CJ Final Exam – Flashcards
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Between 1991 and 2009 America experienced a 42% decrease in the national crime rate and a 70% increase in the rate of imprisonment. T/F
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T
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Most people processed through the country's jails are white. T/F
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F
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A prison is a confinement facility administered by an agency of local government. T/F
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F
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The number of privileges given to inmates continues to increase. T/F
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F
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The operational capacity of a prison is the number of inmates a prison was intended to hold when it was built. T/F
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F
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It costs an average of $14 per day to incarcerate one inmate. T/F
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F
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Whites are incarcerated at a lower rate than blacks. T/F
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T
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Design capacity refers to what the prison can accommodate according to experts. T/F
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F
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A small percentage of jail facilities, about 6%, house more than half of all jail inmates.T/F
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T
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Violent offenders cannot be incarcerated in a minimum-security facility. T/F
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F
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Inmates in maximum-security prisons are generally housed in dormitory-like settings. T/F
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F
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Women account for about what percentage of the country's jail population?
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12%
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Which Supreme Court case held that overcrowding in prisons is not by itself cruel and unusual punishment?
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Rhodes v. Chapman
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________ capacity refers to the inmate population the institution was originally built to handle.
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Design
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The use of prison chain gangs, the abolition of parole, and an emphasis on individual responsibility and punishment are aspects of the ________ model of imprisonment.
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Justice model
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What is the name of the jail strategy that joins "pod architecture" with a participative, proactive management philosophy?
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Direct Supervison
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Inmates are generally housed in dormitory-like settings and are free to walk the yard in ________-security institutions.
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Minimum
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Which of the following statements about jails is false?
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The number of males sentenced to jail is growing much faster than the number of females sentenced to jail.
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Since 1980, the prison population has
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Quadrupled
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________ capacity is the number of inmates that a facility can effectively accommodate based on an appraisal of the institution's staff, programs, and services.
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Operational
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________ incapacitation is a strategy that would imprison almost all serious offenders.
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Collective
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________ incapacitation seeks to identify the most dangerous criminals.
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Selective
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Most people sentenced to federal prison have been convicted of ________ crimes. a. white-collar
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Drug
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All death-row inmates are held in ________ prisons.
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Maximum
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The typical American prison today is
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minimum or medium custody
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How many security levels are there in the federal prison system?
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5
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The largest growth group in jails nationwide is
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Females
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Jails that are built and run using the combined resources of a variety of local jurisdictions are called
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Regional jails
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Which of the following Supreme Court cases held that correctional officers employed by a private firm are not entitled to qualified immunity from suits from prisoners?
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Richardarson v. McNight
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________ is the most secure prison ever built by the federal government.
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ADMAX Florence Colorado
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Jails have been called the ________ of the criminal justice system.
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Shame
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________ become(s) more important in direct-supervision jails, where relationships are more complex.
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Training in supervision
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The majority of this country's jail inmates are
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Members of a minority group.
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What state became the first in modern times to reinstitute the use of the prison chain gang?
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Alabama
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Which term refers to the size of the inmate population a facility can handle according to the judgment of experts?
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Rated capacity
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How many institutions are there in the federal prison system?
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103
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High-security facilities in the federal prison system are called
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U.S. penitentiaries.
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Medium- and low-security facilities in the federal prison system are called
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Federal correctional instituions
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Operational capacity is
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the number of inmates a prison can effectively accommodate based upon management considerations.
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A number of jurisdictions have begun releasing nonviolent offenders sentenced to short term confinements due to
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Lack of funding
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What is the primary force holding inmates in minimum-security prisons?
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Their own restraint
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Most states have one large ________ institution
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centrally located maximum security
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Most states use a(n) ________ system to assign inmates to custody levels.
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Classification
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Which level of security is highest within the federal prison system?
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Administrative Maximum
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Which level of prison security often has chain-link fences topped with barbed wire?
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Medium Security
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Which of the following is not a dimension that can be used to measure prison crowding?
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Prison's fiscal budget
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The United States has how many county jails?
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3,360
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Female officers working in jails are what?
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Disproportionately skewed toward jobs in the lower ranks.
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Research has shown that within six months prior to release from prison, inmates begin to demonstrate a renewed appreciation for conventional values rather than prison values. T/F
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T
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It is a myth that al-Qaeda recruits members in U.S. prisons. T/F
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F
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The U.S. Supreme Court has barred inmates from suing state prisons under the Americans with Disabilities Act. T/F
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F
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The last prison riot in America was the uprising at Attica Prison in New York in 1971. T/F
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F
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African-American women are eight times more likely than white women to be incarcerated. T/F
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T
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Sexual aggressors in prison have themselves suffered much damage to their masculinity in the past. T/F
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T
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Two-thirds of incarcerated women have minor children. T/F
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T
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Research indicates that prison subcultures have been stable over time despite changes in the wider culture. T/F
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F
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The aftereffects of a sexual assault in prison are short-term. T/F
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F
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Fewer incarcerated women than men have been sexually or physically abused before they are incarcerated. T/F
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F
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Most sexual aggressors in prison consider themselves homosexuals. T/F
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F
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Some authors have suggested that violence in women's prisons occurs less often than in men's prisons. T/F
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T
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A prisoner's mail can be banned if the ban is reasonably related to legitimate penological interests. T/F
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T
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The primary concern of correctional officers today is the effective rehabilitation of inmates. T/F
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F
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Like inmates, correctional officers are socialized into the official and unofficial rules of prison society. T/F
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T
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Few women's prisons have programs specifically designed for female offenders. T/F
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T
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Inmates have a reasonable expectation of privacy in their cells under the Fourth Amendment. T/F
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F
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Prison language is also called
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Convict talk
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An enclosed facility separated from society both socially and physically, where the inhabitants share all aspects of their daily lives is called a(n)
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Total institution
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The socialization of inmates into the prison subculture is called
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Prisonization
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. In 2009, the Justice Department reported finding ________ state and federal inmates infected with the HIV virus.
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21,987
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The ________ model of prison culture suggests that inmates bring values, roles, and behavioral patterns from the outside world.
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Importation
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John Irwin described the lifestyle of an inmate who takes advantage of the positive experiences the prison has to offer as an
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Opportunist
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In The Society of Captives, Gresham Sykes described the pains of imprisonment, or the ________ prisoners experience.
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Deprivations
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Which of the following terms is prison slang for an informant?
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A rat
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Which Supreme Court case provided a balancing test as the guideline for most inmate rights cases?
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Pell v. Procunier
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In regard to religious freedom, the government shall not impose __________ on the religious exercise of the prisoner.
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Substantial bürden
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A career offender, who is generally supportive of inmates' values in a women's prison, is called
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Cool
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Many sexual aggressors in prison participate in gang rapes...
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To avoid becoming victims themselves
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Which Supreme Court case provided inmates with appropriate due process before disciplinary actions by prison officials could be brought against the inmates?
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Wollf v. McDonnell
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Within a few years following the end of the hands-off doctrine, ________ intervened in the running of prisons in numerous states.
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Federal courts
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The 10 years between 1970 and 1980 have been called the ________ of prison riots.
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Explosive Decade
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What word describes aggressive men who assume the masculine role in homosexual relations in male prisons?
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Wolf
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Prisoners rights, because they are constrained by the legitimate needs of imprisonment _________.
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can be thought of as conditional.
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The ________ is the type of prisoner who thinks of prison as home and feels more comfortable institutionalized than on the streets.
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Colonizer
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Which type of prisoners picture themselves as political prisoners?
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Radicals
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"Rookie" correctional officers learn through socialization that
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the ideals of professionalism stressed in training are rarely translated into reality.
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The majority of women who are in prison or jail are there for
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Non-violent drug and property crimes.
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Which of the following is not a cause of prison riots?
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Multiple treatment opportunities for inmates
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The Sentencing Project says that ________ American citizens across the nation are barred from voting because of previous felony convictions.
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3.9 million
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Which state has the largest number of female prisoners?
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Texas
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Of the women entering prisons, ________ % are mothers.
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80
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Streetwise, young women with little respect for traditional prison values are called
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Crack kids
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________ among female inmates is very high.
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Substance abuse
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. Rhodes v. Chapman dealt with which inmate issue?
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Double celling
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Challenges to prison conditions by inmates, which are brought under the Eighth Amendment, must show _________ by the officials responsible for the conditions.
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deliberate indifference
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Suits to formally request a hearing to determine the lawfulness of imprisonment are generally called
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writs of habeas corpus.
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A wanton disregard by corrections personnel for the well-being of inmates is called
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Recklessness
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A(n) ________ is a formalized arrangement, usually involving a neutral hearing board, whereby inmates have the opportunity to register complaints about the conditions of their confinement.
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Grievience procédure
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. Civil death refers to
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inmates denied the opportunity to vote, hold public office, or enter into contracts.
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When examining the quality of medical treatment provided to inmates, courts attempt to identify a
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"deliberate indifference" on the part of the staff.
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Which act of Congress reduced the number of suits brought by state prisoners in federal courts?
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Prison Litigation Reform Act
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Correctional systems can prevent the transmission of AIDS through
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Education
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Government agencies that function to investigate, supervise, adjudicate, care for, or confine youthful offenders and other children subject to the jurisdiction of the juvenile court are called
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Juvenile justice system
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The juvenile system is more likely to maximize the use of discretion and ________ than the adult system.
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Employ diversion from further formal processing
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The document filed in juvenile court alleging that a juvenile is a delinquent is called a(n)
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Petition
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A child who has no parents or whose parents are unable to care for him or her is called a(n)
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Dependent child
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Children who purchase cigarettes, buy alcohol, and are truant are
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status offenders
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If a juvenile's case is going to be transferred to adult court, it must be transferred
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after intake, but before the adjudicatory hearing.
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The federal Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974 requires states accepting federal funds for their juvenile justice systems to agree to separate juvenile prisoners from adult prisoners by "sight and sound" and to
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deinstitutionalize status offenders.
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In the context of juvenile justice, DMC has come to mean
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disproportionate minority confinement.
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. If the first court a juvenile case appears in is a juvenile court, the juvenile court is said to have ________ jurisdiction.
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original
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It is unclear whether
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juveniles can waive their Miranda rights
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Most states consider a child who is forced into delinquent behavior to be a(n) ________ child.
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abused
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Mary, a juvenile, breaks into Bob's apartment and steals his TV. Mary is a(n) ____ child.
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delinquent
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The 1967 Arizona case that granted juveniles many of the due process protections enjoyed by adults, including the right to counsel, was
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In re Gualt
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The child-savers movement of the nineteenth century produced the
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Reform school
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A common law principle that allows the state to assume a parental role and to take custody of a child when he or she is in need, of care the natural parents are unwilling or unable to provide,
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parents parents patriae
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Under Roman law, the ______ had absolute control over the child.
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the father
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In juvenile court, a petition is similar to a ________ in adult court.
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Criminal complaint
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Transfer hearings are held in
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Juvenile court
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The fact-finding process wherein the juvenile court determines whether there is sufficient evidence to sustain the allegations in a petition is called (a)n
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Adjudicatory hearing
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In the face of strong evidence of the offender's guilt, a juvenile court judge may
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still decide it is not in the child's best interest to be adjudicated delinquent.
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Teen court is an alternative approach to juvenile justice in which alleged offenders are judged and/or sentenced by a
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Jury of their peers.
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What is the final stage in a juvenile case?
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Dispositional hearing
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A juvenile court disposition that imposes both a juvenile sanction and ________ is known as blended sentencing.
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Adult criminal sentence
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In 2007, California passed a law that required that juveniles charged with all but the most serious felonies be adjudicated and supervised
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Within their country of residence
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Juvenile courts across the country are becoming increasingly similar to ________ courts.
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Adult criminal
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