Child development vocabulary chapter 1 – Flashcards
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Child development
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The scientific study of processes of change & stability in human children
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Social contruction
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Concept about the nature of reality based on society shared perception or assumptions
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Cognitive development
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Pattern of change in mental abilities, such as learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning and creativity
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Psycho social development
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Pattern of change in emotional, personality, and social relationships
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Individual differences
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Differences among children in characteristics, influences, or development outcomes
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Maturation
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Unfolding of a universal natural sequence of physical and behavioral changes
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Cohort
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A group of people born at about the same time
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Heredity
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Inborn characteristics inherited from the bilogical parent
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Environment
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Totality of nonhereditary, or experimental, influences on development
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Theory
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Coherent set of logically related concepts that seeks to organized, explain, and predict data
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ZPD ( zone of proximal development)
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Vygotsky's term for the difference between what a child can do alone and what the child can do with help
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Scaffolding
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Temporary support to help a child master a task
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Fertilization
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Union of sperm and ovum to produce a zygote, also called conception
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Sperm
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Are produced in testicles (testes) or reproductive glands of a mature male at a rate of several hundred millions a day and are ejaculated in semen at sexual climax. It's made up of: seminal plasma, sperm cells, prostate fluid, and pre evacuation (Cowper's glands fluid)
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Zygote
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One-celled organism resulting from fertilization
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ART (assisted reproductive technology)
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Methods used to achieve conception through artificial means
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Fertility
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the ability to conceive a child
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Infertility
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In women include failure to produce eggs or ova or the failure to produce normal ova, mucus in the cervix or disease of the uterine lining. In men is low sperm count or insufficiently motile sperm
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Fertile
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Able to conceive young or produce seed; reproduce; capable of initiating sustaining, or supporting reproduction
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Infertile
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Unable to reproduce, or conceive; incapable of sustaining life; barren; not getting pregnant despite having carefully timed, unprotected sex for one year. Also based on a variety of factors
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Conception
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The action of conceiving a child or of a child being conceived.
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Genes
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Small segment of DNA that consist of genes
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Genotype
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Genetic makeup of a person, containing both expressed and unexpressed characteristics
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Phenotype
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Observable characteristics of a person
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Down syndrome
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Chromosomal disorder characterized by moderate-to-severe mental retardation and by such physical signs as a downward-sloping skin fold at the inner corners of the eyes, problems of the heart, blood ; digestive system ; poor muscle tone.
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Genetic counseling
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Clinical service that advises prospective parents of their probable risk of having children with hereditary defects
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Stages (milestones) of prenatal development
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Occurs in 3 stages: 1. Germinal - 1st 2 weeks of prenatal development, characterized by rapid cell division, implantation of the wall uterus 2. Embryonic - 2nd stage of prenatal development of major body systems and organs (2-8 weeks) this is the most sensitive period 3. Fetal - final stage (8weeks to birth), enlarge body size
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Embryo
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Embryo to 8 weeks
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Fetus
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Fetus at 12 weeks
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Gestation
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The prenatal period of development, between conception and birth
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Fetal stage
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Final stage of prenatal development (from 8 weeks to birth), characterized by increased differentiation of body parts and greatly enlarged body size
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Neurons
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Nerve cells
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Teratogens
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Environmental agent, such as a virus, a drug or radiation, that can interfere with normal prenatal development and cause developmental abnormality
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Maternal age
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Child bearing age - Norm 20-35 for US (average health), 20-30 ideal bearing age.
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Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
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Combination of mental, motor ;I developmental abnormalities affecting the offspring of some women who drink heavily during pregnancy
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Fetal alcohol effects (FES)
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problems throughout childhood include short attention span, distractibility, restlessness, hyperactivity, learning disabilities, memory deficits, and mood disorders, as well as aggressiveness and problem behavior
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Pregnant/pregnancy
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The time of life from conception until birth
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Labor
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Is felt at least 2 weeks before delivery with uterine, cervical, ; other changes in the body/womb
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Stages of childbirth
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Dilation, birth, delivery of placenta Stage 1: baby positioning itself - dilation of the cervix is the longest ; most painful. 12-14 hrs. Stage 2: baby begins to emerge Stage 3: placenta is expelled
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Cesarean delivery (C-section)
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Delivery of a baby by surgical removal from the uterus
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Natural childbirth
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Method of childbirth that seeks to reduce or eliminate the use of drugs, enable both parents to participate fully and control perceptions of pain
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Lamaze method
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Introduced in France. Women are trained to breathe rapidly in sync with increasing intensity of her contractions; concentrate on other sensations to block out or reduce pain. The idea is to breath and relax her muscles and to relax in general
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Epidural block/shot
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Is injected into spinal cord to stop pain delivery
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Neonatal period
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First 4 weeks of life, a time of transition from intrauterine dependency to independent existence
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Neonate
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Newborn baby, up to 4 weeks old
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Colostrum
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Golden hour, may also reduce chances of mild jaundice
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Fontanel
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Soft spot on the head covered with a tough membrane, where an infant's skull bones are not yet fused
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Anoxia
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Lack of oxygen, which may cause brain damage
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Jaundice
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Condition in many newborn babies caused by immaturity of the liver and evidenced by a yellowish appearance; can cause brain damage if not treated promptly
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Bonding
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Is a mechanism that ensures the parents invest the tremendous energy and resources needed to enable a helpless infant survive and reproduce
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Marital dissatisfaction
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Marital satisfaction typically declines during the child raising years. (New parents are likely to experience multiple stressors, which may affect their health and state of mind. They may feel isolated and lose sight of the fact that other parents are going through similar problems).
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First three
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The first 3 years of life are a period of incredible growth in all areas of a baby's development. This is the point in which to nurture optimal growth and development. A newborns brain is about 25% of its approximate adult weight. By age 3 it has grown dramatically by producing billions of cells ; hundreds of trillions of connections, or synapses between these cells
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Physical development
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Growth of the body and brain, including biological and physiological patterns of change in sensory capacities, motor skills, and health. A continuous, orderly series of conditions that leads to activities, new motives for activities, patterns of behavior
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Cephalocaudal principle
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Growth occurs from top to bottom. Baby's head is bigger than body. The head becomes smaller as the child grows in height and lower parts of the body develop.
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Proximodistal principle
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Growth and motor development proceed from the center of the body outward. Babies first develop the ability to use their upper arms and upper legs, then the forearms and forelegs, then hands and feet, and finally fingers and toes
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Physical growth
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Increases in physical size of a whole or any of its parts, or an increase in number & size of cells: Growth can be measured
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Nutrition/benefits
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The importance of good and consistent nutrition for infants and toddlers is important for growth and development
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Breastfeeding/DHA
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Breastmilk contains antibodies that help your baby fight off viruses and bacteria. Lowers the risks of some diseases etc.
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Human Brain Control
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The cerebellum, brain stem, thalamus, limbic system, hypothalamus, amygdala
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Early reflexes
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Blinking, yawning, caught get, gagging, sneezing, shivering
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Brain plasticity
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The brain's early development is mostly genetically influenced, it's structure is continually modified by environmental experiences. So plasticity is the modified-ability of brain through experience.
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Cell death
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In brain development, normal elimination of excess cells to achieve more efficient functioning. The lack of enriching experiences may inhibit the process of cell death.
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Early sensory capacities
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Touch, smell, taste and hearing
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Types of Motor development
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Head control, hand control & locomotion control
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SIDS
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Sudden Death Infant Syndrome. Sudden and unexplained death of an apparently healthy infant
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Psychometric approach
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Approach to the study of cognitive development that seeks to measures the quantity of intelligence a person possesses
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Early intervention
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Systematic process of providing services to help families meet young children´s development needs
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Sensorimotor substages
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Consists of six substages. During the first five substages, babies learn to coordinate input from their senses and organize their activities in relation to their environment. during the sixth substage, they progress from trial and error learning to the use of symbols and oncepts to solve problems.
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Habituation
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Type of learning in which familiarity with a stimulus reduces, slows, or stops a response
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Dishabitatuation
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increase in responsiveness after presentation of a new stimulus
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Visual preferences
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Tendency of infants to spend more time looking at one sight than another
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Visual cognitive memory
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Ability to distinguish a familiar visual stimulus from an unfamiliar stimulus when shown both at the same time
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Brain development
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The tremendous brain growth during the early years of childhood is closely linked with language development
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Emotions
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Subjective reactions to experience that are associated with physiological and behavioral changes
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Early emotional responses
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Early emotional responses include crying, smiling and laughing, self-conscious emotion, altruistic helping and empathy, and shared intentionality and collaborative activity.
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Temperament
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Characteristic disposition, or style of approaching and reacting to situations
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Temperament patterns
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Easy Child, Difficult Child & Slow-to-warm-up Child
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Attachment
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Reciprocal enduring tie between two people-especially between infant and caregiver-each of whom contributes to the quality of the relationship
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Types of attachment
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1. Strange situation 2. Secure attachment 3. Avoidant attachment 4. Resistant (ambivalent) attachment 5. Disorganized-disoriented attachment
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Autonomy
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Emotional, cognitive, and behavioral Independence
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Socialization
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development of habits, skills, values, and motives shared by responsible, productive members of a society
