Chemistry Crossword
Flashcard maker : Ben Stevenson
There is a lot more to a good experiment than just test tubes and chemicals–consider how these “unknown” factors may influence the results.
Variables
Pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by a chemical reaction.
Element
Working model to explain and predict the structure or properties of matter and nature, based on the results of repeated observations and experiments.
Theory
A standard reference experiment done under parallel or identical conditions by omitting the independent variable whose effect is being tested.
Control
Transformation of a pure substance that results in a change in its composition, e.,g., combustion or corrosion (2 words).
Chemical Reaction
The reproducibility of measurements.
Precision
Either an element or a compound–its composition cannot be varied by physical means.
Pure Substance
Quantitative observation of the size, extent or amount of an object.
Measurement
Although this way of studying natural phenomena is often presented as a series of steps, it is actually a process, of discovery (2 words).
Scientific Method
Qualitative description of the properties of a material, such as its color or appearance, usually made with the senses.
Observation
This prediction should never be compared to a wild guess–it should be based on prior observation, experience or logical reasoning.
Hypothesis
Anything that has mass and occupies space–Chemistry really does ______!
Matter
The digits that are reported for a measurement to express the uncertainty in the measured quantity (2 words).
Significant Figures
Characteristic of a substance, such as its solubility, conductivity, melting point, ect. (2 words).
Physical Property
In science, it’s not really so much a rule so much as an accepted summary of observed properties or behavior in nature (2 words).
Natural Law
Describes how close a measured value is to an actual or known value.
Accuracy
Substance with a variable composition that can be altered to by simple physical means, such as by evaporating one of the components.
Mixture
Controlled test or procedure carried out to learn more about the physical or natural world.
Experiment
No report of an experiment is complete without a understanding of the source and experimental _____, which may be random or systematic.
Error
Pure substance that can be broken down into simpler substances by a chemical reaction.
Element
Water ____________ is a common method for determining the density of an irregularly shaped object or material.
Displacement
This law states that matter is neither created nor destroyed in of any a chemical reaction (3 words).
Conservation of Mass
Ratio of mass to volume–a characteristic physical property of a substance.
Density
Prefix for one million.
Mega
Fundamental unit of time measurement in the metric system.
Second
Measured in degrees Celsius.
Temperature
Measurement for the amount of space an object occupies.
Volume
Prefix corresponding to one-billionth.
Nano
To convert form centimeters to millimeters, _______ by 10.
Multiply
One milliliter is equivalent to a _____ centimeter.
Cubic
Metric prefix that is most appropriately used with meter to describe the size of a typical cell or bacterium.
Micro
Base unit for length in the metric system.
Meter
Prefix corresponding to 1/100.
Centi
This ratio of mass per unit volume is a characteristic physical property of a pure substance.
Density
Derived unit approximately equal to the volume of one gram of one gram of water at room temperature.
Millileter
The only base unit in the metric system that includes a prefix.
Kilogram
To convert from milligrams to grams, _____ by 1000.
Divide
Independent, fundamental quantity of measurement in the metric system from which all other quantities can be derived (2 words).
Base Unit
Describes the reproducibility or reliability of a series of measurements.
Precision
Metric prefix meaning 1000.
Milli
Linear measurement of an object from one end to another.
Length
Base unit for volume in metric system.
Liter
Prefixes in the metric system corresponding to powers of this number.
Ten
Law of _____ proportions describes the formation of a series of compounds, such as NO, NO2, N2O, with different ratios by mass of two elements.
Multiple
General class of elements that typically combine via covalent bonds to form molecular compounds.
Nonmetals
Subatomic particle that gives an atom its nuclear charge.
Proton
Its positive charge arises due to loss of an electron from a neutral atom.
Cation
Studies of elements subjected to high voltage in _____ _____ tubes led to discovery of electrons, because that is what they are.
Cathode Ray
Hydrogen and deuterium have different numbers of this subatomic particle.
Neutron
Sum of protons and neutrons in an atom (2 words).
Mass Number
With respect to either mass or energy, this property is the law because it’s a fundamental principle.
Conservation
As a group, these elements conduct electricity and can be drawn out into wires or hammered into various shapes.
Metals
Adjective used to describe the force holding protons together in the nucleus–it is not weak!
Strong
Negatively charged ion.
Anion
A number without a unit is a meaningless measurement, and carbon-12 is the standard for this one (3 words).
Atomic Mass Unit
Net force resulting from sum of attractive and repulsive forces between charged atoms in a crystal lattice (2 words).
Ionic Bond
Charged atoms resulting from a gain or loss of electrons.
Ions
Particle consisting of two or more atoms joined together via covalent bonds.
Molecules
Weighted average of the masses of naturally occurring isotopes for an element, relative to carbon-12 (2 words).
Atomic Mass
Atoms of the same element that have different mass numbers.
Isotopes
Small, dense core of an atom is only about 1/100,000 the overall size of an atom.
Nucleus
Modern _____ ______ began with a series of postulates laid out by John Dalton almost 200 years ago (2 words).
Atomic Theory
Law of constant ____ states that a given compound will always have the same ratio of elements by mass.
Composition
Subatomic Particles discovered by J. J. Thompson.
Electrons
Spontaneous disintegration of the nucleus of an atom.
Radioactivity
Ammonium, sulfate, nitrate, ect. are examples of ____ ions
Polyatomic
Net force arising due to sharing of electrons between the nuclei of two or more atoms (2 words).
Covalent Bond
Most recognized symbol of chemistry across the world is used to predict and explain trends in the properties of elements (2 words).
Periodic Table
Elements in the periodic table are arranged in order of increasing ____ _____, with no gaps (2 words).
Atomic Number
Force holding atoms together, may be covalent, ionic or metallic (2 words).
Chemical Bond
Rutherford’s investigation of ____ scattering led to the discovery of the nucleus.
Alpha
This adjective used with formula gives the simplest whole number ratio of atoms in a compound.
Empirical
The nuclear age proved that this particle really was not indivisible.
Atom
Each electron in an atom is described by a unique set of four quantum.
Numbers
Characteristic of electromagnetic radiation that is directly proportional to energy.
Frequently
Electromagnetic radiation that is just outside the visible range, toward lower energy.
Infrared
Three-dimensional region of space around the nucleus where an electron, if present, may be found.
Orbital
The 2s and 2p orbitals are examples of different _____.
Sublevels
Named after Heisenberg, the ____ principle expresses a limit on our knowledge of the location and momentum of an electron.
Uncertainty
Transition of an electron from a lower energy level to a higher energy level is accompanied by the ______ of energy.
Absorption
Electromagnetic radiation that is just outside the visible range, toward higher energy.
Ultraviolet
Modern ____ theory explains and predicts the properties of electrons in terms of their wave characteristics.
Quantum
____ radiation ranges from cosmic rays and gamma rays at the high energy end to radio waves at the low energy end.
Electromagnetic
The ______ principle from the German word for “build up” predicts that electrons are assigned to orbitals in order from lowest to highest energy.
Aufbau
Characteristic of waves that is inversely proportional to the energy.
Wavelength
Physical constant that is characteristic of all electromagnetic radiation; used to calculate distances of stars and galaxies in light years (3 words).
Speed of light
Bioluminescence is an example of the ____ of light by natural processes in living organisms.
Emission
Qualitative method for identifying an element based on the color of light emitted from an excited-state atom (2 words).
Flame test
Rules for writing electron _____ help chemists determine the number of outer shell electrons an atom has.
Configuration
Einstein’s explanation of the _____ effect in 1905 brought about a new era of understanding in physics and chemistry regarding the quantum nature of light.
Photoelectric
Emission of light by excited state atoms consisting of a series of discrete bands at specific wavelengths; not continuous (2 words).
Line spectrum
The number of electrons that may occupy the ______ energy level n is given by n^2.
Principal
The visible _____ spans only a very small range of wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation.
Spectrum
Lowest energy level that is higher in energy than the ground state (2 words).
Ground state
Electron energy level that is higher in energy than the ground state (2 words).
Excited state
Fundamental minimum unit or “particle” of light energy.
Photon
Physical constant relating the energy and frequency of light is named after Max ____.
Planck
Members of the s-block of elements are found on the _____ side of the periodic table.
Left
Located between silicon and tin in the periodic table, the properties of this “unknown” element were accurately predicted by Mendeleev in 1869.
Germanium
Much less numerous than their counterparts on the left, these elements on the right side of the periodic table readily gain electrons to form anions.
Nonmetals
These elements straddle a stair-step region or line in the periodic table and are essential components in modern technology, including computers.
Semimetals
This rare-earth element provides a common name for a series of elements set off from the main section of the periodic table.
Lanthanum
Group 2 family of elements, so called because they form basic oxides and are prevalent in the Earth’s crust (3 words).
Alkaline earth metals
Members of a family of reactive metals that typically ignite in contact with water (2 words).
Alkali metals
Iconic “symbol” of chemistry that can be used to predict trends in the properties of elements (2 words).
Periodic table
Adjective describing the physical property of a substance that can be hammered into thin sheets or films.
Malleable
Vertical columns of elements in the subatomic particles in an atom that are responsible for their bonding characteristics (2 words).
Groups
This characteristic physical property of metals reflects a usefulness in electrical circuits.
Valence electrons
Another name for a vertical group of elements in the periodic table with similar chemical properties.
Conductivity
These elements are typically shiny and lustrous, are good conductors, and can be drawn out into wires.
Family
Members of the Group 18 family of elements were once thought to be inert (2 words).
Metals
Members of the d-block in the middle of the periodic table that typically form colorful compounds (2 words).
Noble gases
Fluorine has the highest _____ of any element in the periodic table; attracts electron density in a covalent bond.
Transition metals
Elements are arranged in order of increasing _____ ______ in the modern periodic table; the concept however was unknown at the time of Mendeleev (2 words).
Atomic number
Energy required to remove an electron from an atom in the gaseous state (2 words).
Ionization energy
Characteristic size of an atom that increases going down a column in the periodic table due to increasing distance of electrons from the nucleus (2 words).
Atomic radius
Predictable increases or decreases in the properties of elements either across a row or down a column in the periodic table (2 words).
Periodic trends
Horizontal rows of elements in the periodic table that are numbered based on the value of the outermost occupied principal energy level.
Periods
Common name for the most reactive group of nonmetals in the periodic table.
Halogens
Name of this transition metal is often used to describe a deep blue color.
Cobalt
Nobel gas; also an adjective to describe signs that are brightly lit up at night.
Neon
Most reactive nonmetals in the periodic table and extremely poisonous.
Fluorine
This reactive nonmetal is a gas and a powerful disinfectant for pools and municipal water treatment.
Chlorine
Galvanized steel has a thin coating of this metal to protect the underlying iron against corrosion.
Zinc
Expensive transition metal used to make strong but lightweight golf clubs, as well as artificial joints.
Titanium
Most abundant element in the universe; also the lightest.
Hydrogen
Transition metal between chromium and iron.
Manganese
Lightweight alkali metal that makes good batteries.
Lithium
Reactive nonmetals that is a solid and comes in three forms–red, yellow and white.
Phosphorus
This transition metal is worth more than five cents.
Nickel
Bananas are a good source of this metal ion, which in elemental form is a reactive, dark blue solid.
Potassium
Vital element in every breath we take.
Oxygen
Noble gas that makes up almost 1% of air.
Argon
Nonmetal found in borax.
Boron
Add just a little bit of this transition metal to iron and you get a bright, shiny steel used in car bumpers and faucets.
Chromium
This noble gas is named after the Greek word for the Sun, where its spectral lines were first observed.
Helium
Most abundant gas in the air we breathe.
Nitrogen
Lightweight metal named after Scandinavia because that’s where it was first discovered.
Aluminum
Drink milk so you will build strong bones with this alkaline earth metal ion.
Scandium
Smallest alkaline earth element, it’s not as common as many of its “cousins” in the same family.
Calcium
An uncommon element, but this transition metal forms beautiful and colorful salts; named after Norse goddess of beauty.
Beryllium
The earth has a molten core made of this metal.
Iron
Common ribbon form of this alkaline earth metal burns with a blinding white flame.
Magnesium
A “valley” in California is named after this element that is the backbone of all integrated circuits.
Silicon
Most processed foods have a high concentration of this metal ion that may be linked to high blood pressure.
Sodium
Graphite and diamond do not look alike, but they are two forms of this element.
Carbon
Bright yellow nonmetal that is often accused of of having a bad smell.
Sulfur
The Statue of Liberty is green because of this reddish-orange metal.
Copper
