Chemistry Fall Final – Flashcards
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| solid to liquid |
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| melting |
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| liquid to gas |
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| vaporizing |
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| gas to liquid |
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| condensing |
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| liquid to solid |
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| freezing |
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| solid to gas |
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| sublimation |
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| gas to solid |
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| deposition |
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| temperature |
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| -units are °C, °F, K -measured with thermometer -AVERAGE kinetic energy |
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| heat |
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| -units are calories/joules -measured with calorimeter -TOTAL kinetic energy |
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| Kelvin equation |
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| K = °C + 273 |
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| Celsius Equation |
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| °C = 5/9(°F - 32) |
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| Fahrenheit equation |
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| °F = 1.8(°C) + 32 |
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| specific heat equation |
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| q = (c)x(m)x(change in t) |
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| calories to joules conversion |
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| 1 cal = 4.18 J |
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| mixtures |
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| homogenous heterogenous |
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| pure substances |
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| elements compounds |
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| chemical properties |
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| reactivity inert caustic flammability corrosive |
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| physical properties |
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| mass hardness melting point density length specific heat volume solubility boiling point odor magnetism color malleability ductivity electrical conductivity thermal conductivity crystallized shape |
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| Isotope Notation |
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| Top number = mass # = protons - neutrons Bottom Number = atomic number = electrons (unless there's a charge) |
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| Democritus |
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| first idea about atom viewed as "uncuttable" |
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| Alchemy |
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| goal was to turn base metals into gold experimentation important |
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| Dalton |
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| first formal theory of atom |
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| Dalton's theory of atom |
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| 1) all matter is composed of tiny, indivisible parts called atoms 2) atoms of same element are identical, and different from those of other elements 3) atoms may be separated, joined, or rearranged by chemical reactions |
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| Thomson |
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| discovered electron with cathode ray beam with magnets showed negative charge PLUM PUDDING MODEL |
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| Rutherford |
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| discovered nucleus gold foil experiment |
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| Bohr |
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| studied atomic spectra of hydrogen wavelengths of light PLANETARY MODEL |
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| Quantum Mechanical Model |
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| de Boglie: wavelike nature of matter Schrodinger: wave equation defined shape of orbitals Heisenberg: uncertainty principle |
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| Chadwick |
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| discovered neutron because it provided more mass than proton |
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| S sublevel |
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| 1 cloud capacity of 2 electrons sphere shape |
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| P sublevel |
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| 3 clouds capacity of 6 electrons hourglass shape |
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| D sublevel |
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| 5 clouds capacity of 10 electrons clover shape |
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| F sublevel |
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| 7 clouds capacity of 14 electrons complex shape |
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| light spectrum |
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| Red: long wavelengths, short frequency Violet: short wavelength, long frequency (from purple to red) gamma, xrays, ultra violet, visible, infrared, microwaves, tv, radio |
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| alpha decay |
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| 4 He 2 |
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| beta decay |
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| 0 e -1 |
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| Gamma decay |
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| 0 4 y + He 0 2 |
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| atomic radius in periodic table |
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| larger as you go left and down |
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| ionization energy in periodic table |
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| bigger as you go up and right |
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| electron affinity in periodic table |
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| bigger as you go up and right |
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| Binary Ionic Naming (1) |
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| metal/nonmetal Regular with "ide" ending |
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| Binary Ionic (2) |
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| metal/nonmetal (with TRANSITION METAL) regular with roman numerals (if necessary) and "ide" ending |
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| Binary Molecular (Covalent) |
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| nonmetal/nonmetal prefixes (mono, di, tri, tetra, penta, hexa, hepta, octa, nona, deca) |
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| Polyatomic Naming |
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| Regular with roman numerals with transition metals when necessary "ide" ending |
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| Acid naming (no oxygen) |
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| name begins with hydro "ic" ending |
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| acid naming (oxygen present/including polyatomic ion) |
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| "ite" --> "ous" "ate" --> "ic" NO HYDRO |
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| electronegativity |
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| pull atoms have for electrons in a bond |
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| ionic bonds |
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| give/take electrons |
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| covalent bonds |
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| share electrons |
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| Elements are negatively charged when... |
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| it takes electrons away from others |
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| Electrons are positibely charged when... |
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| it gets an electron taken away by another |
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| exceptions to octet rule |
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| H: needs 2 e- Be: needs 4 e- B: needs 6 e- |
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| set # 2 |
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| linear geometry linear shape |
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| set #3 |
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| trigonal planar geometry trigonal planar/bent shape |
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| set #4 |
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| tetrahedral geometry tetrahedral/pyramidal/bent shape |
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| equations must be balanced due to... |
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| law of conservation of matter |
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| synthesis reaction |
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| A + B --> AB |
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| decomposition |
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| AB --> A + B |
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| single replacement |
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| A + BC --> AC + B |
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| double replacement |
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| AB + CD --> AD + CB |
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| combustion |
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| fuel + O2 --> CO2 + H20 |
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| metric acronym |
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| tera giga mega kilo hecto deca (base) deci centi milli micro nano pico Thank God My Karate Helps Ditch (unkind) Dudes Cuz Mean Men Need Punching |
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| Zinc |
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| Silver |
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| Ag1+ |
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| Zinc |
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| Zn2+ |
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| Nickel |
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| Ni2+ |
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| Chromium |
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Cr3+ |
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| Copper (I) |
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| Cu1+ |
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| Copper (II) |
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| Cu2+ |
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| Iron (II) |
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Fe2+ |
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| Iron (III) |
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| Fe3+ |
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| Lead (II) |
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| Pb2+ |
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| Lead (IV) |
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Pb4+ |
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| Tin (II) |
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| Sn2+ |
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| Tin (IV) |
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Sn4+ |
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| Mercury (II) |
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| Hg2+ |
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| Ammonium |
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| NH4+ |
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Hydroxide |
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| OH1- |
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| Cyanide |
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| CN1- |
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| Acetate |
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| C2H3O21- |
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Chromate |
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| CrO42- |
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| Dichromate |
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| Cr2O72- |
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Permanganate |
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| MnO41- |
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| Bicarbonate |
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| HCO31- |
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Carbonate |
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| CO32- |
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| Nitrite |
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| NO21- |
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Sulfite |
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| SO32- |
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| Phosphite |
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| PO33- |
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Nitrate |
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| NO31- |
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| Sulfate |
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| SO42- |
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Phosphate |
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| PO43- |
