CHP11 PSYCH – Flashcards
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Social Psychology
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study of how people think about, influence, and relate to other people
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Social Cognition
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how people select, interpret, remember, and use social information example; person perception, attribution, the self, attitudes
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Person Perception
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how do we think about other people. forming impression about others
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Stereotype
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generalization about a group's characteristics that does not account for individual variability
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Why Do We Stereotype?
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-biologically built to categorize -"shortcut" ; easier
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Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
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expectations cause individuals to act in ways that make the expectations come true
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Stereotype Threat
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type of self-fulfilling prophecy in which anxiety about being negatively stereotyped actually causes underperformance
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Attractiveness
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human physical features that others rate as high in objective physical appeal
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Attribution
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determining why people do what they do
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Internal vs. External causes
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internal attributions include causes inside and specific to the person, such as his or her traits and abilities. external attributions include causes outside the person, such as social pressure, aspects of the social situation, and the weather. -example; did beth get an A on the test because she is smart or because the test was easy
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Stable vs. Unstable Causes
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is the cause relatively enduring and permanent, or is it temporary? did aaron blow up at his girlfriends house because he is a hostile guy or because he was in a bad mood that day?
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Controllable vs Uncontrollable Causes
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we perceive that we have power over some causes (for instance, by preparing delicious food for a picnic) but not others (rain on picnic day)
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How Do You Explain Another Person's Behavior?
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we typically attribute others' behavior to internal causes, even though that is not always accurate
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Fundamental Attribution Error
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people tend to overestimate the importance of stable, internal traits and underestimate the importance of temporary, external situations when seeking explanations for others' behavior
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Self-Serving Bias
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we often attribute our own behavior to whichever explanation benefits us the most
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False Consensus Effect
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overestimation of the degree to which everyone else thinks and acts as we do
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The Self
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how we view ourselves
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Self-Esteem
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the degree to which we have positive or negative feelings about ourselves
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Self-Efficacy
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belief that one has the competence to complete a goal or a task
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Social Comparisons
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Evaluating one's own thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and abilities in relation to others -example; "am i as popular as cathy?"
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Positive Illusions
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favorable views of the self that are not necessarily roots in reality
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Attitudes
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our feelings or opinions about people, objects, and ideas
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Cognitive Dissonance Theory
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an individuals psychological discomfort caused by two inconsistent thoughts
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Self-Perception Theory
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determine our beliefs and attitudes by looking back at our own behavior -example; foot-in-the-door technique; start with something small then keeps asking
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Persuasion
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involves tying to change someone's attitude - and often his or her behavior as well
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The Source (elements of persuasion)
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characteristics of the communicator -how you communicate, credibility, likability, power, attractiveness
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The Message (elements of persuasion)
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content and style -what kind of message is persuasive
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The Medium (elements of persuasion)
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venue -technology to get your point across
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The Audience (elements of persuasion)
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characteristics of your target -age and attitude strength are two characteristics of audience that will determine whether a message will be effective
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Alturism
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unselfish interest in helping another person
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Reciprocity
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doing unto others as they will (hopefully) do unto you
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Egoism
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doing unto others because it somehow benefits ourselves
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Elaboration Likelihood Model
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theory identifying two ways to persuade; a central rout and a peripheral route
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Conformity
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changing one's behavior to align with the group or group standard
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Informational Social Influence
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the influence people have on us because we want to be right
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Normative Social Influence
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the influence people have on us because we want to be liked
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Obedience
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behavior that complies with the specific demands of an authority figure
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Empathy
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a feeling of oneness with the emotional state of another person
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Bystander Effect
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tendency for an individual who observes an emergency to help less when other people are present than when the observer is alone
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Agression
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social behavior whose objective is to harm someone, physically or verbally
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Relational Agression
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behavior that is meant to harm the social standing of another person
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Overt Agression
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physical or verbal behavior that directly harms another person
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Social Contagion
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imitative behavior involving the spread of behavior, emotions, and ideas -example; fads, yawning, laughing
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Deindividuation
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being part of a group reduces one's sense of personal responsibility -example; mob mentality-"just one of the herd"
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Group Performance
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How do you perform when others are present?
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Social Facilitation
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improvement in an individuals performance because of the presence of others -people tend to perform better when others are present if the task is easy or well-learned -people tend to perform worse in front of others if the task is difficult
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Social Loafing
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the tendency for people to underperform when in a group because of reduced accountability
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Risky Shift
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tendency for a group decision to be riskier than the average decision made by the individual group members
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Groupthink
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impaired group decision-making that occurs when making the right decision is less important than confirming to the group
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Social Identity
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defining oneself in terms of group memberships
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Ingroup
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your group
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Outgroup
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comparison group
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Prejudice
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unjustified negative attitude toward an individual based on their group membership
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Discrimination
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unjustified negative action toward a member of a group simply because they belong to that group
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Social Identity Theory
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the view that social identity is a crucial part of self-image and a valuable source of positive feelings about oneself
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Ethnocentrism
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tendency to favor one's own ethnic group over other groups
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Sexual Harassment
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unwelcome behavior or conduct of a sexual nature that offends, humiliates, or intimidates another person
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Mere Exposure Effect
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the phenomenon that the more individuals encounter someone or something, the more probable it is that they will start liking the person or thing even if they do not realize they have seen it before
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Anxious Attachment Style
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attachment style that describes adults who demand closeness, are less trusting, and are more emotional, jealous and possessive
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Secure Attachment Style
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attachment style that describes adults who have positive views of relationships, find it easy to get close to others, and are not overly concerned or stressed out about their romantic relationships
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Avoidant Attachment Style
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attachment style that describes adults who are hesitant about getting involved in romantic relationships and once in a relationship tend to distance themselves from their partner
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Romantic Love
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love with strong components of sexuality and infatuation, often predominant in the early part of a love relationship; also called passionate love
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Affectionate Love
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love that occurs when an individual has a deep, caring affection for another person and desires to have that person near; also called companionate love
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Social Exchange Theory
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view of social relationships as involving an exchange of goods, the objective of which is to minimize costs and maximize benefits
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Investment Model
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a model of longterm relationships that examines the ways that commitment, investment, and the availability or attractive alternative partners predict satisfaction and stability in relationships
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Can Attitudes Predict Behavior?
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sometimes -when attitude is strong -when person is made aware of attitude -when person has vested interest
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Evolutionary Theory of Helping
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we are especially likely to help and to care for our close relatives over strangers
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The Mere Exposure Effect Provides Us With One Explanation For Why _______ Increases Attraction
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proximity
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Sherif's Robbers Cave Study Showed That Perceptions of The Outgroup are Affected By
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competitive and cooperative activities
