Chemistry 100 Study Guide- Exam # 1 – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
what is a chemical?
answer
lithium perchlorate alcohol - ethanol water
question
What are the origins of chem?
answer
technology alchemy natural philosophy modern science
question
what is science?
answer
observation, identification, description, experimental investigation, and theoretical explanation of natural phenomena.
question
chemistry?
answer
science of the composition, structure, properties and reactions of matter, especially of atomic and molecular systems.
question
hypothesis?
answer
trial explanation of certain facts that provides a basis for further experimentation.
question
Theory?
answer
well established hypothesis. an explanation of the general principles of certain phenomena w/ considerable evidence or facts to support it.
question
Law?
answer
STATEMENT! statement of natural phenomena to which no exceptions are known under the given conditions. A law is not an explanation.
question
what types of research exists?
answer
applied research basic research
question
Matter?
answer
anything that has mass and occupies space
question
Mass?
answer
quantity of amount of matter that an object possesses. - fixed - independent of the objects location
question
weight?
answer
measure of the earths gravitational attraction for an object - not fixed - depends on objects location!
question
Properties of substances?
answer
property = ? property = characteristic of a substance
question
each substance has a unique set of .....that no other substance has.
answer
properties
question
Physical properties?
answer
taste color physical state melting point boiling point
question
chemical properties
answer
ability of a substance to form new substances.
question
chemical properties do what?
answer
they: react decompose ex. gasoline burns, acid can corrode, iron can rust.
question
chemical change = ?
answer
new substances are formed that have different properties and composition from the original material.
question
example of chemical change?
answer
copper oxide from -> copper & oxygen!
question
what is composed of discrete, tiny fundamental particles called atoms?
answer
Matter
question
what are elements?
answer
elements contain only one kind of atom!
question
what are compounds?
answer
compounds contain two or more kinds of atoms.
question
matter exists in how many states?
answer
three. solid, liquid and gas
question
rigid substance with a definite shape?
answer
solid
question
has a definite volume but takes the shape of its container
answer
liquid
question
takes shape and volume of container?
answer
gas
question
essentially incompressible?
answer
solids
question
indefinite shape/ definite volume
answer
liquids
question
particles are mobile, able to move around each other
answer
liquid
question
indefinite shape and volume?
answer
gas
question
compressible
answer
gas
question
particles far apart and small compared to the volume they occupy
answer
gas
question
has a definite, fixed composition?
answer
Substance
question
examples of substances?
answer
Na, Cl2, Al aka pure substance!
question
element can or cannot be broken down into a simper substance?
answer
cannot!
question
substances can or cannot be decomposed into two or more simpler substances?
answer
they can...example: water - can decompose into hydrogen and oxygen table salt - sodium and chlorine
question
elements can or cannot be decomposed into simpler substances?
answer
cannot!
question
smallest particle of an element that can exist?
answer
Atom
question
smallest unit of an element that can enter into chemical reaction?
answer
atom
question
how many symbols do elements have? give an ex.
answer
one or two ex. C for Carbon Ba for Barium
question
For exam! Memorize first 36 elements & Ag, Sn, I, Xe, Ba, Au, Hg, Pb, U, Pu
answer
...
question
what cannot be decomposed into simpler substances?
answer
elements
question
what can be decomposed chemically into simpler substances?
answer
compounds
question
2 types of compounds?
answer
molecular and ionic
question
mixture has a composition that can be ?
answer
varied
question
solutions are...?
answer
mixtures
question
matter that is uniform in appearance and has the same properties throughout?
answer
homogenous
question
pure substance?
answer
water
question
mixture?
answer
sugar and water
question
classification of matter what is a pure substance? what is a mixture?
answer
always homogenous in composition mixture - two or more substances and may be either homogenous or heterogenous
question
SCIENTIFIC NOTATIONS
answer
...
question
scientific notation=?
answer
6.022 x 10 (23)
question
length ?
answer
meter
question
mass
answer
kg
question
temp
answer
kelvin K
question
time
answer
seconds
question
substance
answer
mole
question
electric current
answer
ampere
question
luminous intensity
answer
candela
question
what is mega?
answer
10^6
question
kilo
answer
10^3
question
deca
answer
10^1
question
deci
answer
10^-1
question
centi
answer
10^-2
question
milli
answer
10^-3
question
micro
answer
10^-6
question
nano
answer
10^-9
question
1 meter is how many inches?
answer
39.37 inches
question
1 meter longer or shorter than a yard?
answer
longer
question
how many millimeters in 2.5 meters?
answer
...
question
1 inch = how many cm?
answer
2.54
question
1 kg = pounds?
answer
2.205lb
question
what is volume?
answer
amount of space occupied by matter.
question
what is heat?
answer
form of energy that is associated with the motion of small particles of matter
question
what is density
answer
d= mass/ volume
question
~~~~CHAPTER 2~~~~~
answer
...
question
law of conservation of mass
answer
matter is neither created nor destroyed during a chemical change atoms are rearranged instead.
question
what has a unique number of elements?
answer
a compound.
question
what contains two or more elements combined in a definite proportion of mass?
answer
a compound.
question
each element has what exactly?
answer
an atomic number.
question
every atom w/ an atomic number of 1 is what kind of atom?
answer
an hydrogen atom.
question
every hydrogen atom contains what?
answer
1 proton in its nucleus.
question
every atom w/ an atomic number of 92 is what kind of atom?
answer
a uranium atom.
question
atomic mass units
answer
...
question
what is the mass of an hydrogen atom?
answer
1.673 x 10 ^ -24
question
AMU?
answer
atomic mass units
question
what is the atomic mass?
answer
sum of p + n (protons + neutrons)
question
~~~~Chapter 3~~~~~
answer
...
question
Atomic structures
answer
...
question
-> The discovery of ions <-
answer
...
question
cathode?
answer
negative electrode
question
anode
answer
positive electrode
question
cathodes and anodes=?
answer
ions
question
an ion always carries
answer
a positive or negative electrical charge.
question
what are smaller particles than atoms?
answer
subatomic particles
question
subatomic particles are...?
answer
electrons protons neutrons
question
electrons have a ?
answer
negative charge form shell of atom small mass
question
protons have a ?
answer
positive charge in of nucleus of atom large mass
question
neutrons?
answer
no charge neutral slightly more mass than proton
question
Ions?
answer
...
question
general arrangement of subatomic particles
answer
...
question
atomic number is equal to the number of ?
answer
protons
question
AMU?
answer
protons + neutrons
question
What are isotopes?
answer
Same # of protons but different number of neutrons.
question
Isotopes of the same element have?
answer
equal number of protons. different number of neutrons.
question
hydrogen has three isotopes
answer
1 proton, 0 neutron 1 proton, 1 neutron 1 proton, 2 neutron
question
mass number
answer
protons and neutrons
question
Atomic number
answer
number of protons
question
Atomic mass summary
answer
...
question
elements do / do not have different isotopes?
answer
elements do have different isotopes
question
each element does have/ doesn't have same # of protons?
answer
has the same # of protons.
question
elements can/ cannot have different # neutrons
answer
they can have different number of elements.
question
different number of neutrons make what?
answer
different atomic masses.
question
amu (atomic mass) = ?
answer
isotopic mass x abundance
question
for example?
answer
62.9298 x 69.09 = 43.48 amu
question
mass number - atomic number=?
answer
number of neutrons!
question
ex. (mass number = 109, atomic number 47)
answer
109-47 = 62 -; number of neutrons
question
modern periodic table
answer
...
question
chemical bonds (Ch.4)
answer
...
question
what is chemical nomenclature?
answer
system of naming chemicals
question
two classes of chemical names. what are they?
answer
common names systematic names
question
formula for the element is based on what?
answer
based on the symbol of the element
question
sodium?
answer
Na
question
Potassium?
answer
K
question
Zinc
answer
Zn
question
Argon
answer
Ar
question
Mercury
answer
Hg
question
Lead
answer
Pb
question
Calcium
answer
Ca
question
Naming cations
answer
Na - Sodium - Na+ Ca- Calcium - Ca+ Lithium - Li+ Magnesium - Mg2+ Strontium - Sr2+
question
Naming anions
answer
fluorine (F) - F- = Fluoride ion chlorine (Cl) - Cl- = chloride ion Bromine (Br) - Br- = bromide ion
question
anions ?
answer
....ide ending! brom(ide) ox(ide) ...
question
when are ions formed?
answer
metals combine w/ nonmetals!
question
H3PO4 - Indicate: 1. the elements 2. the atoms
answer
1. elements: H - hydrogen, P - phosphorus O - Oxygen 2. Atoms: 3 H atoms - 4 O atoms!
question
what are binary compounds?
answer
binary compounds contain two different elements metal and non-metal
question
so what is a binary compound exactly? name three examples?
answer
metal + non-metal + (ide ending) Examples: 1. aluminum chloride AlCl3 2. aluminum oxide Al2 O3 3. hydrogen chloride HCl
question
what is: NaCl MgCl2 K2O Na3P
answer
NaCl - sodium chloride MgCl2 - Magnesium chloride K20 - Potassium oxide Na3P - Sodium Phosphide
question
classical system!
answer
...
question
metals suffixes are usually?
answer
-ous and -ic
question
-ous = higher or lower charge?
answer
lower study tip: -lo = low
question
- ic
answer
higher charge!
question
nonmetal names end w/?
answer
-ide
question
lower charge examples?
answer
copper - cuprous - lower charge iron - fe2+ - ferrous - lower charge lead - pb2+ - plumbous
question
higher charge examples?
answer
Cu2+ - cupric - higher charge = ic ending! Pb4+ - plumbic - higher charge = ic ending stannous = Sn4+ = stannic = ic ending!
question
poly =
answer
two or more
question
polyatomic ions means?
answer
two or more elements
question
example for polyatomic ion?
answer
NO-3
question
when naming a compound, name what first?
answer
cation first (positive), then anion (negative) example? Na2CO3
question
ite like nitrite = ?
answer
-ite = more ions
question
-ate?
answer
less oxygen
question
per short for what?
answer
hyper = more
question
example for per?
answer
perchlorare = CL0-4
question
hypo -
answer
less
question
example
answer
hypochlorite = ClO-
question
four ions do not the ate = less and ite (more) system. Name all four ions.
answer
1. hydroxide 2. cyanide 3. hydrogen sulfide 4. peroxide
question
three common positively charged polyatomic ions?
answer
mercury(I) - HG2/2 Hydronium - H3O+ ammonium NH +4
question
Remember all polyatomic ions!
answer
Page 106
question
mono?
answer
1
question
di?
answer
2
question
tri?
answer
3
question
tetra?
answer
4
question
penta?
answer
5
question
hexa
answer
6
question
hepta
answer
7
question
octa
answer
8
question
nona
answer
9
question
deca
answer
10
question
name 5?
answer
penta
question
name 10
answer
deca
question
name 9
answer
nona
question
name 8
answer
octa
question
name 6
answer
hexa
question
name 3
answer
tri
question
name 2
answer
di
question
dinitrogen trioxide
answer
N2O3
question
PCl5
answer
phosphorus pentachloride
question
dichlorine heptaoxide
answer
Cl2O7
question
Cl2O3
answer
dichlorine trioxide
question
N2O3
answer
dinitrogen trioxide
question
CCl4
answer
carbon tetrachloride
question
phosphorous triiodide
answer
PI3
question
Mgl2
answer
magnesium iodide
question
Lewis Structures of Atoms
answer
...
question
valence electron structure
answer
usually 8 electrons
question
valence electrons
answer
the electrons that occupy the outermost energy level of an atom.
question
Review page 60 PPT chapter 4
answer
...
question
what is an ionic bond?
answer
transfer of electrons from one atom to another
question
covalent bond
answer
sharing electrons
