CIS 1000 – Flashcards
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What is a computer network?
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two or more connected computers via software or hardware
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What is a node?
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any device connected to a network
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What are the benefits of computer networking?
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facilitates resource sharing i.e. high speed Internet connections, peripheral devices such as printers, files
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What are the disadvantages of computer networking?
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network administration i.e. installing new computers and devices, monitoring the network's performance, updating and installing new software, configuring network security
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What is network architecture?
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the design of the network
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What is peer to peer network?
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most common example of a locally administered network where each node can communicate directly with every other node
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What is a client/server network?
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most common example of central administration where tasks performed at one computer can affect the other computers on the network; a client is a computer where users accomplish tasks and make requests and the server provides information or resources to the client computers on the network
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What does LAN stand for?
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local area network, nodes are located within a small geographic area
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What does HAN stand for?
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home area network, used to connect all of a home's digital devices (computers, printers, phones, gaming devices, televisions, DVRs
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What does WAN stand for?
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wide area network, made up of LANs connected over long distances
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What does MAN stand for?
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metropolitan network area, provide access to a specific geographic area, such as an entire city
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What is transmission media?
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wireless networks that connect nodes with radio waves or wired networks that use cables to connect nodes
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What types of cables are used for wired networks?
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twisted-pair cable (twisted copper wires surrounded by a plastic jacket), coaxial cable (single copper wire surrounded by plastic), fiber-optic cable (plastic or glass fibers, transmit data at fast speeds)
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What is data transfer rate?
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also known as bandwidth, the maximum speed at which data can be transmitted between two nodes on a network (measured in megabits per second, Mbps)
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What is throughput?
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the actual speed of data transfer achieved, always less than or equal to the data transfer rate (measured in megabits per second, Mbps)
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What are network adapters?
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devices connected to or installed in network nodes which enable nodes to communicate with each other and access the network (adapters already installed into devices known as network interface card or NIC)
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What is the main concern with wireless signals?
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might have decreased throughput i.e. interference from magnetic and electrical sources, interference with other wireless networks, building materials and metal, distance from networking equipment, coded signals to protect data (however, once coded data travels at usual speeds)
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What do network navigation devices do?
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control the flow of data through a network, data sent in bundles called packets
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What are the two most common navigation devices?
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routers (transfers packets between two or more networks) and switches (send packets to intended nodes on same network)
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What consists of networking software?
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home networks and client/server networks
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What is known about home networks?
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need operating system (OS) software that supports peer to peer networking
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What is known about client/server networks?
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controlled by centralized servers that have specialized network operating system (NOS) software (ex; Windows Server 2008 R2 and SUSE Linux Enterprise Server)
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What is known about Home Ethernet Networks?
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use Ethernet protocol as standard for network communication
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What are the Internet Protocol standards for Ethernet networks?
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wireless 802.11 (Wi-Fi) and wired 802.3
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In terms of home Ethernet networks, what do wireless routers and network adapters do?
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translate electronic data into radio waves, broadcast radio waves to other nodes, receive signals from other nodes
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How are throughput speeds measured?
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measured using utilities like Net Meter; wired Ethernet connections can receive higher rates of throughput as opposed to wireless due to less susceptibility to interference
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What is Wi-Gig designed to do?
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joint effort between Wireless Gigabit Alliance and the Wi-Fi Alliance to provide 7 Gbps of throughput which will be faster than current wired or wireless standards (won't be available for several years)
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What is the most popular transmission media option for wired Ethernet networks?
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unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) cable that is composed of four pairs of wires that are twisted around each other to reduce electrical interference
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What are the other components of network cabling in terms of UTP?
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RJ-45 or Ethernet connectors used on cable ends, Cat 6 cable best UTP for home networks, signal degrades after 100 m (328 ft)
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What does Home Ethernet Network Equipment consist of?
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broad band router (includes integrated switches, most have wireless capability, can contain broadband modem), wireless devices need wireless network interface cards (NICs) and network ready devices can connect directly to router
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What are NAS devices?
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specialized computing devices designed to store and manage your data
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What is a more sophisticated type of NAS?
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home network server, device designed to provide a specific set of services to computers on a home network; performs only a limited set of functions performed on client/server networks
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What consists of digital entertainment devices?
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connecting to network to access and share digital content, use gaming devices to play multiplayer games with players all over the world, network ready TVs and home theater systems, blu-ray players, DVRs
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What is the main function of an Internet appliance?
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easy access to the Internet, social networking sites, e-mail, video, news and entertainment
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What are specialized devices?
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Internet appliances (Apple iPad), digital picture frames, security monitoring cameras
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What is piggybacking?
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connecting to a wireless network other than your own without permission of the user, can be unintentional, most wireless adapters are set up to access the strongest wireless signal detected
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What is a firewall?
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hardware or software solution that helps shield your network from computers outside of your network; however, hackers can intercept packets of information broadcast on a wireless network that can allow them to bypass firewall
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What precautions are needed to secure a wireless network?
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change your network name (SSID), disable SSID broadcast, change the default password on your router, turn on security protocols, implement media access control, limit your signal range, apply firmware upgrade
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What is known about configuring a home network?
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windows 7 automates setting up networks with wizards, before running the automated wizards make sure there are network adapters on each node, for any wired connections, plug all the cables into the router, nodes, and so on, make sure your broadband modem is connected to your router and that the modem is connected to the Internet
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When configuring a home network, what order should the equipment be turned on?
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broadband modem, router, all computers and peripherals (printers, scanners); allow the modem and router about one minute each to power up and configure
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What are the last few steps to configuring a home network?
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access network and sharing center from within the control panel, turn network discovery on, turn file and printer sharing on, turn public folder sharing on, use set up a new connection wizard, use connect to the internet wizard, use set up a wireless router wizard
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How do you connect Macs wirelessly?
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set up router security (like in windows), logging onto network requires SSID and passphrase, choose network, enter password, and join, networks with SSID broadcast turned off will not appear as an available network, therefore, click other and enter the network name and password
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How do you hook up devices like DVRs or gaming consoles?
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wired connection: plug a cable into the device and your router wireless connection: follow steps in device's set up menu and a SSID name and security passphrase required of network is secured
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How do you test Internet connection speed?
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Internet sites, such as speedtest.net and broadband.gov, allow you to test speed of downloading and uploading files (run tests several times during the day over a week)
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___ decreases as device moves farther away from router
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throughput
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How do you increase throughput?
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move router within the room or to another room, move the device closer to the router, amplify your wireless signal by adding a wireless range extender
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What are the advantages of a digital format?
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sounds and images reproduce perfectly, easy distribution, small devices can hold huge media collections, easy access to digital information wisely
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What are the features of cellular phones and smartphones?
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auto-redial, voice mail, voice-activated dialing, Internet access, text messaging, personal information management (PIM)
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What are smartphones?
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the most full-featured cell phones
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How do cell phones and smartphones work?
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analog to digital converter chip converts voice sound waves into digital signals, digital signal processor compresses the signal so it can be sent to another phone, digital data is transmitted as radio waves, digital signal processor decompresses incoming calls
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In terms of cell phones and smartphones, what purpose is the base transceiver?
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picks up the request for service
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In terms of cell phones and smartphones, what is the mobile switching center?
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request is passed to mobile switching center where is monitors the strength of the signal and when the signal is weak, it orders the next base station to take charge of your call
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What is the processor responsible for in cell phone and smartphone hardware?
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coordinates sending data between components, runs the operating system
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What are some popular processors in cell phones and smartphones?
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Qualcomm Snapdragon, Texas Instruments OMAP, Marvell XScale
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What do operating systems in cell phones and smartphones do?
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translate the user's commands into instructions for the processor
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What are examples of operating systems in cell phones?
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windows mobile, windows phone 7 series, OS X (Apple's iPhone), palm-developed webOS (Palm Pre), symbian OS (open source), android (developed by Google)
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What is ROM?
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stores the operating system and the basic programs (calendar, to-do list) in cell phones
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Forms of memory storage in cell phones
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ROM, separate internal memory chips store additional applications and data, flash cards are used for additional storage (32 GB)
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What are the input devices of cell phones?
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microphone, keypad, touch screen, digital camera
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What are the output devices of cell phones?
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speaker, LCD display
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What consists of standard software in cell phones and smartphones?
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to-do list, contact manager, calendar
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What consists of additional software in cell phones and smartphones?
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microsoft word, excel, outlook, powerpoint, games, tools, reference applications
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How can cell phone and smartphone files be transferred to a desktop?
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via flash card readers, cradles
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What is synchronizing?
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the process of updating your data so the files on your cell phone or smartphone and computer are the same
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How do you synchronize your cell phone or smartphones?
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via sync cables, windows sync center
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What are wireless transfers in terms of cell phones?
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bluetooth (use radio waves), IrDA (transmits data signals using infrared light waves)
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What is SMS?
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short message service, also known as text messaging, that allows you to send short text messages (160 characters) over mobile networks
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What is MMS?
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multimedia message service, an extension of SMS, allows you to send messages that include text, sound, images, and video clips to other phones or e-mail addresses
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What does microbrowser software do?
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provides a web browser that is optimized to display web content effectively on the smaller screen (designed for cell phones)
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What is WML?
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wireless markup language, designed content which is text based and contains no graphics
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What are wireless Internet service providers?
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often phone companies that provide calling plans (T-mobile, Verizon); allow you to connect phone to the Internet
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What are data plans?
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internet connectivity plans, often include text messaging
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What do 3G and EDGE (enhanced data rate for global evolution) do?
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allow connectivity speeds of up to 1.4 Mbps, conditions must be ideal to get this transfer rate, more reliable and less susceptible to interference than Wi-Fi
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What do 4G networks offer?
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up to 3 to 6 Mbps
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What are MiFi devices?
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create mobile hot spot, fit in a shirt pocket, run up to four hours on a single charge, connects to the Internet through 3G network, distributes WiFi signal over 30 feet
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For the iPhone 3G, ______ gives computer Internet access using 3G signal
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bluetooth tethering
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What is VoIP?
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voice over Internet Protocol, a standard Internet connection can be used to make a phone call, free or low-cost long distance
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What are the basic requirements for VoIP?
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speakers, microphone, Internet connection, VoIP provider
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What are cell phone and smartphone security precautions?
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since viruses can target cell phones, keep your cell phone or smartphone number private (use a virtual phone number)
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What is a virtual phone number?
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is a phone number you create that can be assigned to ring on existing phone numbers (such as your cell phone or smartphone)
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What are portable media players (PMPs)?
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small devices that store and play music, many also handle video and still images (MP3, AAC, WMA for music, DivX, MPEG-4, WMV and XviD for video), how much music/video stored depends on the PMPs storage space
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What are other choices for portable media management?
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some digital camera models, Sony Playstation Portable, Global positioning systems (GPS)
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What are flash cards (in terms of PMP)?
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flash cards can add memory to portable media players, which are nonvolatile (won't loose data while its off), quiet, use very little power, hold between 64 MB and 4GB of data
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What are the two ways you can legally download music?
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tethered downloads and DRM-free downloads
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What are tethered downloads?
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you pay for the music and you own it, you are subjected to restrictions on its use
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What are DRM-free downloads?
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no digital rights management on the files, song files can be moved from system to system and shared among users
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What are subscription services for music downloads?
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unlimited downloads to your PMP, songs usable only as long as you pay your monthly subscription fee
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What is podcasting?
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competes with radio and television, podcasts can be information, radio, TV shows, books on tape, audio players, etc., people can listen when they wish, can use podcasting software to automatically transfer new content
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What is a GPS (global positioning system)?
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unit size and price have fallen dramatically, deliver turn by turn driving instructions, new cars often come with a GPS installed, can be accessed through a PDA or smartphone or added to a notebook, built and operated by U.S. dept. of defense, can determine geographical location anywhere on the planet to within 3 feet
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What are image quality factors?
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quality of lenses, file format and compression, colour management software, resolution (number of data points recorded for an image)
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What is the most common format to store digital photography?
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JPEG, joint photographic expert group format
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____do not use films and you can see your images instantly
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Digital cameras
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Digital video can be captured using...
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digital video cameras, cell phones or smartphones, webcams
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Digital video software allows you to...
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edit digital video, review clips frame by frame, reorder segments, correct colour, balance, brightness, or contrast
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What are common file formats?
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QuickTime (for really large files), MPEG, RealMedia, AVI (sending files to a wide range of users because it's popular)
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What are codecs?
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rules implemented in software or hardware that squeeze the same audio and video information into less space
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How do you get your video out to others?
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1) transfer your video from digital device to computer via USB or special sync cable 2) special devices (such as Flip Video camera) can transfer video directly to YouTube
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What are the methods of distribution for videos?
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YouTube, DVD, Webcast
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How is one able to access digital assets away from home?
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- netbooks (subnotebooks): run fully featured operating systems & weigh less than 2 pounds - Internet tablets: lightweight and very portable, no keyboard - Notebook computers: all capabilities of a desktop, weigh more than the other two
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What are examples of specialized computing devices that are designed for mobility?
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Sony PlayStation Portable (Internet access, stores data files, videos, music, images) Apple iPad (9.7 multitouch screen, weighs 1.5 pounds, full colour) Amazon Kindle (stores up to 3, 500 e-books)
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What is ubiquitous computing?
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computing that is inseparable from our everyday lifestyle
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What is cybercrime defined as?
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any criminal action perpetrated primarily through the use of a computer
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What are cybercriminals?
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individuals who use computers, networks, and the Internet to perpetrate crime
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What are the types of cybercrime?
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fraud-related and non-fraud related
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What is fraud-related crime?
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nondelivery of ordered items, credit and debit card fraud, advanced fee scams
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What is non-fraud-related crime?
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computer intrusions, unsolicited e-mail, child pornography
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What is a virus?
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a program that attaches itself to another program and spreads itself to other computers
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____ are hidden within the code of a host program
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viruses
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Any ____ device can be infected with a virus
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computing
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What do viruses do?
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replicate themselves (slow down networks), secondary objectives include displaying annoying messages, deleting files on the hard drive, change computer settings
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How are viruses spread?
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sharing disks or flash drives, opening an e-mail attachment, downloading infected audio or video files
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What are boot-sector viruses?
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replicate themselves in the boot sector of the hard drive
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What are logic bombs?
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type of virus, activate when certain conditions are met, such as opening a file
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What are time bombs?
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type of virus, triggered by the passage of time or on a certain date
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What are worms?
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type of virus, travel between systems through networks
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What are script viruses?
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type of virus, hidden on Web pages as miniprograms
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What are macro viruses?
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type of virus, attached to documents (*macro - short series of commands that usually automates repetitive tasks)
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What are e-mail viruses?
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type of virus, use e-mail address books to distribute themselves
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What are encryption viruses?
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type of virus, compress files using a complex encryption
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How are viruses classified?
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ploymorphic viruses (peridically rewrite themselves to avoid detection) , multipartite viruses (infect multiple file types), stealth viruses (erase their code from the hard drive and reside in the active memory)
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What do antivirus software do?
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programs that detect viruses by scanning files to look for virus signatures (unique codes), provide options for deleting or fixing infected files (also known as quarantining), inoculate files against further infection
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How do you deal with an infected computer?
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boot computer with antivirus installation disc, run directly from DVD/CD, allow software to delete or quarantine infected files, research viruses found to ensure further manual steps are not needed
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How do you prevent instant messaging viruses?
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allow contact from Buddy or Friends List users only, never automatically accept transfers of data, avoid using instant messaging programs on public computers
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What are other ways to protect your system?
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keep your antivirus and operating system (OS) software up to date, load security patches as soon as they are available, enable automatic updates
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What is a hacker?
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anyone who unlawfully breaks into a computer system, whether an individual computer or a network
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What are the types of hackers?
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white hat (do it for the challenge), black hat (destroy information or hack for illegal gain), script kiddies (don't create programs to hack, but use tools created by skilled hackers)
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What do hackers steal?
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data stored on hard drive, credit card numbers, bank account numbers, steal information through packet sniffing or a keylogger, use information to purchase items illegally or to commit identity theft
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What is a packet sniffer?
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computer program deployed by hackers that looks at each packet as it travels on the Internet
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What is a keylogger?
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program that captures all keystrokes made on a computer
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How are computers attacked?
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via Trojan horse (program that appears to be useful or desirable, like a game, but does something malicious without your knowledge), backdoor program ( hackers, referred to as zombies, have complete control (send e-mails, etc., without knowledge), denial of service attacks (DoS, where users are denied access to computer system), distributed denial of service attacks (DDoS, attacks from many zombies at once)
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How do hackers gain access?
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direct access (installing hacking software) or indirect access (via Internet connection and logical ports, which are virtual communication gateways that allow a computer to organize requests for information from other networks or computers)
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What are Firewalls?
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software programs or hardware devices designed to keep computers safe from hackers, most current operating systems include reliable firewalls, security suite often include firewalls, network routers can contain hardware firewall, firewalls are critical if you have an always on broadband connection
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What is bluesnarfing?
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bluetooth attack, relatively easy and available on the Internet, exploits flaw in access software to steal information contained on the device
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What is bluebugging?
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bluetooth attack, difficult and expensive, presents serious dangers, hacker takes control of the device (make phone calls, send messages, etc)
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Beware of...
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"evil twins" that offer free Internet access so the hackers can monitor traffic looking for sensitive information they can use
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How do you protect yourself from wireless network hackers on the road?
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check with authorized personnel for official name of hotspot, do not sure free access from unknown sources
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What are password managers built into?
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operating systems, web browsers, some security packages
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What are disadvantages of using public computers?
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shared computers risk subsequent user viewing your data, might already have viruses or hacking tools installed
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What are portable privacy devices?
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help protect your privacy when working on computers away from your home or office, simply plug the device into a USB port on the machine, sensitive Internet files are stored on the privacy device
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Take the ___ with you on a flash drive and avoid using the public computer's operating system.
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Linux OS
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What are biometric authentication devices?
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devices you can attach to your computer that read a unique personal characteristics such as fingerprints, Iris patterns, voice patterns, face patterns, which allow you to access your computer
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What is malware?
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software that has malicious intent?
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What are the three primary forms of malware?
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1) adware and 2) spyware (known collectively as grayware), which are nondestructive and primarily intrusive, annoying, or objectionable online programs that are downloaded to your computer when you install or use other online content and 3) viruses, which are destructive
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What is antispyware software?
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included in many Internet security suites, stand-alone spyware removal available
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What is spam?
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unwanted or junk e-mail
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What is spim?
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unsolicited instant messages
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How do you avoid spam?
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create free Web-based e-mail account for filling out online forms or making online purchases, use a spam filter, do not try to "unsubscribe" from spam e-mails, use an e-mail forwarding service
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What are cookies?
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also known as tracking cookies, are small text files that some Web sites automatically store on your computer's hard drive when you visit the site, Web site assigns an ID number to your computer, stored in a cookie file, each time you log in to the site, it notes the visit and keeps track of it in a database, provide info about browsing habits, identify user preferences, pose some privacy risks, but low security threat
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What information do you need to protect from identity thieves?
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social security number, phone number, street address
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What is a backup?
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a copy of a file that can be used to replace the original
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What types of files need to be backed up?
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program files (files to install software) and data files (files you create, such as word files, contacts, etc)
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What is backup routine?
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back up files frequenctly, back up files when you make changes
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What do software programs do for easy backup?
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schedule automatic backups, can back up files, folders, or entire drives, back up to external hard drive, USB device, or DVD
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What do entire system backup softwares do?
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takes an image of the entire system, stores on a separate hard drive, in case of failure, a new drive is inserted
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Store backups _____.
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offsite
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For online backups...
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store backup files on Internet servers, some services free (Windows Live Sky Drive and ADrive), fees for some services
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What are NAS (network attached storage) devices?
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large hard drives that are connected to a network of computers instead of one computer and they can be used to backup multiple computers simultaneously
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What is social engineering?
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uses social skills to generate human interaction to entice individuals to reveal sensitive information, usually does not use a computer or face-to-face interaction (via phone), pretexting (involves creating a scenario that sounds legitimate enough that someone will trust you)
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What is phishing?
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uses e-mail to lure user to fake Web sites, tricks user into revealing private data
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What is pharming?
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malicious code changes Web browser's ability to find Web addresses
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What is a hoax?
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an attempt to make someone believe something that is untrue, target large audiences, perpetrated as practical jokes, agents of social change, or time wasters, perpetrated by e-mail
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To protect your physical assets (ex; computer), avoid...
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sudden movement, excessive heat or cold, dust, food and liquids and use padded case for notebooks
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What are power surges?
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occur when electrical current is supplied in excess of normal voltage (120 volts in the United States) which are caused by old or faulty wiring, downed power lines, malfunctions at electrical substations, lightning strikes
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What are three approaches to deterring computer theft?
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alarming computers, locking them down, or installing devices that alert you when they are stolen (software alerts)
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What types of tasks are candidates for automation as a software routine?
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routine, repetitive, work with electronic data, follow a series of clear steps
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What is a system?
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a collection of pieces working together to achieve a common goal
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What does an information system include?
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data, people, procedures, hardware, software
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What are the six steps in the system development life cycle?
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problem/opportunity identification, analysis, design, development and documentation, testing and installation, maintenance and evolution
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What happens in the problem and opportunity identification phase?
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the existing system is evaluated, problems are defined, new proposals are reviewed, decisions are made to proceed with the projects, the process is documented, relevant problems and opportunities are defined
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What happens in the analysis phase?
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a program specification (goals and objectives of the project) is developed, a feasibility assessment is performed, user requirements are defined, analysts recommend a plan of action
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What happens in the design phase?
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a detailed plan for programmers is developed, flowcharts and data-flow diagrams are used for the current and proposed system
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What happens in the development and documentation phase?
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actual programming takes place, first phase of the program development life cycle (PDLC)
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What happens in the testing and installation phase?
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program is tested for proper operation, program is installed for use, testing and results are documented
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What happens in the maintenance and evaluation phase?
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performance of the system is monitored, corrections and modifications to the program are made, maintenance procedures and results are documented
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What are the eight principles for ethical software engineering practices established by ACM and IEEE?
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1. public (software engineers shall act consistently with the public interest) 2. client and employer (software engineers shall act in a manner that is in the best interests of their clients and employer consistent with the public interest) 3. product (software engineers shall ensure that their products and related modifications meet the highest professional standards possible) 4. judgement (software engineers shall maintain integrity and independence in their professional judgement 5. management (software engineering managers and leaders shall subscribe to and promote an ethical approach to the management software development and maintenance) 6. profession (software engineers shall advance the integrity and reputation of the profession consistent with the public interest) 7. colleagues (software engineers shall be fair to and supportive of their colleagues) 8. self (software engineers shall participate in lifelong learning regarding the practice of their profession and shall promote an ethical approach to the practice of professiong
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What is joint application development (JAD)?
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a style of interaction that is useful in creating successful, flexible results, helps designers adapt to change in program specifications, includes customer involvement, no communication delays, also referred to as accelerated design and facilitated team technique
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What is programming?
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involves the process of translating a task into a series of commands a computer will use to perform that task, involves identifying the parts of a task that computer can perform, describing tasks in a specific and complete manner, translating the tasks into a language understood by the computer's CPU
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What are the stages of program development life cycle (PDLC)?
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describing the problem (the problem statement), making a plan (algorithm development), coding (speaking the language of the computer), debugging (getting rid of errors), finishing the project (testing and documentation) * chapter 10, see steps *
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What is a top-down design?
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systematic approach in which a problem is divided into a series of high-level tasks, detailed sub tasks are created from high-level tasks
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What happens in object-orientated analysis?
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classes (categories of inputs) are identified, classes are defined by information (data) and actions (methods or behaviours), re-usability is key
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What is compilation?
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the process of converting code into machine language, a compiler reads the source code and translates it into machine language, after compilation, programmers have an executable programs
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What is an interpreter?
answer
translates source code into a line-by-line intermediate form, each line is executed before the next line is compiled, programmers do not have to wait for the entire program to be recompiled each time they make a change, programmers can immediately see the results of the changes as they are making them
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What is an integrated development environment?
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tool that helps programmers as they enter the code by highlighting keywords and alerting them to typos, once editing is complete, the compilation begins
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What is a syntax error?
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identified via compiling, mistake in use of the language
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What is a warning?
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identified via compiling, suggestion from compiler that the code might not work as intended
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What is a logic error?
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mistake caught only when the program executes
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What is a runtime error?
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mistake in the algorithm
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What is internal testing?
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group within the software company tests the program
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What are the most popular programming languages?
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C/CC++ and Java
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What are the four considerations when choosing which language to use?
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space available, speed required, organizational resources available, type of target application
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What is visual basic?
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an object-orientated language that gives the programmer powerful tools to develop useful application that run in Windows, Visual Basic 2010 (VB 10.0) is the current version
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What is C?
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developed for system programmers, combines high and low level programming features, modern operating systems are written in C
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What is C++?
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uses the same features as C, includes object-orientated design
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What is Java?
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object-orientated features, large set of existing classes, architecture neutral
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What is HTML/XHTML?
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HyperText Markup Language/eXtensible HyperText Markup Languag, not a true programming language, uses special symbols (tags) to control how Web pages are viewed
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What are scripting languages?
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limited to performing a specific set of specialized tasks
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What is JavaScript?
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used to make Web pages more visually appealing and interactive
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What is VBScript?
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subset of VB used to add interactivity to Web pages
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What is PHP?
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another scripting language gaining in popularity
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What do active server pages (ASP), java server pages (JSP) and PHP do?
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add interactivity to Web pages, translate user information into a request for more information from a company's computer
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What is Adobe Flash?
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used to develop Web-based multimedia, includes its own scripting language, ActionScript
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What is Microsoft SilverLight (XML)?
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supports development of multimedia and interactive Web applications
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What is AJAX?
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Asynchronous JavaScript and XML, uses a combination of existing technologies like JavaScript, CSS, and XML, allows for information updates without page refresh, allows for a more responsive user experience
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What is XML?
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eXtensible MarkUp Language, enables designers to define data-based tags, groups can agree on standard systems of tags
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What is a blender?
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video game development tool, open source, built-in game engine, built-in physics engine, uses logic bricks to simplify programming
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What is the next great language?
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large projects may take 30 minutes to compile, therefore, interpreted languages (such as Python, Ruby, Smalltalk) might become more important because they have minimal compile times
