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House of Burgesses

answer

first representative legislative body in the New World; assembly of Virginia

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Lord Baltimore

answer

Founded the colony of Maryland and offered religious freedom to all Christian colonists. He did so because he knew that members of his own religion (Catholicism) would be a minority in the colony.

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James Olgethorpe

answer

founded Georgia, which became a haven for debtors.

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civics

answer

The study of the rights and duties of citizens

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indentured servants

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people who had others pay their way, and gave up their head right, and gave 5-7 years of labor to their benefactor

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government

answer

the ruling authority of a community, organization that has the power to make and enforce laws

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Puritans

answer

A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1629.

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democracy

answer

a form of government in which the supreme authority rests with the people

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illegal immigrants

answer

those residing in the US without permission from the government

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citizen

answer

a member of a state or nation who owes allegiance to it by birth or naturalization and is entitled to full civil rights

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duty

answer

an action required by law

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responsibility

answer

an action that citizens should take

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Civil Immigration Services

answer

agency responsible fore the naturalization process

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e pluribus unum

answer

Latin phrase means "out of many, one" and is used to show that the US is a nation of immigrants

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immigrant

answer

a person who comes into a country to live there legal alien - legally admitted as a permanent resident

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John Locke

answer

English empiricist philosopher who developed the social contract theory

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social contract theory

answer

the theory implying that people give up some rights in order to receive or jointly preserve social order.(Locke)

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federalism

answer

a form of government in which power is divided between the federal, or national, government and the states

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representative democracy

answer

a government in which citizens choose a smaller group to govern on their behalf (USA form)

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direct democracy

answer

kind of democracy in which citizens vote on each matter proposed to the government (not the US form)

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triangle trade

answer

A trade route which exchanged goods between the West Indies, the American colonies, and West Africa.

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Middle Passage

answer

the brutal journey of slaves from Africa to the Americas, so called because it was the middle portion of the triangular trade route

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Jamestown

answer

first permanent English settlement, located near the Chesapeake Bay

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Roger Williams

answer

A dissenter who clashed with the Massachusetts Puritans over separation of church and state and was banished in 1636, after which he founded the colony of Rhode Island to the south

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Massachusetts Bay Colony

answer

Colony founded by Puritans in 1630

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John Winthrop

answer

As governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, Winthrop (1588-1649) was instrumental in forming the colony's government and shaping its legislative policy. He envisioned the colony, centered in present-day Boston, as a "city upon a hill" from which Puritans would spread religious righteousness throughout the world.

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John Smith

answer

Helped found and govern Jamestown. His leadership and strict discipline helped the Virginia colony get through the difficult first winter.

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Mayflower Compact

answer

document that helped establish the practice of self-government in the co

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City upon a hill

answer

John Winthrop use this to describe the new colony belonging to the Puritans

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Magna Carta

answer

This document was signed by King John in 1215. It was the first document that limited the power of the government.

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Middle Colonies

answer

New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware

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Southern Colonies

answer

Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia

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Northern Colonies

answer

Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island; most diverse

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oligarchy

answer

"leadership of the few"; a form of government in which the full exercise of political rights and power in a city-state was limited to the affluent ... many of them were aristocrats. In the 5th century BC, Sparta was the leading proponent of oligarchy.

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theocracy

answer

government run by religious leaders

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totalitarianism

answer

government control over every aspect of public and private life

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Anne Hutchinson

answer

Puritan dissenter banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony who fled to Rhode Island in 1638

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New England Town meetings

answer

Democratic style of government. Towns and cities grew around gathering places, and allowed mass participation in politics.

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Maryland Toleration Act

answer

Act that was passed in Maryland that guaranteed toleration to all Christians, including Catholics; Though it did not sanction much tolerance, the act was the first seed that would sprout into the first amendment, granting religious freedom to all.

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John Peter Zenger Case

answer

He was jailed for questioning the governor of New York. His case influenced freedom of speech and freedom of press.

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Bacon's Rebellion

answer

an uprising in 1676 in the Virginia Colony, led by Nathaniel Bacon. It was the first rebellion in the American colonies in which discontented frontiersmen took part; a similar uprising in Maryland occurred later that year. The uprising was a protest against the governor of Virginia, William Berkeley

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Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

answer

This document was the first written constitution in the American colonies. It was prepared as the covenant for the new Puritan community.

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English Bill of Rights

answer

a shift of political power from the British monarchy to Parliament

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Salutary neglect

answer

An English policy of non-enforcement of trade regulations

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mercantilism

answer

Exploitation of the colonies for the benefit of the mother country. Trade restrictions were placed on the colonies by Great Britain.

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imperialism

answer

a policy of extending your rule over foreign countries

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bill of attainder

answer

a law that punishes a person accused of a crime without a trial or a fair hearing in court

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plank

answer

an endorsed policy in the platform of a political party

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platform

answer

a document stating the aims and principles of a political party

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intolerable acts

answer

in response to Boston Tea Party, 4 acts passed in 1774, Port of Boston closed, reduced power of assemblies in colonies, permitted royal officers to be tried elsewhere, provided for quartering of troop's in barns and empty houses

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declaration of independence

answer

the document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain

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Albany plan of union

answer

proposal by Benjamin Franklin to create one government for the 13 colonies

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Shays rebellion

answer

this conflict in Massachusetts caused many to criticize the Articles of Confederation and admit the weak central government was not working; uprising led by Daniel Shays in an effort to prevent courts from foreclosing on the farms of those who could not pay the taxes

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popular sovereignty

answer

people hold the final authority in all matters of government

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federalist

answer

Supporters of the Constitution

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anti-federalist

answer

a person who opposed a strong national government

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Great compromise

answer

the agreement of the virginia and new jersey plans, by which Congress would have two houses, the Senate (where each state gets equal representation-two senators) and the House of Representatives (where representation is based on population).

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3/5 compromise

answer

It was a compromise between the northern states with the southern ones that decided that although slaves were not citizens, each one would count as 3/5 of a man for representation. It got Southern states to ratify the constitution.

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Bill of Rights

answer

The first ten amendments to the Constitution

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Article 1

answer

establishes the legislative branch

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Article 2

answer

establishes the executive branch

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Article 3

answer

establishes the judicial branch

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Article 4

answer

explains relationship of states to one another and the national government; each state gives citizens of other states the same rights. full faith and credit clause

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Article 5

answer

Outlines how amendments, or changes, to the Constitution are to be made.

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Article 6

answer

The Constitution is the Supreme Law of the Land

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Article 7

answer

Ratification of the Constitution

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Necessary and Proper Clause

answer

constitutional clause that gives congress the power to make all laws "necessary and proper" for executing its powers

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Pigeon Hole

answer

to set a congressional bill aside in committee without considering it 10 days until it becomes a bill

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pocket veto

answer

a bill fails to become law because the president did not sign it within ten days before congress adjourns

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full faith and credit clause

answer

states have to respect and enforce the judicial rulings of other states.

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Establishment clause

answer

Clause in the First Amendment that says the government may not establish an official religion.

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Speaker of the house

answer

the leader of the majority party who serves as the presiding officer of the House of Representatives

question

Vice President

answer

President of the Senate

question

President Pro tempore

answer

Officer of the Senate selected by the majority party to act as chair in the absence of the vice president

question

general assembly

answer

The lawmaking body for the state of North Carolina

question

electoral college

answer

a group of people named by each state legislature to select the president and vice president

question

Presidential succession

answer

Amendment 25

question

governor

answer

The elected leader of a state's government

question

lieutenant governor

answer

the official who becomes governor if the governor dies, resigns or is removed; also the president of the state senate

question

appellate jurisdiction

answer

The authority of a court to review decisions made by lower courts

question

original jurisdiction

answer

the authority to hear cases for the first time

question

dissenting opinion

answer

an opinion that disagrees with the court's disposition of the case

question

concurring opinion

answer

An opinion that agrees with the majority in a Supreme Court ruling but differs on the reasoning.

question

majority opinion

answer

a court opinion reflecting the views of the majority of the judges

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precinct

answer

a district of a city or town marked out for administrative purposes. voting district

question

cabinet

answer

group of officials who head government departments and advise the President

question

Elastic clause

answer

a clause that allows Congress to stretch the use of its powers

question

reserved powers

answer

powers that the Constitution does not give to the national government that are kept by the states

question

inherent powers

answer

powers that the national government may exercise simply because it is a government

question

expressed powers

answer

powers directly stated in the constitution

question

plank

answer

an endorsed policy in the platform of a political party

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platform

answer

a series of statements expressing the party's principles, beliefs, and positions on election issues

question

liberal

answer

a person who favors a political philosophy of progress and reform and the protection of civil liberties

question

conservative

answer

tending to resist change; favoring traditional values and views

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voter apathy

answer

The lack of interest among the citizenry in participating in elections.

question

primary election

answer

Election in which voters choose the candidates from each party who will run in the general election

question

general election

answer

Election in which voters choose their leaders for elected offices

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2 party system

answer

political system in which the candidates of only two major parties have a chance of winning

question

Electorate

answer

all persons having the right to vote

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Incumbent

answer

currently holding an office

question

coalitions

answer

Alliances between political parties

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Lobbyist

answer

A person who is employed by and acts for an organized interest group or corporation to try to influence policy decisions and positions in the executive and legislative branches

question

soft money

answer

political contributions made in such a way as to avoid the United States regulations for federal election campaigns (as by contributions to a political action committee)

question

hard money

answer

campaign money that is subject to regulations by the FEC

question

Political Action Committee

answer

Extention of an interest group that contributes money to political campaigns-financial arm of the interest group

question

Libel

answer

a tort consisting of false and malicious publication printed for the purpose of defaming a living person

question

Slander

answer

words falsely spoken that damage the reputation of another

question

Grassroots

answer

group of ordinary people who come together at a local level for a cause

question

Total Electoral Votes

answer

538

question

Electoral votes needed to win

answer

270

question

Electoral votes in each state

answer

Total number of representatives and senators from each state

question

Precinct

answer

The smallest unit of election administration; a voting district

question

suffrage

answer

the right to vote

question

Economics

answer

the study of how individuals and nations make choices about ways to use scarce resources to fulfill their needs and wants

question

Scarcity

answer

limited quantities of resources to meet unlimited wants

question

The 4 factors of production

answer

land, labor, capital, entrepreneurship

question

Opportunity cost

answer

the most desirable alternative given up as the result of a decision

question

Fixed Cost

answer

a cost that does not change as output is increased or decreased

question

Marginal Cost

answer

the increase or decrease in costs as a result of one more or one less unit of output

question

Variable Cost

answer

a cost that rises or falls depending on how much is produced

question

Automation

answer

technique of making a process self-operating by means of built-in electronic controls

question

Blue collar worker

answer

Someone who performs manual labor, often in a manufacturing job, and who earns an hourly wage.

question

White collar worker

answer

someone in a professional or clerical job who usually earns a salary

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Incentive

answer

a reason for doing something; something that stimulates action

question

Human Capital

answer

the skills and knowledge gained by a worker through education and experience

question

Physical Capital

answer

all human-made goods that are used to produce other goods and services; tools and buildings

question

PPF

answer

Production Possibilities Frontier

question

Production Possibilities Frontier

answer

a graph that shows the combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technology

question

Specialization

answer

when people, businesses, regions, and/or nations concentrate on goods and services that they can produce better than anyone else

question

Salary

answer

a fixed amount of money paid to an employee for each pay period

question

Wage

answer

Money earned for hours worked

question

Underutilization

answer

using fewer resources than an economy is capable of using

question

Consumer goods

answer

products and services that satisfy human wants directly

question

competition

answer

A business relation in which two parties compete to gain customers

question

Adam Smith

answer

Scottish political economist and philosopher. His Wealth of Nations (1776) laid the foundations of classical free-market economic theory, government should not interfere with economics. Advocates Laissez Faire and founder of "invisible hand"

question

Carl Marx

answer

Father of Communism. Wrote Communist Manifesto. Command Economy

question

Capitalism

answer

an economic system based on private property and free enterprise

question

supply

answer

an amount of something available for use

question

demand

answer

the amount of goods and services people are willing to buy

question

retribution

answer

something justly deserved, especially a punishment

question

incapacitation

answer

the policy of keeping dangerous criminals in confinement to eliminate the risk of their repeating their offense in society

question

deterrence

answer

the act or process of discouraging actions or preventing occurrences by instilling fear or doubt or anxiety

question

Arbitration

answer

settlement of a dispute by a person or panel chosen to listen to both sides and come to a decision. LEGALLY BINDING

question

Mediation

answer

the use of a third party, called a mediator, who encourages both sides in a dispute to continue negotiating and often makes suggestions for resolving the dispute. NOT Legally binding

question

Subpoena

answer

a court order requiring appearance and/or testimony

question

torts

answer

wrongful acts for which an injured party has the right to sue

question

arraignment

answer

a legal document calling someone to court to answer an indictment

question

Laissez Faire

answer

idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs

question

Traditional Economy

answer

An economy in which production is based on customs and traditions and economic roles are typically passed down from one generation to the next.

question

Command Economy

answer

a system in which the central government makes all economic decisions

question

Market economy

answer

an economic system based on free enterprise, in which businesses are privately owned, and production and prices are determined by supply and demand

question

Shortage

answer

a situation in which quantity demanded is greater than quantity supplied

question

Surplus

answer

a quantity much larger than is needed

question

Amendments 4-8

answer

These Amendments deal with the rights of the accused, protects the rights of persons accused of a crime

question

OSHA

answer

a government agency in the Department of Labor to maintain a safe and healthy work environment

question

excise tax

answer

a tax on the production or sale of a good Ex: tobacco, alcohol

question

regressive tax

answer

a tax for which the percentage of income paid in taxes decreases as income increases

question

Lower interest rate=

answer

Expansion of the money supply

question

Higher interest rates=

answer

Contraction (reduction) of money supply

question

Glass Steagall Banking Act

answer

Act of congress that created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

question

Gramm Leach-Bliley Act

answer

-repeals the Glass-Steagall Act in 1999 -creates a new financial holding company authorized to engage in authorizing and selling insurance and securities, conducting both commercial and merchant banking, investing in and developing real estate and other "complimentary activities"

question

Comparative advantage

answer

the ability of an individual, firm, or country to produce a good or service at a lower opportunity cost than other producers.

question

Tariff

answer

tax on imported goods

question

European Union

answer

A regional trade agreement made in 1993. Established the Euro currency

question

NAFTA

answer

North American Free Trade Agreement; allows open trade with US, Mexico, and Canada

question

WTO

answer

World Trade Organization. International body regulating trade among nations.

question

progressive tax

answer

a tax for which the percentage of income paid in taxes increases as income increases

question

Payroll tax

answer

tax on wages and salaries to finance Social Security and Medicare costs

question

14th Amendment

answer

Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws

question

21st Amendment

answer

repeal of prohibition

question

19th amendment

answer

women's suffrage

question

26th Amendment

answer

lowered the voting age to 18

question

FCC

answer

Federal Communications Commission: established to oversee wired and wireless communication

question

Price Floor

answer

a legal minimum on the price at which a good can be sold

question

Price ceiling

answer

a maximum price that can be legally charged for a good or service

question

Bill of Attainder

answer

a law that declares a person, without a trial, to be guilty of a crime. (Illegal in the US)

question

Battle of Yorktown

answer

the last major battle of the Revolutionary War

question

Battle of Lexington and concord

answer

1775, The first battle of the revolutionary war and the place of the shot heard round the world.

question

levels of federal courts

answer

federal district, U.S. appeals, U.S. supreme

question

levels of state courts

answer

...

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