Flashcards To Learn Chemistry
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Mixture A is formed using KCl and H2O and mixture B is formed using MgCl2 and H2O. If the two mixtures have the same molality, which of the following statements would be true about the boiling point of the mixtures? A. Mixture A would have a higher boiling point B. Mixture A would have a lower boiling point C. Mixture B would have a lower boiling point D. The mixtures have the same boiling point E. The mixtures would vaporize at the same rate
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Correct Answer: B. Mixture A would have a lower boiling point The two mixtures have the same concentration a.k.a. molality. However, they do have differing ionic solutes. Mixture A has an ionic solute that would dissociate to form two ions (K+ and Cl-) whereas Mixture B has an ionic solute that forms three ions (Mg2+ and 2Cl-). In the equation: ?T(boiling) = m x Kb x i, the "I" or vant Hoff factor would be the only variable. The higher the vant Hoff factor, the greater the effect on the boiling point and/or freezing point. The von hoff factor for Mixture A is 2, but for Mixture B is 3. Therefore, Mixture B would have the greater affect on the boiling point, making it higher than normal. Between the two mixtures, B would have a higher boiling point than mixture A.
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Which of the following statements best describes the structural relationship between cis-1,2-dibromocyclopropane and trans-1,2-dibromocyclopropane? A. The two compounds are mirror images of one another B. The two compounds can be separated by ordinary physical chemical separation methods C. The two compounds have the same melting points D. All of the above
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Correct Answer: B. The two compounds can be separated by ordinary physical chemical separation methods Cis and trans-1,2-dibromocyclopropane share a diastereomeric relationship; that is, the molecules are stereoisomers that are not enantiomers. Diastereomerism occurs when two or more stereoisomers (i.e. same connectivities) of a compound have different configurations at one or more (but not all) of the equivalent stereocenters and are not mirror images of each other. Accordingly, diastereomers are distinct molecules with different chemical properties, and can be separated by ordinary physical means. Recall that enantiomers are mirror images of each other and are identical in all physical aspects except for their direction of rotation of plane polarized light.
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Which of the following elements would contain the valence electron configuration 4s24p5? A. Fluorine B. Sulfur C. Calcium D. Bromine E. Antimony
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Correct Answer: D. Bromine The valence shell is the outer shell of an element. It is the electrons in the valence shell that interact to form compounds, either ionic or covalent. If the valence shell ends in the 4th energy level, this means the compound must be in the fourth row of the periodic table, therefore eliminating answer options A, B, and E. The valence shell shows a total of 7 valence electrons, 2 from the s and 5 from the p. The only element that has 7 valence electrons and is in the 4th row is Bromine (Br).
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The 1H NMR spectrum of an unknown compound shows the following signals: triplet, quintet and triplet (relative integrals 1:2:3, respectively). Which compound is consistent with this data? A. 1,1-dibromopropane B. 1,2-dibromopropane C. 1,3-dibromopropane D. 2-bromopropane E. 1,1-dibromoethane
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Correct Answer: A. 1,1-dibromopropane An approximated 1H NMR spectrum of 1,1-dibromopropane (CH3CH2CHBr2) is shown below:
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Mg and Ar In a reaction between Mg and Ar, which of the following is most likely to occur? A. no reaction would occur B. a precipitate would form C. a gas would be produced D. a color change would occur E. an aqueous solution would form
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Correct Answer: A. no reaction would occur Noble gases are inert and do not react under normal conditions. Therefore, the reaction would not take place. In order for a gas to be produced, a chemical reaction would need to occur. The same is true for the color change and the formation of a precipitate as these signal that a chemical change has happened. However, these would not form/occur in this case because the two reactants would not react chemically.
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Gestrinone Gestrinone is a synthetic steroid hormone that is marketed as a treatment for endometriosis. What is the index of hydrogen deficiency (IHD)-or degree of unsaturation-for gestrinone? A. 9 B. 10 C. 11 D. 12 E. 13
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Correct Answer: B. 10 Recall that the degrees of unsaturation corresponds to the sum of pi bonds and/or rings present in a molecule. Each ring and each pi bond contributes one degree of unsaturation; triple bonds, possessing one sigma and two pi bonds, contribute two degrees of unsaturation. Gestrinone has four rings (4), three alkenes (3), one carbonyl (1) and one alkyne (2). Thus IHD = 4 + 3 + 1 + 2 = 10
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If 45.1 grams of a solute is added to 302 grams of water to make a 0.65M solution, what is the molar mass of a solute? A. (45.1 grams)/( 0.302 moles) B. (0.65(.302) grams)/(45.1 moles) C. (45.1 grams)/(0.65 moles) D. (0.65 grams)/0.302 moles) E. (45.1 grams)/(0.65(.302) moles)
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Correct Answer: E. (45.1 grams)/(0.65(.302)moles) To determine the molar mass, the molarity equation will be needed. Molarity = (moles of solute)/(Liters of solution) Plugging in the values from the problem results in: 0.65 = (moles of solute)/(.302 L) Note: The amount of the solution is given in terms of grams of water, this can be converted to mL by using the density of water (1.0 grams/mL) and then converting the mL into liters. Cross-multiplying gives the following: 0.65(.302) = moles of solute The molar mass of a compound is in grams per mole. Therefore the molar mass of the unknown solute would be 45.1 grams of solute (from the question) divided by the number of moles just calculated 0.65(.302). Putting the pieces together results in a molar mass of the unknown solute of: (45.1 grams)/0.65(.302)moles
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The cyanide ion has which of the following molecular geometries? A. Linear B. Trigonal Planar C. Tetrahedral D. Trigonal Planar-Bent E. Tetrahedral-Bent
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Correct Answer: A. Linear Cyanide is CN-1 and this compound has 10 valence electrons to use to bind together. The only orientation that works with these elements is with a triple bond between the C and N, with each element having a single pair of non-bonded electrons. This would give rise to a linear molecular geometry.
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What is the major product of the following reaction? (pic) A. I B. II C. III D. IV E. The reaction produces mixtures of all four.
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Correct Answer: C. III The bromonium ion is formed when alkenes react with bromine. When the ? cloud of the alkene (nucleophile) approaches the bromine molecule (acting as an electrophile), the ?-bond electrons of Br2 are pushed away, resulting in the departure of the bromide anion. The species formed is a high-energy intermediate along the reaction path. It will react further with some nucleophile?methanol in this case. The electronic structure of the bromonium ion has its consequences in the stereochemistry of the reaction. Nucleophilic attack takes place from the bottom face (back-side to the "departing" bromide) on the more substituted carbon. The back-side attack leads to the anti addition (Br and Nu groups end up on the opposite faces of the starting double bond), and the nucleophile adds to the more substituted carbon (Markovnikov's rule). Structure III corresponds to the above. Structure II may form, but only in very miniscule amounts (pic)
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A 1 mol sample of ammonia gas (NH3) at 1 atm and 298 K is compressed to 2 atm. What is the difference in volume before and after compression? A. 22.4 liters. B. 18.5 liters. C. 11.2 liters. D. 5.91 liters. E. 1 liter.
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Correct Answer: C. 11.2 L This is solved using the ideal gas law. However, it should be recognized that 1 mol of any gas at 1 atm and 273K (or 0 deg Celsius) is approximately 22.4 L in volume. If this is not recognized, it can still be calculated from the ideal gas law, PV = nRT. We recognize that if pressure doubles while temperature and mols remain the same, the volume should be halved. Thus, the new volume is 11.2 L, which is a difference of 11.2 liters, or answer C.
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Dynemicin A (pictured), a potent anti-tumor antibiotic produced by Micromonosporachernisa, is a potential lead compound in anti-cancer research. How many pi (?) bonds does Dynemicin A possess? (pic) A. 10. B. 15. C. 13. D. 12. E. 14.
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Correct Answer: B. 15 Dynemicin A has two aromatic systems, three carbonyl substituents (two ketones, one carboxylic acid), two alkenes and two alkynes. Total = 15. Recall that alkynes possess two pi bonds in addition to one sigma bond, therefore C is not correct.
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Methods of extraction are important for use in industry and research. One of the typical steps in an extraction is the use of either acid or base to treat an unknown mixture. This step is applied in order to: A. Change the water solubility of an unknown compound. B. Change the boiling point of an unknown compound. C. Change the molecular weight of an unknown compound. D. Change the optical activity of an unknown compound. E. Change the melting point of an unknown compound.
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Correct Answer: A. Change the water solubility of an unknown compound Adding acid or base to a mixture of unknown compounds is designed to change the water solubility. The loss or gain of protons will make the compound become ionic in nature, and thus soluble in water. On the other hand, compounds that are already ionic may become neutrally charged, resulting in lower solubility in water.
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Which of the following is the charge of iron in the compound, Fe(SO4)2? A. +1 B. +2 C. -2 D. +4 E. -4
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Correct Answer: D. +4 This is an example of an ionic compound. For every 1 iron atom, 2 sulfate ions are needed. If sulfate has a charge of -2 and 2 sulfates are present, then this results in a charge of -4. Since the ionic compound in the question is neutral, there should not be a charge left on the compound. Therefore, if sulfate has a -4 (is looking to gain 4 electrons), then the iron must have a +4 charge (be willing to transfer 4 electrons).
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The addition of heat and acid to 2-oxocyclopentanecarboxylic acid produces: A. cyclopentene. B. cyclopentanol. C. cyclopentaldehyde. D. cyclopentanecarboxylic acid. E. cyclopentanone.
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Correct Answer: E. cyclopentanone Beta-keto carboxylic acids undergo decarboxylation through ring formations. The carbonyl bond of the ketone will react with the alcohol group of the carboxylic acid to form a ring and release the carboxylic acid as CO2. The remaining enol will tautomerize into a carbonyl group again, leaving cyclopentanone. Notice a cyclopentaldehyde can't even be a possible answer, aldehydes cannot exist in cyclo compounds.
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Which of the following is the process by which an unstable nucleus is transformed into a more stable nucleus with lower energy? A. nucleation. B. combustion. C. nuclear decay. D. nuclear fission. E. nuclear fusion.
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Correct Answer: C. nuclear decay Nuclear decay involves the splitting of an unstable nucleus and emitting a radioactive particle. This process also decreases the energy of the original element. Nucleation though a chemistry term is related to the process of making a crystal from a supersaturated solution. A combustion reaction does generally result in the release of energy, but is not a mechanism used to make a nucleus more stable. Nuclear fusion is the process of adding elements together, increasing their energy, not decreasing their energy.
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Quinine is well-known antimalarial drug from the bark of the cinchona tree. In principle, how many stereoisomers of quinine are possible? A. 2. B. 4. C. 8. D. 16. E. 32.
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Correct Answer: D. 16 Quinine has four centers of chirality (highlighted with asterisks). Thus, in principle, quinine has 24 (2 x 2 x 2 x 2 = 16) stereoisomers.
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