Chemistry Semester 1 Study Guide – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
7 types of chemistry
answer
Organic Chemistry Inorganic Chemistry Physical Biochemistry Analytical Medicinal Pharmaceutical
question
Organic Chemistry
answer
deals with elements containing carbon (which is pretty much everything living)
question
Inorganic Chemistry
answer
deals with noncarbon compounds and non-living matter.
question
Physical Chemistry
answer
deals with the relations between the physical properties of substances and their chemical formations along with their changes.
question
Biochemistry
answer
deals with the composition and changes in the formation of living species.
question
Analytical Chemistry
answer
deals mostly with the composition of substances.
question
Pharmaceutical
answer
chemistry behind pharmaceutical preprations.
question
Medicinal Chemistry
answer
study of structure-activity relationship, pharamacological activities.
question
What is the difference between hypothesis theory and law?
answer
Law- Exact rule Hypothesis- May or may not be occur Theory- similar to law but not exclamatory
question
Two types of Mater
answer
Mixtures and Pure Substances
question
Two types of Mixtures
answer
Heterogeneous and Homogeneous
question
Two types of Pure Substances
answer
Element and Compound
question
Heterogeneous
answer
You can differentiate different parts (visibly/with a microscope)
question
Homogeneous
answer
Solution; can't differentiate between materials
question
Element
answer
Just a pure, simple element
question
Compound
answer
Contains more than one element 2 or more different elements chemically bonded together
question
3 ways to separate mixtures
answer
Filtration Distillation Chromatography
question
Filtration
answer
To separate heterogeneous mixtures
question
Distillation
answer
To separate homogeneous mixtures
question
Chromatography
answer
To separate volatile gasses
question
Solid, liquid, and gas on a molecular level
answer
solid- molecules are tightly compacted and do not move liquid- molecules able to move around but not completely freely gas- molecules able to move freely and fast
question
Law of Conservation of Matter
answer
In Chemical reactions, mass in the beginning and mass after are same, mass is neither lost nor gained
question
Law of Definite Properties
answer
Elements in compound are present in fixed proportions by weight (e.g. Water is always H₂O)
question
Law of Multiple Proportions
answer
Many elements combine in more than one ratio (e.g. H₂O water is 2:1, H₂O₂ is Hydrogen Peroxide 1:1)
question
Physical properties
answer
Does not change chemical identity or make-up
question
Examples of Physical properties
answer
Melting Point Boiling Point Color Taste (e.g. Whether Nitrogen freezes of Boils it is still nitrogen)
question
Solubility
answer
Process or Extent to which a solute (the one being devolved) dissolves in a solvent (one doing the dissolving)
question
Solubility example question: (487g sugar dissolves completely in 100g water at 100°C, and 247g dissolves in 100g water at 20°C, How much water does it take to devolve 100g of sugar at 100°C)
answer
Solubility example answer: (100g sugar × (100g water/487g sugar) = 20.5 grams of water) (If cooled to 20°C: 20.5g water × (204g sugar/100g water) = 41.8g if sugar is in the water and the remaining 58.2 crystalizes)
question
4 Types of Solubility
answer
Saturated Unsaturated Supersaturated Crystallization (Ex. a solution that is saturated at 30g sugar/100g sugar is instead mixed with 35g sugar/100g water. So, when shaken, some of the mixture crystallizes. To find the amount, (35/100) - (30/100) = 5g sugar crystallizes)
question
Saturated (Solubility)
answer
completely disolved
question
Unsaturated (Solubility)
answer
not enough solute
question
Supersaturated (Solubility)
answer
too much solute
question
Crystallization (Solubility)
answer
mixture tries to correct imbalance
question
Density
answer
Doesn't matter the amount of something density is still the same. Density decreases as temperature increases. D=m/v (Density = mass / volume)
question
10⁶ [Give metric prefix]
answer
Mega (M)
question
10³ [Give metric prefix]
answer
Kilo (k)
question
10² [Give metric prefix]
answer
hecto (h)
question
10¹ [Give metric prefix]
answer
deka (d)
question
10⁻¹ [Give metric prefix]
answer
Deci (d)
question
10⁻² [Give metric prefix]
answer
centi (c)
question
10⁻³ [Give metric prefix]
answer
milli (m)
question
10⁻⁶ [Give metric prefix]
answer
micro (μ)
question
10⁻⁹ [Give metric prefix]
answer
nano (n)
question
10⁻¹² [Give metric prefix]
answer
pico (p)
question
Precision (for measurements)
answer
(basically) how many decimal places your measurement has (e.g. 4.125 is more precise than 4.1)
question
Accuracy (for measurements)
answer
how well your measurement agrees with right (or defined) answer
question
Leading Zeros (Significant Digits) [are significant or not significant]
answer
not significant (e.g. in 0.00025 only 2 and 5 are significant)
question
Captive Zeros (Significant Digits) [are significant, not significant, or both]
answer
are significant (e.g. 1.008 or 1105, in both all # are significant)
question
Trailing Zeros (Significant Digits) [are significant, not significant, or both]
answer
both [Explanation: When number does not have a decimal (150) = not significant, but when number does (1.0500), trailing zeros are significant]
question
Addition and Subtraction (with Significant Digits)
answer
Result can only contain as many decimal places as number with least decimal places
question
Multiplication and Division (with Significant Digits)
answer
Result can only have as many significant digits as number with least amount of significant digits. (501× 25 = 12500 but = 1.3×10⁴ because 25 only has 2 significant digits)
question
Temperature °F to °C (conversion)
answer
T°F = (9/5*T°C) [T stands for Temperature]
question
Temperature °C to °F (conversion)
answer
T°C = (5/9)(T°F-32°) [T stands for Temperature]
question
How to get temperature K (conversion
answer
T°K = T°C + 273.15
question
Absolute zero
answer
0 K (on the Kelvin scale) [also: −273.15 °C (on the Celsius scale) −459.67 °F (on the Fahrenheit scale) ]
question
Democritus (state his Theory)
answer
indivisible particles, atoms from atoms
question
Aristotle (state his Theory)
answer
matter is infinitely divisible; 4 elements (earth, wind, fire, water)
question
Lavosisier (who is he)
answer
the father of modern analytical chemistry
question
Dalton Atomic Theory (4)
answer
(a) elements are made from atoms (b) Atoms of an element are the same mass (except for isotopes) (c) Atoms of different elements have different masses (except for isobars) (d) Atoms combine in small number ratios (1:1, 1:2)
question
Components of the Atom
answer
Electrons, Protons, Nutrons (discovered in that order)
question
A cathode ray
answer
an electron beam
question
Molar Mass
answer
(Molar Mass =) Atomic weight of an element, converted to grams (e.g. Molar Mass of ¹⁵⁹⁹⁴O = 15994 grams)
question
Calculating Atomic Mass from Isotopes with abundances
answer
Multiply each of the Isotope's weight by their abundances, and add [Ex. Oxygen exists in 3 isotopes ¹⁶O (99.76%), ¹⁷O (.04%), and ¹⁸O (.2%) 16(.9976) + 17(.0004) + 18(.002) = 16amu]
question
Calculate Isotope Abundance
answer
(Set up algebraic equation): mass of element = isotope1 weight(x) + isotope weight 2(x-1) [Ex. Oxygen (atomic mass = 15.9994amu) exists in 3 isotopes with masses 15.9949amu, 16.9993amu, and 17.9992amu occurring .204%: • 15.9994 = 16.9993x + 15.9949(1-x) + 17.9992(.00204) • 15.9582 = 16.9993x + 15.9949 - 15.9949x • -.0367 = 1.0044x • x = 3.65% = O^ 16.9993 • O^15.9949 = 100% - 3.65% -.204% = 99.76% * each orbital can contain a maximum of 2 electrons, so S can have 2, P can have 6, D can have 10]
question
Aufbau Principle
answer
Electrons fill energy positions from lowest to highest
question
Hund's rule
answer
when filling orbitals with in an energy sub level, electrons fill orbital signally before pairing
question
Pauli Exclusion Rule
answer
No two electrons in a given atom can possess the same set of four quantum numbers, opposite
question
All the sublevels in order
answer
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p 6s 4f 5d 6p 7s 5f 6d 7p
