhoods is called _____.

answer

team policing

question

The Kansas City Preventative Patrol Experiment established that _____.

answer

preventative patrol does not affect citizen fear of crime

question

Which law enforcement official is responsible for serving court papers, maintaining security within courtrooms, and running the county jail?

answer

sheriff

question

Which strategy is designed to increase the productivity of patrol officers through the application of scientific analysis and evaluation of patrol techniques?

answer

directed patrol

question

Preventative patrol, routine incident response, emergency response, criminal investigations, problem solving, and support services _____ strategies.

answer

operational

question

What is considered the backbone of police work?

answer

patrol

question

_____ is the use of best available research on the outcomes of police work to implement guidelines and evaluate agencies, units, and officers.

answer

Evidence-based policing

question

The FBI employs about _____ special agents.

answer

13,500

question

The operational strategy known as _____ seeks to reduce chronic offending in the community.

answer

problem solving

question

The nation's largest law enforcement agency is in _____.

answer

New York

question

Which state created the first modern state police agency?

answer

Pennsylvania

question

To lawfully seize evidence _____, officers must have a legal right to be in the viewing area and must have cause to believe that the evidence is somehow associated with criminal activity.

answer

in plain view

question

A writ of certiorari _____.

answer

allows appellate courts to review the record of a lower court case

question

The courts have supported drug testing of police officers based on _____ that drug abuse is occurring.

answer

a reasonable suspicion

question

Which of the following is not a justification for emergency warrantless searches?

answer

danger to property

question

Concerning informants, which of the following is part of the test established in Aguilar v. Texas?

answer

There is reasonable belief that the informant is reliable.

question

To elicit a confession, police departments cannot hire professionals skilled in the art of psychological manipulation because of the decision in the case of _____.

answer

Leyra v. Denno

question

In Illinois v. Gates the Court held that _____ exists when "there is a fair probability that contraband or evidence of a crime will be found in a particular place."

answer

probable cause

question

Historically, officers were allowed to use deadly force to prevent the escape of a suspected felon. This was known as the _____.

answer

Fleeing Felon Rule

question

Unreasonable searches and seizures are prohibited by the _____.

answer

Fourth Amendment

question

Chimel v. California established _____.

answer

that officers can search the person arrested and the area under that person's "immediate control" incident to an arrest

question

The information gathering activity of police officers that involves the direct questioning of suspects.

answer

interrogation

question

A legal principle that excludes any evidence obtained as a result of an illegal search or seizure is known as___________.

answer

fruit of the poisoned tree doctrine

question

In _____, the U.S. Supreme Court stated that considerations of public safety can override and negate the need for rights advisement prior to limited questioning.

answer

New York v. Quarles

question

Whether the crime involves attacks against computer systems or the information they contain or more traditional offenses like murder, money laundering, trafficking, or fraud, _____ evidence is increasingly important.

answer

electronic

question

What division of a police department investigates charges that officers are guilty of wrong doing?

answer

internal affairs

question

How many regional intermediate appellate courts are there in the federal system?

answer

12

question

The U.S. Supreme Court case United States v. Bagley compels the prosecution to disclose any evidence that the _____ requests.

answer

defense

question

Which work group member has the responsibility of demonstrating to a jury that a defendant is guilty beyond a reasonable doubt?

answer

the prosecutor

question

The U.S. Supreme Court case Gideon v. Wainwright established the right to counsel for indigent defendants in _____ felony court proceedings.

answer

state

question

The power of a court to evaluate actions and decisions made by other agencies of government is _____.

answer

the power of judicial review

question

Case-flow analysis, juror management, and budget management are all duties typical of a _____.

answer

local court administrator

question

An arraignment, a bail hearing, and a trial for a felony offense are all conducted at which tier of a state court system?

answer

trial court of general jurisdiction

question

Who is responsible for summoning members of the public for jury duty and subpoenaing witnesses for the prosecution and the defense?

answer

the clerk of court

question

There is (are) _____ district court(s) in the federal court system.

answer

94

question

Courts that have the authority to review a decision made by a lower court are said to have _____.

answer

appellate jurisdiction

question

On appeal, when a trial court of general jurisdiction offers a new trial instead of a review of the lower court's decision, it is giving a _____.

answer

trial de novo

question

In which court would a felony trial be held in the federal court system?

answer

District Court

question

Which statement is false regarding the role of the judge in the courtroom work group?

answer

The judge is responsible for presenting the state's case against the defendant.

question

Who keeps order in the courtroom and announces the judge's entry to the courtroom?

answer

the bailiff

question

McNabb v. U.S. formally established that a defendant being held in custody has a right to appear in court before a magistrate _____.

answer

without unnecessary delay

question

In 2005 the U.S. Supreme Court in the case of Roper v. Simmons held that anyone who committed their crime when younger than 18 could not be sentenced _____.

answer

to death

question

What type of plea is most similar to a guilty plea?

answer

nolo contendere

question

About what percentage of state-level criminal defendants are released pending the outcome of their case?

answer

62

question

Which of the following is one of the more rational sentencing goals?

answer

deterrence

question

The 1996 Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act focuses on _____.

answer

federal appeals by death row inmates

question

When a defendant "stands mute" at her arraignment, she is considered to have entered a _____.

answer

not-guilty plea

question

Americans are less likely to support the death penalty _____.

answer

if they believe innocent people have been put to death

question

A sentence of 8 to 25 years is an example of a( n ) _____.

answer

indeterminate sentence

question

Pretrial publicity about a case creates problems for the justice system because _____.

answer

it becomes difficult to find jurors who have not already formed an opinion about the case

question

Weapons, tire tracks, and fingerprints are what type of evidence?

answer

real evidence

question

Which sentencing goal is closely associated with the phrase "an eye for an eye?"

answer

retribution

question

Which of the following is an argument in favor of indeterminate sentencing?

answer

Judicial discretion allows judges to tailor the sentence to the defendant.

question

Bail serves two purposes. One is to help ensure the reappearance of the accused at trial. The other is _____.

answer

to prevent people who have not been convicted from suffering imprisonment unnecessarily

question

Under the 2005 U.S. Supreme Court cases of U.S. v. Booker and U.S. v. Fanfan the Federal sentencing guidelines can no longer be considered _____.

answer

mandatory

question

Separating offenders from the community furthers which sentencing goal?

answer

incapacitance

question

Which sentencing goal stressed vengeance?

answer

retribution

question

The federal Speedy Trial Act allows for the dismissal of charges when the prosecution does not seek indictment within _____ days of arrest, or when a trial does not begin within 70 days after indictment.

answer

30

question

What is the earliest known rationale for punishment?

answer

retribution

question

The bail decision is made at what stage of the court process?

answer

first appearance

question

The majority of offenders housed in federal institutions have been convicted of _____.

answer

drug offenses

question

A product of inmate labor produced under the state-use system would include _____.

answer

license plates

question

Rhodes v. Chapman held that overcrowding in prisons is not by itself _____.

answer

cruel and unusual punishment

question

Federal Prison Industries, responsible for prison labor opportunities in the federal prison system, is also called _____.

answer

UNICOR

question

The _____ is a control mechanism used by correctional administrators at regular intervals throughout the day.

answer

count

question

Historically, _____ was the most widely used type of physical punishment.

answer

flogging

question

What early correctional leader developed a system of marks through which prisoners could earn credits to buy their freedom?

answer

Captain Alexander Maconochie

question

_____ capacity refers to the inmate population the institution was originally built to handle.

answer

Design

question

Who created the Irish system of imprisonment?

answer

Sir Walter Crofton

question

A significant factor that contributes to variation in incarceration rates between states is each state's _____.

answer

violent crime rate

question

A state or federal confinement facility that has custodial authority over adults sentenced to confinement is known as________.

answer

prison

question

The expression "an eye for an eye" is an example of lex talionis, the _____.

answer

law of retaliation

question

In the Federal Bureau of Prisons, medium security institutions are called _____.

answer

federal correctional institutions

question

What type of inmate labor system allows private businesses to pay to use inmate labor?

answer

contract system

question

During the early decades of the twentieth century, there was opposition to prison industries primarily because they _____.

answer

threatened the jobs of workers

question

Which type of sentence requires that offenders serve time in a local jail before a period of supervised probation?

answer

split sentence

question

Bob is sentenced to probation. The conditions of his probation include: maintain employment, possess no firearms, obey all laws, and meet with his probation officer biweekly. These are _____ conditions that apply to all probationers in the jurisdiction where he was sentenced.

answer

general

question

Parole is a correctional strategy with the primary purpose of _____.

answer

returning offenders gradually to productive lives

question

Morrissey v. Brewer provides procedural safeguards to parolees at _____ hearings.

answer

revocation

question

The _____ model of prison culture suggests that inmates bring values, roles, and behavior patterns from the outside world.

answer

importation

question

Which type of sentence requires that offenders serve weekends in jail and receive probation supervision during the week?

answer

mixed sentence

question

Which of the following statements about probation is false?

answer

Convicted murderers and rapists cannot be sentenced to probation.

question

Prison language is also called _____.

answer

prison argot

question

Discretionary parole is granted by _____.

answer

a parole board

question

The socialization of inmates into the prison subculture is called _____.

answer

prisonization

question

Who makes the release decision when an offender is sentenced to shock parole?

answer

the parole board

question

Which of the following sentences is a prisoner reentry strategy?

answer

parole

question

Researchers have described one type of prisoner who takes advantage of the positive experiences the prison has to offer as _____.

answer

an opportunist

question

Probation is ordered by the _____.

answer

court

question

Which of the following is not an advantage of using probation instead of imprisonment?

answer

increased risk to the community

question

Ex Parte Crouse, built around the doctrine of parens patriae, clarified the power states had _____.

answer

in committing children to institutions

question

_____ indicates that the juvenile court is the only court with statutory authority to deal with children for specific infractions.

answer

Exclusive jurisdiction

question

In juvenile court, a petition is similar to a _____ in adult court.

answer

criminal complaint

question

Which of the following categories of children "violate laws written only for children?"

answer

status offenders

question

McKeiver v. Pennsylvania held that juveniles do not have the constitutional right to _____.

answer

a jury trial

question

Children who are abandoned in violation of the law are considered _____.

answer

dependent children

question

If a juvenile is charged with a status offense, what is the lowest evidentiary standard that can be used by the judge to support the finding?

answer

preponderance of the evidence

question

Breed v. Jones severely restricted the conditions under which transfers from _____ may occur.

answer

juvenile to adult court

question

What category of children in the juvenile justice system includes children who are mistreated emotionally?

answer

abused children

question

What term is applied to juvenile actions or conduct in violation of criminal law?

answer

delinquency

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