CHEM 281 – Chemistry – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answers| Lipoproteins and their functions: Chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, and HDL |
· Chylomicrons- dietary triclycerols · VlDL- endogenous triglycerol, cholesterol ester cholesteroyl · LDL-delivers cholesterol --> extra hepatic tissues (bad cholesterol) - Build cell membrane · HDL- carry cholesterol release from tissues --> back to liver (good cholesterol cholesterol scavenger). · Chylomicrons - Deliever: - Exogenous fatty acids to muscle and adipose tissue - Dietary cholesterol to liver -Other lipoprotein complexes: transport endogenous lipids in blood stream - VLDL --> IPL --> LDL (cholesterol Rich) - LDL --> delivers cholesterol to extrahepatic tissues (“bad cholesterol”) 1. Build cell membrane 2. Synthesize steroid hormones · HDL- carry the cholesterol released form tissues back to the live (“good cholesterol”) (cholesterol scavenger)
|
| What are “good cholesterol” and “bad cholesterol” and why? |
- Good Cholesterol --> carry cholesterol from tissues (HDL) - Bad Cholesterol --> LDL --> delivers cholesterola build cell membrane
|
| Energy density |
- Lipids are fuel with the highest energy density how much energy→ lipids are the most energy dense
|
Definitions: Thermogenesis |
· Thermogenesis the process of heat production in organisms. It occurs mostly in warm blooded animals, but a few species of thermogenic plants exist. · In the brown fat tissue is through oxidation-phosphorylation uncoupling mechanism
|
| Oxidation of Fatty acids: Where? Which two phases? Carnitine cycle |
Where --> mitochondria Two Phases -Activation - transportation Carnitine cycle-- can move across membrane of mitochondria-- transport--need Acetly before two things occur
|
Four reactions of oxidation: dehydrogenation (FAD), hydration, dehydrogenation (NAD+) and thiolytic cleavage
|
Dehydtogenation- remove hydrogen and make FADH2 Hydration –add water Deydrogenation- make NADH Thioysis- make 5 ATP every cycle
|
| how to calculate the ATP production of fatty acids. |
| LOOK AT TABLE |
| Biosynthesis of fatty acids: Where, How and Coenzymes involved. |
Where : in cytosol How- Coenzyme- NADPH |
| The enzyme complex of fatty acid biosynthesis |
| →fatty acyl synthase |
Similarities and differences between the oxidation and fatty acid synthesis (Locations, co-enzymes, enzyme complexes involved, fatty acyl carriers, reaction directions, starting materials)
|
| LOOK AT TABLE |
Which enzyme in the oxidation is associated with complex II of electron transport chain?
|
| Acyl-CoA |
Basic composition of fatty acid synthase.
|
Acetyl-CoA needs bind to start fatty acid synthase What enzymes make up fatty acid synthase
|
Biosynthesis of cholesterol: where, basic building material, three stages of synthesis (names) |
Where --> cytosol Building-acetyle-coA (2 carbon)
|
| Ketogenesis: location, function, ketone bodies, under what conditions |
·Ketogenesisà the synthesis of ketone bodies from acetyl-CoA Location: mitochondria of liver cells Function: providing nutrition to brain when you don't have glucose Ketone bodies--> 8mM--> normal 20 mM--> toxic Names- acetone, acetactate, B-hydroxybutrate
|
The key control enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis
|
Building Block: Acetyl-CoA
|
The key control enzyme in Ketogenesis.
|
HMG-CoA
|
What is a “Nitrogen Pool” |
1. Nitrogen pool --> the sum total nitrogen compunds in the body, nonprotein anabolic produces
|
a-ketoglutarate – Glutamate” system
|
| Transferring Nitrogen |
Glucose-Alanine Cycle and Glutamate-Glutamine system
|
Two pathways to transport ammonia to the liver for urea synthesis →Glucose→pytuvate→Alanine→pyruvate→Release NH2 |
Essential and nonessential amino acids
|
Essential-must be provided by diet (end in-ine) Nonessential-can be made by the body
|
Four common metabolic intermediates that link protein catabolism to carbohydrate
|
Pyruvate Alpha-ketoglutarate Oxaloacetate B-phosphglcerate
|
| Essential and nonessential amino acids |
Essential-must be probided by diet (end in-ine) Nonessential-can be made by the body
|
Four common metabolic intermediates that link protein catabolism to carbohydrate
|
Pyruvate Alpha-ketoglutarate Oxaliacetate B-phosphglcerate |
| Urea cycle |
Excretion of excess nitrogen in liver from metabolic break down of amino acid
|
The transportation of ammonia to urea cycle
|
Glutamate – Glutamine System Glucose – Alanine Cycle
|
All major intermediates in urea cycle
|
Citrulline Arginosuccinate Acid Argenine Orinthinthe
|
The final products of protein catabolism
|
| Water, Co2, ATP, Urea, Ammonia |
| Glucogenic and Ketogenic amino acids |
Plasma→ water, proteins, elctrocytes:Na, K, Cl Serum--> A component of blood which is collected after coagulation |
Transamination and oxidative damination
|
Transamintion-> important step in synthesis of non-essential amino acid --reaction between an appha-keto acid -- Oxidate deamination--> generates oxoacidsin liver ---Glutamate undergoes rapid oxidative deammation in Urea Cycle. -->prodces hydrogen peroxide and Ammonia |
| Balance between the two ammonia/ amino supplies 1 |
| Urea cycle recres ammonia and the amino group from 2 different sources. In order for the Urea Cycle to take place they be balanced |
| 1. Plasma & serum |
Plasma→ water, proteins, elctrocytes:Na, K, Cl Serum→ non protein portion →everything but protein |
2. Circulations: pulmonary, systemic and lymphatic circulations |
Pulmonary-Lungs -RV →Lungs→ LV -Accept O2 and Release CO2 Systemic circulation -LV→tissues→RV -Deliver O2 to tissues and pick up CO2 from tissues Lymphatic Circulation -Lymphatic, thymus, spleen and lymph nodes -Lipid abosorption and distribution -immunolgical function
|
