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Pathogenic

answer

Disease producing (causing)

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Carrier

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A person, animal, or plant that serves as a host for a pathogen and can transmit it to others, but shows no symptoms (is immune).

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Endogenous infection

answer

Arising from within the body

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Exogenous

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An action or object coming from outside a system

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Fomite

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Any inanimate object (bed rail) or substance capable of carrying infectious organisms and hence transferring them from one individual to another.

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Health care-associated infection

answer

Infection obtained while in a health care setting

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Virulent

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Highly pathogenic or rapidly progressive (ability to survive in the host or outside the body)

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Chain of infection

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Infectious agent, reservoir, portal of exit, transmission, portal of entry, host suscepbility.

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Stages of infection

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Incubation period. Prodromal stage (onset of nonspecific signs/symptoms "i dont feel so good"). Illness stage (signs/symptoms specific to the infection). Convalescence (acute symptoms of infection disappear).

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Direct transmission

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Physical contact (person to person)

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Indirect transmission

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Contaminated host to inanimate objects (fomites)(touching an infected door knob)

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Droplet transmission

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Large particles contact a person (sneezing, coughing)

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Airborne transmission

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Particles in air (shaking sheet)

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Vehicle transmission

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Contaminated objects (food, untreated water)

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Host resistance

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Susceptibility of the host

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Host

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an organism in which another, usually parasitic, organism is nourished and harbored.

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Medical asepsis

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Techniques that prevent the growth and spread of pathogenic microorganisms. (CLEAN, not sterile technique)

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Reservoir

answer

Any natural habitat of a microorganism that promotes growth and reproduction.

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Spore

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Round body that is formed by the bacterium when conditions are unfavorable for growth.

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Standard Precautions

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Guidelines recommended by the CDCP for reducing the risk of transmission of blood-borne and other pathogens in hospitals. the standard precautions synthesize the major features of universal precautions (UNIVERSAL)

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Surgical asepsis

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The exclusion of all microorganisms before they can enter an open surgical wound or contaminate a sterile field during surgery. (STERILE, not clean technique)

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Vector

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An organism, such as a mosquito or tick, that carries disease causing microorganisms from one host to another.

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Colonization

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Organism that multiplies but does not cause an infection.

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Communicable disease

answer

An infectious disease that is transmitted directly from on person to another.

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Vehicle

answer

Any substance, such as food or water, that can serve as a mode of transmission for infectious agents.

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Sterilization

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To make free from live bacteria or other microorganisms.

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Sterile

answer

Free from all pathologic organisms

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Sterilization

answer

process of destroying all microorganisms and pathogenic products

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Surgical asepsis

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The practice of preparing and handling material in a way that prevents the patient's exposure to living microorganisms.

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Localized infection

answer

affects a certain area of the body (wound)

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Systemic infection

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Affects the whole body (AIDS)

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Inflammation

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protective vascular reaction that delivers fluid, blood products, and nutrients to injured site to help with healing. this is an immediate response to cellular injury.

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Inflammatory exudate

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accumulation of fluid/dead tissue cells. WBCs along with other blood particles will form the scab (or exudate) to prevent spreading (entry or exit) of infection and pathogens.

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How many mL of soap should be applied to hands?

answer

4-5 mL

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Droplets travel

answer

3 feet

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Iatrogenic Infection

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A type of HAI from a diagnostic or therapeutic procedure

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Etiology

answer

The cause of the infection- can be bacteria, virus, fungi, parasites (including protozoa)

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Contributing factors to infection

answer

Insufficient handwashing Iatrogenic Compromised host defenses Contaminated equipment

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Types of infection

answer

Based on extent, severity, acuity, virulence. May be: Local, systemic Acute, chronic Bacteremia, septicemica Resistant

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Suprainfections

answer

Secondary infections usually caused by an opportunistic pathogen.

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Risks for Infection include

answer

Age, heredity, stress, nutritional status, immunization status, personal habits, medical treatments, preexisting diseases, recent illnesses or surgery.

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Nonspecific host defenses

answer

Skin, heat (fever), erythyma, edema

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Active Immunity

answer

Natural exposure to antigens, or artificial antigens given.

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Passive immunity

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Natural source (breast milk), artificial source (blood transfusion - is immediate but body does not produce lasting memory)

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Localized response to infection

answer

5 Cardinal signs include hyperemia, edema, heat, pain, impaired or loss of function. open wounds may also include exudate, and the wound may have purulent drainage.

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System response to infection

answer

5 cardinal signs include fever, increased pulse and respiratory rate, malaise, anorexia and nausea, lymphadenopathy.

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Laboratory data may show positive cultures for

answer

Urine, blood, sputum, wound, other.

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International prevention of infections

answer

WHO. Immunizations required by countries.

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Naitonal prevention of infections

answer

CDC. Food transportation restrictions, pollution control, national patient safety goals.

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Community-based prevention of infections

answer

State, city health departments. Individual responsibility.

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Order of application for PPE

answer

Gown Mask Eyewear Gloves

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Order of removal for PPE

answer

Gloves Eyewear Mask Gown

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EVIDENCE BASED Evidence based practice

answer

The conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of theory-derived, research-based information in making decisions about care delivery to individuals or groups of patients and in consideration of individual needs and preferences.

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Research utilization

answer

Use of a single research study to change practice

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PICOT

answer

Patient/population Intervention Comparison Outcome Time

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PICOT model's use

answer

Used to define and refine development of a searchable clinical question to conduct a search for the best scientific evidence. PICO example] In the post op pt (P) how effective is morphine (I) versus dilaudid (C) in relieving pain? (O)

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Definition Of Nursing

answer

Nursing is the diagnosis and treatment of human responses to health and illness (ANA,1995)

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The Nursing Process

answer

1. Assessment 2. Problem /Need Identification(Nursing Diagnosis) 3. Planning 4. Implementation 5. Evaluation

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Assessment

answer

the nurse collects client health data

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Diagnosis

answer

the nurse analyzes the assessment data in determining diagnoses

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PLANNING

answer

a two -part process 1. Identification of goals and the patient's desired outcomes, or 2. Need the selection of appropriate nursing interventions to assist the patient in attaining the outcomes.

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Implementation

answer

putting the plan of care into action

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Evaluation

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determining the patient's progress toward attaining the identified outcome and the patient's response to and effectiveness of the selected nursing interventions then changing the plan if indicated

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Patient Database

answer

the compilation of data collected about a patient. it consists of the nursing history, physical examination , and results of diagnostic studies

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Subjective Data

answer

what the patient reports, believes ,or feels

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Objective Data

answer

what can be observed, ex. vital signs , behaviors, diagnostic studies

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Active Listening

answer

A restatement of the other person's total communication , including the words and the feelings

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Medical Diagnosis

answer

illness/ condition for which treatment is directed by a licensed physician

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Validation

answer

the process of assuring that data is factual

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Medical Diagnoses

answer

are illness /conditions reflecting alteration of the structure of function of organs/systems

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Assessment

answer

Collection of data. Verification, organization, interpretation of data.

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Diagnosis

answer

A statement of an actual or potential problem.

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Plan and Identify Outcomes

answer

Establish priorities of care, write nursing orders, set goals and desired outcomes, write care plan.

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Implementation

answer

Carrying out the care plan, giving care. Documentation is essential at this step.

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Evaluation

answer

Determining if goals have been met and outcomes achieved.

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Etiology

answer

Cause or contributor to a problem.

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Goal

answer

The desired outcome-needs to be patient-centered.

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Nursing Process

answer

Five- step systematic framework in which to plan and provide care to patients.

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Objective Data

answer

Observable or measureable data.

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Subjective Data

answer

Data that a client describes (feelings, opinions etc).

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Incident Report

answer

Written report documenting the incident and the response to the incident.

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Care Plan

answer

Written plan for each patient created by the nurse outlines steps taken by interdisciplinary staff members to help resident reach his/her goals. Patient MUST be involved.

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Critical Thinking

answer

Process fo reasoning and analyzing in order to solve problems.

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Nursing Diagnosis

answer

Used when making care plan. A clinical judgement about responses to actual or potential health problems or life processes.

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Nursing Interventions

answer

Actions that a nurse is legally able to order or start independently.

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Health Risks: African Americans

answer

1) Sickle cell anemia 2) HTN 3) Heart Disease 4) Cancer 5) Lactose intoleracen 6) DM 7) Obesity

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ASIANS

answer

- SILENCE is valued - Eye contact is considered disrespectful and inappropriate - touching during conversations is not usual - touching of opposite sex is not allowed - touching someone's head may be considered disrespectful

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Health Risks: Asians

answer

1) HTN 2) Heart Disease 3) Cancer 4) Lactose intolerance 5) Thalassemia

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HISPANICS

answer

- Avoid eye contact for respect - Direct confrontation is disrespectful - Tardiness is usual - Members are very tactile to family, friends and acquaintances

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Health Risks: Hispanics

answer

1) Hypertension 2) Cardiac Disease 3) DM 4) Obesity 5) Lactose intolerance 6) Parasites

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NATIVE AMERICANS

answer

- SILENCE indicates respect - Time orientation mainly PRESENT - Massage may be used for newborn to promote bonding - prohibits touching of dead body - Elders are honored - health is considered a state of harmony between the individual, family, and environment

question

WHITES

answer

- Eye contact is usually viewed as indicating trustworthiness - Time is valued - some avoid close physical contact - Handshakes are used as a formal greeting - Health is viewed as the absence of disease and illness - prefers carbohydrates and red meat

question

Health Risks: Whites

answer

1) Cancer 2) Heart Disease 3) DM 4) Obesity 5) HTN

question

Homeopathy

answer

- Focuses on healing and interventions consisting of small doses of specially prepared plant and mineral extracts that assists in the innate healing process

question

Naturophathy

answer

- Focuses on enhancing the natural healing responses of the body

question

Concept of Yin and Yang

answer

- Yin is used to treat hot illnesses - Yang is used to treat cold illnesses

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What Is Communication?

answer

-Interpersonal communication is a transaction between the sender and the receiver. Both persons participate simultaneously.

question

therapeutic communication: Gender

answer

Masculine and feminine gestures influence messages conveyed in communication with others. Examples: differences in posture and gender roles within various cultures.

question

Intimate distance

answer

the closest distance that individuals will allow between themselves and others. In America, it is 0 to 18 inches.

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Personal distance

answer

interactions that are personal in nature, such as close conversations with friends. In America, it is 18 to 40 inches.

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Social distance

answer

conversations with strangers or acquaintances (e.g., at a cocktail party). In America, it is 4 to 12 feet.

question

Public distance

answer

speaking in public or yelling to someone some distance away. In America, the distance exceeds 12 feet.

question

Nonverbal Communication

answer

-Physical appearance and dress. Ways in which individuals dress or wear their hair conveys a message to all who observe their appearance. Example: unkempt appearance may give an impression to some people that the individual is sloppy and irresponsible. -Body movement and posture. The way in which an individual positions his or her body communicates messages regarding self-esteem, gender identity, status, and interpersonal warmth or coldness. Examples: -Slumped posture, head and eyes pointed downward conveys a message of low self-esteem. -Sitting with legs crossed at the thighs sometimes depicts feminine identity -Standing tall with head high and hands on hips indicates a superior status over the person being addressed. -Warmth is conveyed by a smile, direct eye contact, and keeping the hands still.

question

therapeutic communication: Touch

answer

Can elicit both negative and positive reactions, depending on cultural interpretation.

question

therapeutic communication: Facial Expressions

answer

Next to human speech, facial expression is the primary source of communication. The face can give multiple messages, such as happiness, sadness, anger, surprise, doubt, fear, and disgust.

question

Therapeutic Communication Techniques: Using silence

answer

Allows the client to take control of the discussion, if they so desire.

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Therapeutic Communication Techniques: Accepting

answer

Conveys positive regard.

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Therapeutic Communication Techniques: Giving recognition

answer

Acknowledging indicating awareness.

question

Therapeutic Communication Techniques: Offering self

answer

Making oneself available.

question

Therapeutic Communication Techniques: Giving broad openings

answer

Allows the client to select the topic.

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Therapeutic Communication Techniques: Offering general leads

answer

Encourages the client to continue.

question

Therapeutic Communication Techniques: Placing the event in time or sequence

answer

Clarifies the relationship of events in time.

question

Therapeutic Communication Techniques: Making observations

answer

Verbalizing what is observed or perceived.

question

Therapeutic Communication Techniques: Encouraging description of perceptions

answer

Asking the client to verbalize what is being perceived.

question

Therapeutic Communication Techniques: Encouraging comparison

answer

Asking the client to compare similarities and differences in ideas, experiences, or interpersonal relationships.

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Therapeutic Communication Techniques: Restating

answer

Lets the client know whether an expressed statement has been understood or not.

question

Therapeutic Communication Techniques: Reflecting

answer

Questions or feelings are referred back to the client so that they may be recognized and accepted.

question

Therapeutic Communication Techniques: Focusing

answer

Taking notice of a single idea or even a single word.

question

Therapeutic Communication Techniques: Exploring

answer

Delving further into a subject, idea, experience, or relationship

question

Therapeutic Communication Techniques: Seeking clarification and validation

answer

Striving to explain that which is vague and searching for mutual understanding.

question

Therapeutic Communication Techniques: Presenting reality

answer

Clarifying misperceptions that the client may be expressing.

question

Therapeutic Communication Techniques: Verbalizing the implied

answer

Putting into words what the client has only implied.

question

Therapeutic Communication Techniques: Attempting to translate words into feelings

answer

Putting into words the feelings that client has expressed only indirectly.

question

Therapeutic Communication Techniques: Formulating a plan of action

answer

Strives to prevent anger or anxiety from escalating to an unmanageable level the next time the stressor occurs.

question

Nontherapeutic Communication Techniques: Giving reassurance

answer

May discourage the client from further expression of feelings if he or she believes they will only be belittled.

question

Nontherapeutic Communication Techniques: Rejecting

answer

Refusing to consider the client's ideas or behavior.

question

Nontherapeutic Communication Techniques: Giving approval or disapproval

answer

Implies that the nurse has the right to pass judgment on the "goodness" or "badness" of the client's behavior.

question

Nontherapeutic Communication Techniques: Agreeing/disagreeing

answer

Implies that the nurse has the right to pass judgment on whether the client's ideas or opinions are "right" or "wrong."

question

Nontherapeutic Communication Techniques: Giving advice

answer

Implies that the nurse knows what is best for the client, and that the client is incapable of any self-direction.

question

Nontherapeutic Communication Techniques: Probing

answer

Pushing for answers to issues the client does not wish to discuss causes the client to feel used and valued only for what is shared with the nurse.

question

Nontherapeutic Communication Techniques: Defending

answer

To defend what the client has criticized implies that he or she has no right to express ideas, opinions, or feelings.

question

Nontherapeutic Communication Techniques: Requesting an explanation

answer

Asking "Why?" implies that the client must defend his or her behavior or feelings.

question

Nontherapeutic Communication Techniques: Indicating the existence of an external source of power

answer

Encourages the client to project blame for his or her thoughts or behaviors upon others.

question

Nontherapeutic Communication Techniques: Belittling feelings expressed

answer

Causes the client to feel insignificant or unimportant.

question

Nontherapeutic Communication Techniques: Making stereotyped comments, clichés, and trite expressions:

answer

These are meaningless in a nurse-client relationship.

question

Nontherapeutic Communication Techniques: Using denial

answer

Blocks discussion with the client and avoids helping the client identify and explore areas of difficulty.

question

Nontherapeutic Communication Techniques: Interpreting

answer

Results in the therapist telling the client the meaning of his or her experience.

question

Nontherapeutic Communication Techniques: Introducing an unrelated topic

answer

Causes the nurse to take over the direction of the discussion.

question

Active Listening

answer

is to be attentive to what the client is saying, both verbally and nonverbally.

question

Several nonverbal behaviors have been designed as facilitative skills for attentive listening. They can be identified by the acronym SOLER.

answer

S—Sit squarely facing the client. O—Observe an open posture. L—Lean forward toward the client. E—Establish eye contact. R—Relax.

question

Process recordings

answer

are written reports of verbal interactions with clients. -They are written by the nurse or student as a tool for improving communication techniques.

question

Feedback

answer

-is useful when it is conveyed in the following manner: -is descriptive rather than evaluative and focuses on the behavior rather than on the client. -should be specific rather than general. -should be directed toward behavior that the client has the capacity to modify. -should impart information rather than offering advice. -should be well timed.

question

Erikson's Stages of Development

answer

Birth to 12-18 Months: Trust vs. Mistrust 18 months to 3 years: Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt 3 to 6 years: Initiative vs. Guilt 6 to 12 years: Industry vs. Inferiority 12 to 18 years: Identity vs. Role Confusion 18 to 25 years: Intimacy vs. Isolation 25 to 65 years: Generativity vs. Self-absorption 65 years to death: Ego integrity vs. Despair

question

Maslow's heirarchy of needs

answer

Self actualization self-esteem love and belonging needs physical safety, psychological safety (safety and security) oxygen, fluids, nutrition, body temperature, elimination, shelter, sex (physiological)

question

Changes in the Elderly

answer

Integument: Brown age spots, dry, scaly. Perspiration decreased. Wrinkles. Fat re-distributes to the abdomen, facial hair in women, decreased nail growth. Head and neck: <visual acuity. <accommodation, sensitive to glare. difficulty with darkness. <hearing acuity. chest rigidity. >respiratory rate. <lung expansion. Heart: Orthostatic hypotension common. Breasts: diminished breast tissue, pendulous. Gastrointestinal: <saliva, swallowing, peristalsis. Reproductive: Female: <secretions <hormones. Male: <hormones, sperm count, testicular size. Urinary: <renal filtration and renal insufficiency, nocturia. Musculoskeletal: <muscle mass and strength, bone demineralization, intervetebral space narrows. <joint mobility, slowed reactions. Neurological: <reflexes, insomnia, shorter sleeping periods.

question

Referent

answer

The stimulus of why you're communicating

question

Sender

answer

The person communicating

question

Receiver

answer

The person that is receiving the communication

question

Message

answer

The Message..

question

Channel

answer

The means of communication

question

Environment

answer

What is the environment? Could be a disaster situation, patient room with loud tv. Also, what is the age and gender of receiver and communicator? etc.

question

Feedback

answer

Did they receive the message correctly?

question

Different levels of communication: Intrapersonal (self talk)

answer

People talk to themselves by forming thoughts that influence their perceptions feelings, perceptions, behaviors, self concept, and performance.

question

Different levels of communication: Interpersonal

answer

Occurs between two people or groups

question

Different levels of communication: Public

answer

Interaction of one person with a group of people

question

Different zones of touch: Social

answer

Permission generally not needed. Hands, arms, shoulders, back.

question

Different zones of touch: Consent

answer

Permission needed. Mouth, wrists, feet.

question

Different zones of touch: Vulnerable Areas

answer

Permission needed. Face, neck, front of body.

question

Different zones of touch: Intimate

answer

Permission needed. Genitalia, private parts.

question

The nurse-patient helping relationship

answer

Pre-interaction phase: before meeting the patient Orientation phase: when nurse and patient meet for the first time Working phase: When nurse and patient work together to solve problems and achieve goals Termination phase: When the nurse and patient end the relationship

question

SBAR

answer

Situation Background Assessment Recommendation

Charity School of Nursing CSN NURS 112 Exam I – Flashcards

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