CIA Chapters 1,3,5 – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
all societies have standards of behaviors called
answer
social norms
question
which of the following statements is true
answer
crime is not only an individual phenomenon but also a social one
question
which of the following is not vying for prominence in the study of crime
answer
phrenology
question
sociological perspective
answer
people are social beings more than mere individuals
question
Emile Durkheim
answer
stressed that social forces influence our behavior and attitudes
question
In Durkheim's study of suicide, he found that
answer
people in groups with high social integration had lower suicide rates
question
refers to how a society is organized in terms of social relationships and social interactions
answer
social structure
question
horizontal social structure
answer
it is the social and physical characteristics of communities and the networks of social relationships to which an individual belongs
question
C. Wright Mills emphasized
answer
social structure lies at the root of private troubles
question
vertical social structure
answer
how society ranks different groups of people
question
social imagination
answer
people are better to understand and change the social forces that underlie their troubles
question
debunking motif
answer
sociological research often exposes false claims about reality and taken-for-granted assumptions.
question
the text suggests
answer
criminology illuminates the privileges of those at the top of the social hierarchy
question
deviant
answer
behaviors that violate norms and arouse negative social reactions
question
classical school would suggest which of the following regarding legal punishment for a crime
answer
it should be severe enough to deter potential criminals from offending
question
how might Durkheim describe crime
answer
it is a normal part of a healthy society
question
W.E.B. Dubois disputed a biological link to crime and attributed the relatively high rates of African-Americans to
answer
negative social conditions
question
idea advanced at the University of Chicago
answer
they attributed high crime rates to certain social and physical conditions
question
group of theorist is most critical of male bias in traditional sociological theories
answer
feminists
question
criminology
answer
study of making laws, breaking laws and society's reaction to the breaking of laws
question
because deviance is relative concept
answer
what is considered criminal may vary over time and from place to place
question
what state is smoking marijuana least likely to be considered deviant
answer
colorado
question
marx and engels are considered the early creators of which theory
answer
Conflict
question
example of mala prohibita crime
answer
public intoxication
question
longitudinal
answer
study involves studying the same group of participants over time.
question
structural criminology
answer
understanding crime with specific attention to the issues of poverty, race, and ethnicity, as well as the structure of communities and social relationships
question
private troubles
answer
result of personal biography with historical and social conditions
question
customs
answer
unwritten and informal social norms
question
entrapment
answer
situations where a crime is committed because law enforcement agents induced the offender to do so
question
experiments
answer
less common way to obtain data in criminology and sociology than in psychology
question
part 1 violent crimes
answer
homicide, rape, robbery, aggravated assault
question
part 1 property crimes
answer
burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, arson
question
part 2 offenses
answer
sex offenses, drunkenness, suspicion, gambling, driving under the influence
question
primary source of U.S. crime statistics
answer
uniform crime reports
question
example part 2 offense
answer
driving under the influence
question
how does a crime become known to the police
answer
it is reported to the police by the victim
question
recognized critique of the UCR
answer
it seriously underestimates the number of crimes committed each year
question
what will eventually replace the UCR
answer
NIBRS
question
what seeks to measure hidden crimes or the "dark figure of crime"
answer
NCVS
question
what is true regarding those interviewed by the NCVS
answer
individuals from 80,000 households were interviewed.
question
what is one of the major advantages the NCVS has over the UCR
answer
it involves a very large random sample of the US population
question
what is not a common critique of self-reports
answer
the rely too heavily on only reported arrests
question
what trend is supported by both UCR and NCVS data
answer
crime rates have been declining since the early 1990's
question
crime rates vary according to location, season and climate, and demographic factors such as gender, race and social class
answer
patterning
question
which country has the highest homicide rate among Western democracies
answer
United States
question
what is thought to explain why Japan has a lower crime rate than the US
answer
in Japan, harmony is a very important value.
question
when is crime generally higher
answer
Summer
question
men account for approximately _____ percent of violent crime arrests
answer
80%
question
according to Sigmund Freud, who could commit crime due to penis envy
answer
women
question
if girls are raised to be less assertive, less dominant, and more gentle and nurturing, crime rates will be lower. this suggests a ______ explaining of lower crime rates
answer
sociological
question
what is considered a "myth" regarding crime rates
answer
girls are becoming more violent
question
according to the UCR, most criminals are ______
answer
white
question
racial arrests statistics may reflect______ more than racial differences in actual offending
answer
police arrest practices
question
race is a _______, something we make up rather than something real
answer
social construction
question
what is true regarding social class and crime
answer
most people arrested and imprisoned for street crime are poorly educated and low income.
question
around what age does crime peak and then begin to decline
answer
18
question
all things being equal, the nation's crime rate should increase when which of the following age group rises
answer
15-25
question
those who engage in continual criminal behavior throughout adulthood are referred to as ______
answer
chronic offenders
question
criminal careers
answer
those often continue their offending into adulthood
question
NCVS
answer
measures "hidden" crime
question
UCR
answer
most commonly utilized crime statistics
question
self-reports
answer
measure respondent admissions of crime
question
subculture of violence
answer
focuses on a subculture of violence and on deficiencies in African-American family structure
question
victimization
answer
being a victim of crime
question
violent crime
answer
murder
question
property crime
answer
burglary
question
neoclassical explanation of crime are rooted in
answer
economic thinking
question
what statement fits neoclassical thinking
answer
criminals act with free will
question
who pioneered the classical school of criminology
answer
Beccaria
question
why was joan of arc burned at the stake
answer
she was thought to be a witch
question
what was the dominant source of knowledge in the western world through the middle ages
answer
Religion
question
what best reflects the age of reason or the enlightenment
answer
a time when religious views began to give way to scientific explanations
question
during the enlightenment period, because laws were vague and different judges handed out different sentences, justice is described as
answer
arbitrary
question
what best describes Beccaria's position regarding punishment as a deterrent to crime
answer
it must be certain and swift
question
rational choice suggests that
answer
offenders commit crime because of the benefits it brings them
question
the idea that potential and actual legal punishment can deter crime is a synopsis of
answer
deterrence theory
question
positivism suggests that
answer
forces both outside and inside an individual might affect his/her likelihood of breaking the law
question
contemporary rational choice suggests that
answer
offenders carefully plan all crimes they commit
question
rational choice perspective emphasizes 2 related concepts
answer
situational factors and opportunity
question
the effect of increasing severity, certainty, and/or swiftness of legal punishment
answer
marginal deterrence
question
what type of crime is considered more deterrable
answer
instrumental offenses
question
what type of criminal offense is committed for emotional reasons and with little or no planning
answer
expressive
question
what type of crime offense is committed for material gain with some degree of planning
answer
instrumental
question
what has become so common in the US, especially among young males in large cities, that scholars think they have lost the stigma they once held
answer
arrest and imprisonment
question
regarding deterrence theory, various kinds of evidence suggest that ________ especially has little or no deterrent effect
answer
severe punishment
question
what reflects what routine activities theory suggests is a lack of guardianship
answer
a child playing in a park alone
question
what best expresses situational crime prevention
answer
efforts that aim to reduce exposure to motivated offenders
question
what is an example of situational crime prevention
answer
hot-spot policing
question
what best reflects the beliefs of classical school philosophers such as becaaria and bentham
answer
they believed that people acted to maximize pleasure and reduce pain
question
police nullification
answer
the idea that areas with high crime rates have lower arrest rates because their police are extra busy, and their police also realize that too many arrests would be overburden the criminal justice system
question
what country has enacted the most mandatory penalty laws
answer
United States
