Civics & Economics EOC review – Flashcards
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Manga Carta
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English document drawn up by nobles to limit the kings power. Influenced later constitutional documents in Britain and America
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John Locke
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English philosopher and leader of the enlightenment, promoted natural rights and spoke about the invisible hand
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Montesquieu
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Political philosopher who lived during the Enlightenment. Famous for his articulation of the separation of powers
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Rousseau
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Political philosopher who influenced the French revolution. Wrote the social contract
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House of Burgesses
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Formed the first legislative body in colonial America. Example of representative democracy
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Mayflower Compact
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The first agreement for self government in America. Signed by 41 men on the mayflower and set up a government for Plymouth colony. Example of direct democracy
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Mercantilism
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Possession of colonies provided mother countries with raw materials and markets to sell their goods in. Great Britain exported goods and forced the colonies to buy them so Great Britain would have more money
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Long term causes of the revolutionary war
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Discontent with foreign rule from Great Britain, mercantilism, want of self government, to gain self liberties, no taxation without representation
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Short term causes of revolutionary war
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"Shot heard round the world", Thomas paints common sense, Declaration of Independence
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Declaration of Independence
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1776, signed on the 4th of July by second continental congress. Ended the colonies dependence and ties with Great Britain. Listed complaints about King George III
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Articles of confederation
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First attempt at the constitution in the colonies. Gave most power to the states because the people were scared of a powerful central government. Had many weaknesses because federal government had no power.
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Taxes, national military, judicial branch
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Things not listed in Articles of Confederation
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Great Compromise
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Settled the differences between the New Jersey Plan and Virginia Plan. Created bicameral legislature
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New Jersey Plan
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Wanted representation to be equal
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Virginia plan
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Wanted representation to be based on population
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3/5ths compromise
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To count population for representation in the House. Slaves count as 3/5ths a person or every 5 slaves count as 3 people.
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Federalists
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Supported the constitution; wanted a strong central government
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Anti Federalist
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Against the constitution; wanted strong state governments and a weak central government; wanted a bill of rights
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Principals of the Constitution
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Popular sovereignty, federalism, separation of powers, checks and balances, limited government, and flexibility
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Legislative Branch
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Congress, makes laws, Article 1
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Executive Branch
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President & VP, enforces laws; article 2
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Judicial Branch
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Courts, interpret laws, article 3
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Bill of Rights
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First 10 amendments of the constitution that gave the citizens their basic rights and freedoms. Added to get the anti federalist to ratify the constitution
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15th amendment
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Give African American men the right to vote
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19th amendment
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Gave women the right to vote
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23rd amendment
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Gave residences of the District of Columbia the right to vote in presidential elections
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24th amendment
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Abolished the poll tax
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26th amendment t
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Gave 18 yr olds the right to vote
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13th amendment
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Abolished slavery
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14th amendment
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Defined citizenship
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15th amendment
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Gave African Americans the right to vote
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Impeachment
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Accusing high ranking government officials of serious wrongdoing while in office. Senate acts as jury
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Judicial review
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The Supreme Courts power to overturn my law that decided is in conflict with the constitution
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Marbury v Madison
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Judicial review
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Plessy v ferguson
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Separate but not equal
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Brown v board of Eduction
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Separate is not equal,
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Gideon v wainwright
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Citizens have the right to an attorney
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Miranda v Arizona
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Must be read your rights when arrested
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Roe v wade
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Abortion is legal
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Texas v Johnson
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Flag burning is legal
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Tinker v Des Moines
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Students are allowed to protest silently
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Charlotte v Mecklenburg
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Allowed schools to use busing to racially balance schools
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Mapp v Ohio
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Evidence taken illegally can't be used in court
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McCullouch v Maryland
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States cannot tax national government
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Gibbons v Ogdon
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National government has power of interstate commerce
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States rights
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A concept used to defend state law that the federal government seeks to override
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Government revenue
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Money the government collects such as taxes, fines, bonds, or user fees
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Government agencies
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Conservation if natural resources, immigration, crime control drug prevention, health and human resources, national security, transportation
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NC General Assembly
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State legislative branch, makes laws
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City Council
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Local legislative branch, also known as county commissioners, make local laws
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Governor & Lt governor
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Enforce and carry out state laws, state executive branch
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Mayor
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Enforce and carry out local laws, local executive branch
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NC state Supreme, Appeal, Superior, and District court
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Interpret laws
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Charters
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Document giving permission to create a government and providing a plan as how that government should work
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Types of local government
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County, city, special districts, townships, metropolis
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Leandro v NC
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Students have the right to a Sound and basic education
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One party system
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One political party controls the government (communism)
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Two party system
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Two main political parties compete of government positions
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Multiparty system
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Three or more political parties compete for government positions
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Primary election
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Members from the same party select candidates to run in the general election
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General election
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Voters make a final decision about candidates or issues
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Recall election
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Voters can remove elected officials from office
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Referendum
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Approve or disagree with government law
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Initiative
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Citizens come up with their own laws, petition signed by citizens, proposition goes to ballot
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Private and Public funding
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Money is raised to pay for the campaign
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Canvassing
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Going door to door asking to vote for a candidate
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Endorsement
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Publicly declaring ones support for a candidate
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Propaganda
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Messages that are meant to influence the peoples votes
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Interest groups
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People who work together for similar interest or goals
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PACS
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Political Action Committees promote it's members interest in state and national politics
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Electoral College
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A group made of electors from each state who vote for presidents candidates
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Mass Media and Public Opinion
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TV, newspapers, magazines, and internet influence public opinion
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Rights
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What you are allowed to do
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Duties
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What you are required to do
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Responsibilities
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What you should do
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Mediation
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Using a 3rd party to come to a conclusion
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Arbitration
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Using a third party to make a legal decision
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Federal courts
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District courts, us court appeals, us Supreme Court
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Original jurisdiction
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Courts authority to hear a case first
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Appellate jurisdiction
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A courts authority to hear an appeal of desk ion by another court
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Concurrent jurisdiction
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A courts authority to hear a case is shared with another court
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Exclusive jurisdiction
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A courts authority to hear a case is not shared with another court
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Criminal law
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Group of laws that tell which acts are crimes , how accused persons should be tried in court, how crimes should be punished
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Civil law
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Groups of laws that help settle agreements between people
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Judicial independence
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The idea that judges are independent of the people
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Hung jury
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A jury that cannot make a unanimous decision
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Plea bargain
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The way most cases end in the US criminal courts. Means the person pleas to a lower crime for lesser punishment
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The legislative process
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How a bill becomes a law
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Town meeting
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Legislative assembly for qualified voters of a town
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Annexation
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When a town or city takes over more land area and makes them part of the city/town
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Zoning
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Local rules that divide a community into areas and tell how the land can or cannot be used
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Standing committees
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Permanent committees there from session to session
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Joint committee
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Permanent committees that have members from both the house and senate
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Select committees
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Committees in one house created for a special purpose and a limited amount of time
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Conference committees
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Committees that have members from both the house and senate, created for special purposes, usually to discuss legislation
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Common law
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A body of law based on custom
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Administrative law
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Laws that help settle disagreements between people
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Constitutional law
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A law derived from the constitution
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International law
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A law governing the relationship among different countries
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Criminal trial proscess
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Arrest preliminary hearing, arraignment, trial, acquittal
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FBI
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Federal Bureau of Investigation
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SBI
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State bureau of investigation
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FCC
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Federal Communications Commission
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CSPC
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Consumer Safety Product Commission
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FDA
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Food and Drug Administration
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Natural resources
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Found in nature
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Labor
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People who do both physical and mental work
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Capital
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Machines and materials
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Entrepreneur
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Persons who start new businesses
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Scarcity
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Not having enough resources
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Trade offs
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The alternative you face if you decide to do one thing rather than another
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Opportunity cost
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The cost of the next best use of time and money when choosing to do one thing rather than another
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Law of diminishing returns
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The tendency for utility one receives from a good or service to decline with more use or exposure
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Marginal utility
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The additional gain a consumer gets from purchasing one or more unit
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Productivity
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The degree to which resources are being used efficiently to produce goods or services
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Specialization
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When people or businesses only focus on goods or services that they can produce better than others
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Divisions of labor
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Breaking down a job into smaller tasks to be done individually
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Needs
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Requirements of survival
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Wants
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Things we desire
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Command economy
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An economic system in which the major decision are made by the government
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Market economy
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An economic system in which individuals own factors of production
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Mixed economy
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An economic system combining the characteristics of more than one type of economy
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Traditional economy
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An economic system in which the decisions are based on tradition
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Economics
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The study of how we make decisions in the world
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What, how, for whom
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3 economic questions
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Free enterprise system
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Economic system where individuals and businesses are allowed to compete for profit with minimum government interference
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Circular flow model
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Shows the input and output of production of the main sectors in the economy
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Supply
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The amount of goods and services that producers are able and willing to sell at various prices
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Law of supply
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Price and supply move in the same direction
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Demand
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Desire to buy a good
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Law of demand
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Price and demand move in opposite directions
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Wages
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Payment for labor or services
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Salary
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Fixed amount of income for compensation for work
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Surplus
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Quantity supplied is greater than quantity demanded
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Shortage
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Quantity demanded is greater than quantity supplied
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Competition
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Struggle between buyers and sellers to get the best products at the lowest prices
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Sole proprietorship
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Business owned by a single person
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Partnership
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Business owned by 2 or more people
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Corporation
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Type of business organization owned by many people through stocks
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Labor unions
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Associations of workers organized to improve wages
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Investments
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The purchase of goods that will be used or have monetary gain in the future
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Business cycle
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All business go through periods of growth and decline
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Economic indicators
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GDP, CPI, Stock market
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GDP
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Total market value of all goods and services produced
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Government Regulation
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Legal regulations placed by the government agencies enforced by a threat or fine
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Downsizing
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When a business becomes smaller by reducing employees
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Tariffs
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Tax on imported goods
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NAVFTA
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North American free trade agreement
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WTO
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World trade organization
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Federal reserve system
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US banking system made up of 12 banks
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National debt
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Debt acquired by the federal government by borrowing money
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Inflation
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Increase in prices, dollar value decreases
