Chemistry 2 exam 4 – Flashcards
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| Paramagnetic |
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| unpaired e- in shells effected (attracted) by magnetic fields |
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| Dimagnetic |
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| paired e- in shells uneffected by magnetic fields |
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| change in energy and electrons |
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| smaller energy change when unpaired e- are in shells |
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| Metallurgy |
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| mining of metals depends on reduction potential gold, silver, platinum are mined as is |
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| mining |
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| get metal into usable form |
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| flotation |
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| metal sulfide ores concentrated differences in oil in waters effect on gangue and metal more polar floats |
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| roasting |
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| heat and air oxidized metal as SLAG |
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| Refining |
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| purification of metal |
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| Isomer |
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| molecules with same molecular formula but different chemical structures |
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| types of isomers |
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| linkage isomers geometric isomers optical isomers |
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| Ligands and d-orbitals |
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| ligands approach the metal ion from different directions affect d orbitals in different ways |
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| Metal complexes and color |
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| metal complexes are colored because metals EMIT LIGHT AS ELECTRONS RAISE TO HIGHER ENERGY LEVELS |
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| Transition metals |
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| have vacant d orbitals - accept shares in e- pairs Group 20 Multiple charges possible (cations) LEWIS ACIDS |
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| Lewis acid |
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| accepts electrons |
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| Lewis base |
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| donates electrons |
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| Why is a ruby red? |
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| small amounts of chromium in a coordination complex absorb green light |
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| coordination # |
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| number of donor atoms an acceptor metal is bonded (# of ligands) |
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| Crystal field theory |
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| metal ligand bonding is ionic by having ligand and d electron repulsion Have same energy different ligands create different field strength |
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| how is nuclei re-arranged in a metal |
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| e- conductivity malleablity and ductility |
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| ligands |
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| bonds to a central metal atom and donates lone pair of electrons |
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| centrifuge |
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| separate materials by density |
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| Alkene |
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| hydrocarbon containing a double bond per molecule |
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| Alkyne |
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| hydrocarbon containing a triple bond |
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| Alkane |
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| hydrocarbon containing a single bond |
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| Halides |
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| Cl-, F- Br-, I- Cannot be oxidized Only reduced once |
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| Cloro |
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| Cl- |
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| Aqua |
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| H20 ligand |
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| Amine |
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| NH3 (amonia) |
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| Cyano |
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| CN or CO triple bond |
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| Tetra |
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| Four |
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| Which group does not react with acid? |
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| Group 11 Au, Ag, Cu |
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| Group 8 |
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| form 2+ or 3+ most of time Ex. Fe 2+ |
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| Aqua regia |
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| HNO3/HCl |
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| What is a good reduction agent for metals? |
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| Carbon |
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| Alloy |
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| solution of solid metals |
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| Coordination # 2 Hybrization |
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| sp Linear |
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| Coordination # 3 Hybrization |
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| sp2 trigonal planar or bent |
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| Coordination # 4 Hybrization |
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| sp3 tetrahedral trigonal pyramidal |
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| Coordination # 4 Hybrization alt. |
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| sp3d square pyramidal trigonal bipyramid |
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| Coordination # 6 hybrization |
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| sp3d2 octahedral square pyyramidal |
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| Strutural Isomers |
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| Molecules that are the same formula but have different structures |
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| Geometrical Isomers |
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| Two molecules that have the same strucutures cis/trans |
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| Rule for isomers |
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| If you have to take a model to pieces to convert it into another one, then you've got isomers. If you merely have to twist it a bit, then you haven't! |
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| trans isomers |
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| atoms across from each other from the double bond |
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| cis isomers |
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| atoms on same side of double bond |
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| Why does sulfur element have S8? |
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| has a larger distance between sulfur atoms giving poor p-orbital overlap and no pi- bonds |
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| When can nitrogen oxide not be formed? |
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| in colder temperatures |
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| Reduction (metallurgy) |
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| obtaining the free metal from an ore Chemical or electrolysis |
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| Zone Refining |
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| A rod containing the desired pure metal & impurities is passed through a series of heating coils and cooled again. (impurities are moved to end of rod and cut off) |
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| Why does copper turn green? |
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| copper is oxidized by air, then acid rain (H2SO4) causes green |
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| Example of Bidentate ligands |
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| glycinate ion oxalate ion ethylenediamine (en) |
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| Chelating agents |
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| (claw) formed by ligands multi-point attachment to a metal holds metal ions together preventing oxidation |
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| Ionization isomer |
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| isomers that give different ions in a solution |
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| Linkage isomer |
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| isomers with different metal-ligand bonds |
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| How metal shows color |
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| electrons move from ground state to higher state must have d-orbitals partially and unequally filled metal absorbs energy as light as electrons drop |
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| degenerate |
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| same electron amount in each shell |
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| Transition metals |
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| have vacant d orbitals LEWIS ACID - ACCEPT E- |
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| Isomers properties |
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| have same molecular mass different properties (e.g. boiling point) |
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| Valance bond theory |
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| covalent bond is a pair of electrons of opposite spin that are shared by two atoms from orbital overlap |
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| Blast furnace |
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| used to create purified metal impurities are turned into SLAG |
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| Band theory |
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| 1/2 bonding- filled 1/2 antibonding- empty delocalized valence electrons occupy MO energy levels valency band |
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| Semiconductor |
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| material that is like a metal and an insulator a few electrons can jump the gap and conduct (group 4 elements) |
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| Doping |
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| increasing conductivity of a semiconductor by adding small amount of impurities |
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| Diodes |
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| Permits electron flow only one way |
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| Ceramics |
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| inorganic nonmetallic non molecular solids |
