chp 9 – Flashcards

What is the term for metabolic pathways that release stored energy by breaking down complex molecules?

The molecule that functions as the reducing agent (electron donor) in a redox or oxidation-reduction reaction

When electrons move closer to a more electronegative atom, what happens?

Why does the oxidation of organic compounds by molecular oxygen to produce CO2 and water release free energy?

Which of the following statements describes the results of this reaction? C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy

When a glucose molecule loses a hydrogen atom as the result of an oxidation-reduction reaction, the molecule becomes

When a molecule of NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) gains a hydrogen atom (not a proton), the molecule becomes

Which of the following statements describes NAD+?

Where does glycolysis take place in eukaryotic cells?

The ATP made during glycolysis is generated by

The oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is involved directly in which process or event?

Which process in eukaryotic cells will proceed normally whether oxygen (O2) is present or absent?

An electron loses potential energy when it

Why are carbohydrates and fats considered high energy foods?

During glycolysis, when each molecule of glucose is catabolized to two molecules of pyruvate, most of the potential energy contained in glucose is

In addition to ATP, what are the end products of glycolysis?

In glycolysis, for each molecule of glucose oxidized to pyruvate

A molecule that is phosphorylated

Which kind of metabolic poison would most directly interfere with glycolysis?

Why is glycolysis described as having an investment phase and a payoff phase?

The transport of pyruvate into mitochondria depends on the proton-motive force across the inner mitochondrial membrane. How does pyruvate enter the mitochondrion?

Which of the following intermediary metabolites enters the citric acid cycle and is formed, in part, by the removal of a carbon (CO2) from one molecule of pyruvate?

During cellular respiration, acetyl CoA accumulates in which location?

How many carbon atoms are fed into the citric acid cycle as a result of the oxidation of one molecule of pyruvate?

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is released during which of the following stages of cellular respiration?

During aerobic respiration, electrons travel downhill in which sequence?

Where are the proteins of the electron transport chain located?

In cellular respiration, the energy for most ATP synthesis is supplied by

During aerobic respiration, which of the following directly donates electrons to the electron transport chain at the lowest energy level?

The primary role of oxygen in cellular respiration is to

Inside an active mitochondrion, most electrons follow which pathway?

During aerobic respiration, H2O is formed. Where does the oxygen atom for the formation of the water come from?

In chemiosmotic phosphorylation, what is the most direct source of energy that is used to convert ADP+Pi to ATP

Energy released by the electron transport chain is used to pump H+ into which location in eukaryotic cells?

The direct energy source that drives ATP synthesis during respiratory oxidative phosphorylation in eukaryotic cells is

When hydrogen ions are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix across the inner membrane and into the intermembrane space, the result is the

Where is ATP synthase located in the mitochondrion?

Which of the following produces the most ATP when glucose (C6H12O6) is completely oxidized to carbon dioxide (CO2) and water?

The synthesis of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation, using the energy released by movement of protons across the membrane down their electrochemical gradient, is an example of

Chemiosmotic ATP synthesis (oxidative phosphorylation) occurs in

What is proton-motive force?

In liver cells, the inner mitochondrial membranes are about five times the area of the outer mitochondrial membranes. What purpose must this serve?

In prokaryotes, the respiratory electron transport chain is located

Which catabolic processes may have been used by cells on ancient Earth before free oxygen became available?

Which of the following normally occurs regardless of whether or not oxygen (O2) is present?

Which of the following occurs in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell?

Which metabolic pathway is common to both cellular respiration and fermentation?

The ATP made during fermentation is generated by which of the following?

In the absence of oxygen, yeast cells can obtain energy by fermentation, resulting in the production of

In alcohol fermentation, NAD+ is regenerated from NADH by

One function of both alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation is to

Why is glycolysis considered to be one of the first metabolic pathways to have evolved?

When an individual is exercising heavily and when the muscle becomes oxygen-deprived, muscle cells convert pyruvate to lactate. What happens to the lactate in skeletal muscle cells?

When skeletal muscle cells are oxygen-deprived, the heart still pumps. What must the heart muscle cells be able to do?

When skeletal muscle cells undergo anaerobic respiration, they become fatigued and painful. This is now known to be caused by

You have a friend who lost 7 kg (about 15 pounds) of fat on a regimen of strict diet and exercise. How did the fat leave her body?

Even though plants carry on photosynthesis, plant cells still use their mitochondria for oxidation of pyruvate. When and where will this occur?

What is the purpose of beta oxidation in respiration?

Where do the catabolic products of fatty acid breakdown enter into the citric acid cycle?

What carbon sources can yeast cells metabolize to make ATP from ADP under anaerobic conditions?

High levels of citric acid inhibit the enzyme phosphofructokinase, a key enzyme in glycolysis. Citric acid binds to the enzyme at a different location from the active site. This is an example of

During intense exercise, as skeletal muscle cells go into anaerobiosis, the human body will increase its catabolism of

Yeast cells that have defective mitochondria incapable of respiration will be able to grow by catabolizing which of the following carbon sources for energy?

In the presence of oxygen, the three-carbon compound pyruvate can be catabolized in the citric acid cycle. First, however, the pyruvate (1) loses a carbon, which is given off as a molecule of CO2, (2) is oxidized to form a two-carbon compound called acetate, and (3) is bonded to coenzyme A.

Exposing inner mitochondrial membranes to ultrasonic vibrations will disrupt the membranes. However, the fragments will reseal "inside out." These little vesicles that result can still transfer electrons from NADH to oxygen and synthesize ATP. If the membranes are agitated further, however, the ability to synthesize ATP is lost. After the further agitation of the membrane vesicles, what must be lost from the membrane?

The immediate energy source that drives ATP synthesis by ATP synthase during oxidative phosphorylation is the

Which metabolic pathway is common to both fermentation and cellular respiration of a glucose molecule?

In mitochondria, exergonic redox reactions

The final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain that functions in aerobic oxidative phosphorylation is

When electrons flow along the electron transport chains of mitochondria, which of the following changes occurs?

Most CO2 from catabolism is released during