Civil Rights Movement and Free Speech Movement – Flashcards
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Brown v. Board of Education
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May 17th, 1954 supreme court ruled unanimously that segregation in public schools in unconstitutional. (overturned Plessy v. Ferguson) This ruling paved the way for large scale desegregation. Thurgood Marshall led this case to victory.
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Doll Test
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Performing the doll test made the strongest statement in the Brown v. Board of Education verdict. In this test young white and black girls were given two dolls, one white and one black, both dolls looked exactly the same with the difference of only their skin color. When scientists asked the girls what they thought of the dolls both black and white girls associated only good things with the white doll and bad things with the black doll.
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Thurgood Marshall
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National Association of Advancement of colored people member (NAACP), law graduate of Howard university, and later appointed as the first black man in the supreme court by president Lyndon B. Johnson.
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How did the Whites react to Brown v. Board?
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They shut down public schools and opened up private christian institutions, finding a loophole to justice once again.
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August of 1955
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14 year old Emmett Till is kidnaped, savagely murdered, and thrown into a river while visiting his family in Mississippi for allegedly whistling at a white woman.
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J.W. Milam and Roy Barnett
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Murderers of Emmett Till. On court day the killers are unjustly acquitted by an all white jury and set free. Later, the two southern white men boasted about the murder in Look magazine. This sparked rage in the black community and civil rights supporters.
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Rosa Parks
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Member of NAACP. On December 1st, 1955 rosa parks was on her bus route home when she refused the give up her seat to a white passenger. She had to be escorted off the bus by police. Although she was not the first to do so, the Montgomery black community launched the bus boycott in response to her arrest.
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Bus Boycott
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4 days after Parks arrest on December 5th, 1955 90% of Montgomery's black citizens stayed off the bus. On December 8th the MIA issued a list of demands: First come first serve seating, black seating from the rear and white seating from the front, and black bus operators for predominately black routes. 13 month mass protest
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Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA)
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Conjured at meeting about the bus boycott with martin luther king named president.
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The Women's Political Council (WIP)
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Trying to find a way to fight the Jim Crow Laws, Saw Rosa Parks on the news and wanted a hand in the action. This struck the 13-month mass protest. Announced that buss boycott should start 4 days after Parks' arrest.
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June 5th, 1956
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The Federal district court ruled that the bus segregation was unconstitutional
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Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
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In 1957 just after the bus boycott came to a close the SCLC was formed by Martin Luther King and Fred L. Shuttlesworth in aim to advance the cause of civil rights in american in a non-violent manner.
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The Little Rock Nine
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In september of 1957 Orval Faubus's district Little Rock, Arkansas began to exercise the right of separate but equal in not equal, the ruling of Brown v. Board case, and intergrates 9 black students into Central High school with over 2,000 white students. The 9 students were greeted with a copious amount of threats and violence. A young jewish boy who attended the school saw the violence and alerted the papers.
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Eisenhower's reaction to the little rock nine
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When President Eisenhower got wind of the situation sent in 1,200 of the hundred first airborne and forces desegregation. This marks the first time in 80 years federal troops have been sent into the south.
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What happened in Central Highschool after the Little Rock Nine?
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In september student Mini Jean Brown, one of the nine black students, did not complete her year due to a fight with a poor black girl. Later the school had 52% black students, 42 % white students, and 5% other attending causing extreme chaos within the town. The white southerners began pulling their students out of school, the classrooms were self segregated, and tensions were at an all time high within the town.
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Lunch Counter Sit-ins
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February 1st, 1960 four black students from North Carolina agricultural technical college walk into a Woolsworth's in their sunday best and sat at the segregated lunch counter. They were refused service and asked to leave. They then remained in their seats until the restaurant closed. This ignited a youth led movement to challenge inequality.
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Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
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Founded in April of 1960 at Shaw University, providing young black with a place in civil rights movement.
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Freedom Riders
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On May 4th 1961 students began taking bus trips through the south to test out the new laws that prohibit segregation in interstate travel facilities. This was overseen by CORE. The first freedom ride consisted of 7 blacks and 6 whites that left Washington DC on two different public buses bound for the deep south.
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Boynton v. Virginia (1960)
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Declared segregation in interstate bus and railroad station unconstitutional.
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Why was CORE pressured to keep the Freedom Rides going?
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The CORE leader were pressured to keep the freedom rides going because the fear of letting violence end the trip would send the wrong message.
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James Meredith
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October 1st, 1962 becomes the first black student to enroll at the University of Mississippi. President kenedy sends out 5,000 federal troops because of mobs and riots.
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Civil Rights protest in Birmingham Alabama
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May of 1963 a civil rights protest was brutally attacked by city locals. This protest was ran by the SCLC. Took place because Birmingham Alabama was one of the most radically divided cities in the south.
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Bull Conor
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Southerner. Sheriff of Birmingham Alabama. Used fire hoses and police dogs on black demonstrators to show these acts won't be tolerated in the segregated city during a civil rights protest.
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The Birmingham Campaign
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Model of direct action protest, as it effectively shut down the city,and through the media, drew the worlds attention to racial segregation in the south. It burnished king's reputation, ousted Connor from his job and forced desegragation in Birmingham. Paved the way for the civil rights act of 1964
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Civil Rights Act of 1964
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Prohibited racial discrimination in hiring practices and public services in the united states. Enacted on July 2nd. Landmark piece of civil rights legislation. This law outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. It ended unequal application of voter registration requirements and racial segregation in schools, at the workplace, and by facilities that served the general public. This act was signed into law by president Lyndon B. Johnson.
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Title 6
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Authorized government to cut off funding to any public intitusion if it still discriminates
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Title 7
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Set up equal employment opportunities commission (EEOC) july 1st, 1965. headed by FDR jr.
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Fair housing Act
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The federal law that prohibits discrimination in housing based on race, color, religion, sex, handicap, familial status, and national origin. Passed in 1968 by Lyndon B. Johnson
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Lyndon B. Johnson
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1963-1969, Democrat. Crusader of civil rights and crucial within this time.
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Free Speech Movement
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led by Mario Savio it protested on behalf of students rights. It spread to colleges throughought the country discussing unpopular faculty tenure decisions, dress codes, dormitory regulations, and appearances by Johnson administration officials. Held at U.C. Berkley
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Vietnam War
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a prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the non-communist armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States
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why did the free speech movement begin?
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From the 1930s onward, largely in response to fears generated by Communism, the University-wide administration imposed numerous rules designed to keep politics off of all the University campuses. The free speech movement was spurred by the high influx college bound students that resulted from the baby boom. Half the students who graduated high school went to college. Educational institutions became very impersonal because of the amount of students accepted.
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Why did the Free Speech Movement begin? (pt. 2) Feelings of the students
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Alienation of the student (just #). Parents don't practice what they preach. Society based on own abilities. When growing up the children saw injustices. They though "you say one thing and do another" Sick of parents dishonesty, going to be honest with each other. "Practice what our parents preached"
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Barry Goldwater
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1964; Republican contender against LBJ for presidency; platform included lessening federal involvement, therefore opposing Civil Rights Act of 1964; lost by largest margin in history slogan was "In your heart you know he's right" made mockery with slogan "In your guts you know he's nuts" Starts great white switch
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Why did the 2nd reconstruction work?
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Television, Filming from soviet union. *important* filming of January 18th. Selma Alabama.
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Selma Alabama
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"I'm going to bring a voting rights act to Selma Alabama"- martin luther king said at the king albert hotel. He chose Slema, Albama because it was 90% black, but the black vote was 1%. Martin luther king and Ralph Abennethy led the march. Northern newspapers showed pictures of cops holding cattle prods and shotguns.
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Bloody Sunday
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March 7th, 1965, sunday, the southerner whites came with guns, made, dogs, and fire hoses, to stop the campaign going on in the streets of slema. This was broadcasted on television. Because of this the u.s. citizens felt as if they could compare themselves to the nazi's. Needed to end.
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Mario Savio
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1964; student leader of activism on Berkely's UC campus who founded the Free Speech Movement to protest the University's ban on political activity and other grievances such as research for the military-industrial complex, compulsory ROTC, dress codes, etc.; demonstration of increasing youth involvement in politics
