Chemistry- Chapter 1 Review – Flashcards
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| What is a chemical in the Earth's atmosphere that absorbs most of the radiation that could damage things on Earth? |
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| ozone |
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| What is any substance with a definite composition? |
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| chemical |
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| What does ozone consist of? |
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| three particles of oxygen (O3) |
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| What are the 5 layers of the atmosphere from the Earth upward? |
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| troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, exosphere |
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| About 90% of ozone is located in which layer of the atmosphere? |
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| stratosphere |
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| In what layer of the atmosphere contains the air we breathe, all the clouds, where airplanes fly, and all weather? |
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| troposphere |
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| What causes oxygen gas to break down into two individual particles of oxygen? |
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| ultraviolent radiation |
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| What do individual oxygen particles combine with to form ozone, which consists of 3 particles of oxygen? |
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| oxygen gas |
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| What is the thinning of the ozone layer called? |
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| the ozone hole |
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| What is the ozone hole more like than an actual hole? |
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| thinning of a sock |
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| What does CFC stand for? |
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| Chlorofluorocarbon |
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| What is Clorofluorocarbon composed of? |
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| chlorine, fluorine, and carbon |
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| What are CFC's used for? |
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| coolants, plastic foams, and propellants in spray cans |
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| Are all CFC's synthetic chemicals? |
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| yes |
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| Do CFC's usually react readily with other chemicals? |
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| no |
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| Were CFC's developed as replacements for toxic refrigerants? |
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| yes |
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| What is the study of matter and the changes it undergoes? |
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| chemistry |
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| What has mass and takes up space? |
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| matter |
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| What is the amount of matter in an object? |
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| mass |
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| Does mass change with location? |
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| no |
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| What is the gravitational pull on matter? |
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| weight |
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| Does weight change with location? |
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| yes |
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| Would a person that weighs 75kg on the moon weigh more, less, or the same? |
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| less |
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| Would a person whose mass was 75kg more, less, or the same mass on the moon? |
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| the same |
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| Since people can easily be seen without a microscope, what are they termed? |
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| macroscopic |
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| Atoms are very small and cannot be see with even the most powerful microscopes. What are they termed? |
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| submicroscopic |
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| What is the study of matter and processes in living things? |
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| bichemistry |
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| What is the study of carbon containing chemicals? |
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| organic chemistry |
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| What is the study of components and composition of substances? |
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| analytical chemistry |
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| What is the study of matter that does not usually contain carbon? |
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| inorganic chemistry |
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| What is the study of behavior and changes of matter and related energy changes? |
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| physical chemistry |
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| Which branch of chemistry deals with reaction rates? |
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| physical chemistry |
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| Which branch of chemistry deals with minerals, metals and nonmetals, and semiconductors? |
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| inorganic chemistry |
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| Which branch of chemistry deals with metabolism and fermentation? |
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| biochemistry |
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| Which branch of chemistry deals with pharmaceuticals and plastics? |
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| organic chemistry |
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| Which branch of chemistry deals with food nutrients and quality control? |
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| analytical chemistry |
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| What are the steps of the scientific method? |
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| 1. Define the problem 2. collect background information 3. form a hypothesis 4. test the hypothesis in an experiments 5. make and record observations 6. draw conclusions and predict |
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| What is the first step of the scientific method? |
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| define the problem |
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| What is the second step in the scientific method? |
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| collect background information |
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| What is the third step of the scientific method? |
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| form a hypothesis |
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| What is the fourth step of the scientific method? |
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| test the hypothesis in experiments |
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| What is the fifth step of the scientific method? |
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| make and record obervations |
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| What is the sixth step of the scientific method? |
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| draw conclusions and predict |
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| What is another term for the scientific method? |
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| systematic approach to problem solving |
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| What kind of data is numerical information given in? |
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| quantitative data |
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| What type of data/info is related to the five senses (look, feel, sound, taste, or smell)? |
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| qualitative |
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| What is a tentative explanation for an observation or educated guess that can be tested by an experiment? |
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| hypothesis |
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| What is something that can change or be changed? |
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| variable |
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| What is the variable in an experiment that changes in response to the controlled variable called? |
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| dependent variable |
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| What axis is the dependent variable plotted on? |
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| y-axis |
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| What is the variable that is changed or controlled by the experimenter? |
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| independent variable |
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| Where is the independent variable plotted? |
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| x-axis |
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| What is a standard for comparison in an experiment? |
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| control |
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| What is a visual, verbal, and/or mathematical explanation of experimental data called? |
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| model |
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| What states a conclusion that occurs consistently over time (statement doesn't tell why)? |
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| scientific law |
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| What is a broad principle of nature supported over time (tells why and may be changed over time)? |
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| theory |
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| What is research undertaken to solve a specific problem? |
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| applied research |
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| What is the act of gaining knowledge for the sake of knowledge itself? |
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| pure research |
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| Who discovered the antibiotic penicillin? |
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| Alexander Fleming |
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| What year did Alexander Fleming discover penicillin? |
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| 1928 |
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| Technically, what is the antibiotic penicillin? |
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| a bacteria killing mold called penicillum notatum |
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| What is the practical use of science? |
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| technology |
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| Who developed the theory of relativity? |
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| Albert Einstein |
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| What is the formula for relativity? |
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| e=mc2 |
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| What does e=mc2 stand for? |
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| energy=mass x speed of light squared |
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| What is the value and units for speed of light? |
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| 3 x 10^3 m/s |
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| What does ATP stand for? |
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| Adenosine Triphosphate |
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| What does the ATP molecule store and release? |
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| energy |
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| Are breathing and respiration the same thing? |
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| no |
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| What should you always wear in a lab situation? |
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| goggles |
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| What is the chemical reaction that occurs in plants to make their own food? |
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| photosynthesis |
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| What contains carbon with a few exceptions? |
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| organic compounds |
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| What contains carbon and hydrogen only? |
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| hydrocarbons |
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| What are hydrocarbons with only single bonds between atoms? |
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| alkanes |
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| What is methane? |
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| CH4 |
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| What is fuel for cooking and heating? |
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| propane |
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| What is used in small lighters and some torches? |
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| butane |
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| Count to ten in organic chemistry |
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| meth, eth, prop, but, pent, hex, hep, oct, non, dec |
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| What is the formula for determining ALKANES? |
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| CnH2n+2 |
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| What are hydrocarbons that contain one or more DOUBLE covalent bonds between atoms? |
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| Alkenes |
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| What is the formula for determining ALKENES? |
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| CnH2n |
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| What are hydrocarbons with one or more TRIPLE bonds between carbon atoms in a chain? |
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| Alkynes |
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| What is the formula for determining ALKYNES? |
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| CnH2n-2 |
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| What is the most common alkyne? |
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| ethyne |
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| What's another term for ethyne? |
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| acetylene |
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| What are functional groups? |
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| atom or group of atoms that always react in a certain way (change the physical and chemical properties of the parent hydrocarbon) |
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| What changes the physical and chemical properties of the parent hydrocarbon? |
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| functional groups |
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| What do all alcohols have? |
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| a hydroxyl functional group (-OH) |
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| What do amines have? |
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| an amino group (-NH2) |
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| What do carboxylic acids have? |
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| the carboxyl group (-COOH) |
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| What is the carbonyl group? |
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| (-C=O) |
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| What are another functional group? |
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| Esters |
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| What does each functional group produce? |
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| a unique odor |
