question

Much of the style we attribute to men is

answer

typical of people of both sexes of higher status and power.

question

You choose to attend a college that is known for its arts program, as you would like to develop your talents further. This is an example of how

answer

people choose their social situations.

question

Leung and Bond (2004) reported that there were five universal dimensions of social beliefs. Which of the following is NOT one of those five?

answer

justice

question

As an exchange student, you notice that standards of beauty are much different in the country you are visiting. Billboards and advertisements display women that are not as thin as in the United States. You conclude that this difference in standards of beauty is the result of different

answer

cultures

question

What cultural differences or similarities were found in the research on pedestrian interaction in the U.S. and Japan?

answer

Both cultures tended to look back at someone who looked at them.

question

Given the logic of evolutionary psychology, we can assume our distant ancestors preferred _______ foods.

answer

nutritious and energy-providing

question

According to research on gender differences, which statement is NOT true?

answer

Women are more vulnerable to autism.

question

The buffer space we like to maintain around our bodies is called our personal

answer

space

question

On which dimension do females and males differ?

answer

Ability to wiggle their ears

question

Some norms are culture-specific, while others are universal. The universality of some norms is accounted for by

answer

genetic predispositions.

question

Human kinship is to the _______ perspective as social diversity is to the _______ perspective.

answer

evolutionary; cultural

question

Dr. Smith is interested in how the principles of natural selection impact humans' cognitions and behavior. Dr. Smith is most likely a(n)

answer

evolutionary psychologist.

question

A set of behavior expectations for males and females is called

answer

gender role.

question

The implications of evolutionary psychology suggest that human success is defined by

answer

having grandchildren.

question

The amount of personal space we require is based on all the following factors EXCEPT

answer

weight.

question

Research has found that _______ are generally superior at decoding others' emotional messages.

answer

women

question

Evolutionary psychology has been criticized for

answer

hindsight biases.

question

The text suggests that most religions encourage us to view ourselves as _______ and others as _______.

answer

free agents; influenced by their environments

question

Which statement about social norms is FALSE?

answer

Social norms are not affected by culture.

question

According to research conducted by Leung and Bond (2004), those people who espouse ______ express lower life satisfaction as well as right-wing politics.

answer

cynicism

question

If we expect someone to be hostile, our actions toward that person may induce hostility. This is an example of how

answer

people create their social situations.

question

All of the following are universal friendship norms EXCEPT

answer

not embarrassing the friend with public criticism.

question

______ is the study of the evolution of behavior using principles of natural selection.

answer

Evolutionary psychology

question

Which one of the following statements is TRUE?

answer

Gender roles vary by culture.

question

Norms _____ behavior.

answer

prescribe

question

Women are typically _____ leaders. Men are typically _____ leaders.

answer

transformational, task

question

Maccoby (2002) found that girls tend to _______ compared to boys.

answer

talk more intimately

question

During a conversation, men are more likely than women to do all of the following EXCEPT

answer

smile more`

question

The Nurture Assumption refers to the belief that

answer

the way parents bring up their children governs who their children become.

question

As men and women perform more similar roles, their psychological differences

answer

shrink

question

A very strong cultural norm dictates that males should be taller than their female mates. This height norm is cited in your text as evidence that

answer

biology and culture interact to develop gender-role norms.

question

The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next are called

answer

cultures

question

One of the most important similarities in humans is our capacity

answer

to learn and adapt.

question

Pratto and her colleagues (1997) reported that _______ tend to gravitate toward jobs that reduce inequalities, such as a public defender.

answer

women

question

Which of the following is not a norm of war?

answer

Release prisoners upon surrender

question

Studies suggest that most women, if they stress one factor more than any other, tend to prefer men who

answer

have substantial resources and status.

question

Evolutionary psychologists study

answer

both physical and psychological traits.

question

You read about an unsolved murder in the newspaper. Given what you have learned in social psychology, you can reasonably predict a(n) _______ committed the murder.

answer

man

question

In which of the following situations are women likely to be more aggressive than men?

answer

spreading of malicious gossip

question

According to Baumeister, a "huge and powerful advantage of culture" is

answer

the division of labor.

question

In a 2010 survey, _____ believed that men have more rights to a job than women when jobs are scarce.

answer

the majority of people from collectivist cultures

question

The 2007 Gallup survey reports that only ___ percent of adults believe that "human beings developed from earlier species."

answer

50

question

Dr. Smith studies how diet, drugs, and stress can impact genetic expression. Dr. Smith studies

answer

epigenetics

question

Milgram's experiment seems to have made use of which technique?

answer

foot in the door

question

How did Asch's studies of conformity differ from those of Sherif?

answer

Asch's participants could clearly see the correct judgment.

question

Ahmed generally likes to go home to visit his family during vacation. However, after his father tells him that he must be home during spring vacation, Ahmed decides to remain at college. Ahmed's behavior is best understood in terms of

answer

psychological reactance.

question

A motive to protect or restore one's sense of freedom is called

answer

reactance

question

People are LEAST likely to conform when

answer

they have made a prior public commitment.

question

A study conducted by Snyder and Fromkin (1980) revealed that people feel better when they see themselves as

answer

moderately unique.

question

A change in behavior or belief to accord with others is called

answer

conformity

question

The psychological reactance theory may help explain why

answer

all

question

The most famous and controversial experiments in social psychology were conducted by

answer

milgram

question

Which of the following is NOT an example of informational influence?

answer

when subjects are bilingual

question

Research on group size and conformity has shown that there is more conformity with

answer

more groups of smaller number of people.

question

In the 60s and 70s, researchers observed only weak connections between personal characteristics and conformity. Later research finds

answer

it can predict average rather than specific actions.

question

The motive to protect or restore one's sense of freedom is known as

answer

reactance

question

Which is not one of following is false?

answer

When group norms encourage people to comply against their individual beliefs they don't affect their behavior or beliefs at a later time.

question

In a study by Snyder (1980), students who were told that their personal attitudes were nearly identical to those of 10,000 other students _______ when they participated in a conformity experiment.

answer

asserted their individuality by being nonconformist

question

Who is most likely to be pleased with being called a "conformist?"

answer

Amy who lives in Japan.

question

Kevin flosses twice a week. If told that other students at his college floss 10 times a week, research by Schmiege et al. (2010) suggests that Kevin

answer

will begin flossing more often.

question

In Western individualistic societies, the word "conformity" carries

answer

a negative value judgment.

question

Conformity is greater when people respond publicly before a group. This pattern reflects

answer

normative influence.

question

A social role is

answer

a cluster of norms.

question

A concern for _______ produces normative influence, while a concern for _______ produces informational influence.

answer

social image; being correct

question

The Werther effect is most likely to occur

answer

in places where the suicide story is publicized.

question

Jim decides to change his answer on his math homework after his friends explain to him why his original answer was incorrect. This is an example of

answer

informational influence.

question

When Regina returned to the U.S. after two years in Madagascar, she felt uncomfortable and out of place. She was experiencing

answer

reentry distress.

question

According to the text, personality predicts behavior when social influences are

answer

weak

question

In a variation of the Milgram study, teachers were required to force the learner's hand into contact with a shock plate. Under these conditions,

answer

there was a decrease in compliance to shock.

question

Sherif's study of groups watching a pinpoint of light indicated that

answer

people conform when they face ambiguous situations.

question

Rivalry between groups is often most intense when the groups

answer

closely resemble each other.

question

Which researcher asked participants to offer judgments of line lengths to test conformity?

answer

asch

question

Compared to people in individualistic countries, those in collectivist countries are

answer

more responsive to others' influence.

question

According to conformity research, a group's social power is deflated when

answer

just one other person also differs from the majority.

question

In follow-up experiments to his initial study, Milgram made the learner's protests more compelling by having him complain of a heart condition, then scream and plead for release, and finally refuse to answer. With this added condition,

answer

the majority of participants still fully obeyed the experimenter's demands.

question

Several restaurant managers complied with orders from a telephone caller, posing as a police officer, to strip search a customer or employee. This is an example of the power of _______ on compliance.

answer

the legitimacy of authority

question

While control participants were correct about line-length judgments more than 99 percent of the time in Asch's conformity study, his naive participants conformed to the incorrect judgments of others ___ percent of the time.

answer

37

question

Which of the following is NOT one of the verbal prods used in Milgram's studies to keep participants going?

answer

If you do not continue, you will need to take the "learner's" place.

question

In one variation of his original experiment, Milgram arranged for a confederate "clerk" (posing as a fellow participant) to assume command in the experimenter's absence. As a result of this manipulation,

answer

80 percent of the teachers refused to comply fully.

question

A lone black female lawyer in a group of black and white male lawyers will be most conscious of being

answer

female

question

When is personality most likely to predict behavior?

answer

when situations are weak

question

The extent to which members of a group are bound together, such as by attraction to one another, is called

answer

cohesion

question

When our behavior is a result of our boss telling us to do something, it is a form of

answer

obedience

question

Even though you really dislike wearing a dress, you decide to wear one to your cousin's wedding. This is an example of

answer

compliance

question

After President Bush announced his position regarding a possible war with Iraq, he was unlikely to change his mind. This most likely reflects the

answer

fact that public commitment reduces susceptibility to social influence.

question

If you clean your room only because your parents order you to, your behavior is a form of

answer

obedience.

question

A cult has all of the following characteristics EXCEPT

answer

the use of mind-altering drugs.

question

The Eldersveld and Dodge (1954) study identified which group casting the most votes in an election?

answer

The one that was exposed to mass media and visited personally.

question

The _____ route to persuasion occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness.

answer

peripheral

question

Suzy is interested in purchasing a DVD player, and is overwhelmed by the many different models available at her local electronics store. She decides to purchase a shiny, metallic-looking model, as it is the best-looking one in the store. Suzy has been persuaded to purchase this particular DVD player because of the _______ route to persuasion.

answer

peripheral

question

Kiesler (1971) recommended that one way to stimulate people's thinking so that they become more committed to their positions is to

answer

mildly attack their position.

question

The _______ route to persuasion occurs when interested people focus on arguments.

answer

central

question

Who is the most responsive to rational appeals?

answer

well-educated and analytical people

question

Miller and his colleagues (1976) reported a _______ relationship between trustworthiness and the rate at which people speak.

answer

positive

question

Mere repetition of a message can

answer

increase its fluency and make the message more believable.

question

The _______ effect refers to how information that is presented first usually has the most influence.

answer

primacy

question

The _______ effect refers to how information that is presented last can have the most influence.

answer

recency

question

Americans' support for the Iraq war increased after the war began mainly because of the

answer

persuasive messages in the U.S. media.

question

Forgetting creates the recency effect when

answer

time has separated the two messages.

question

The Bennington College study revealed that

answer

views embraced at an impressionable time often survive a lifetime of experience.

question

As an example of how persuasion can be used to promote healthier living, the CDC has reported that smoking in the U.S. has ______ over the last 40 years.

answer

decreased to 21 percent

question

As a general rule of thumb, persuasion _______ as the significance and familiarity of the issue ______.

answer

decreases; increases

question

Attitudes regarding the war with Iraq differ significantly depending on

answer

the differing information received.

question

Messages are best understood and remembered when they are

answer

wtitten

question

Speaking to a huge anti-union retail store, an anti-union political candidate's expertise seems to

answer

incrwace

question

You are more likely to be persuaded when a message is

answer

clear and easy to comprehend and the arguments are convincing.

question

A communicator is said to be _______ when he or she is perceived as both an expert and trustworthy.

answer

credible

question

We tend to like people who are like us. This exemplifies which characteristic of attractiveness?

answer

similaitu

question

People who have a high need for cognition are likely to

answer

prefer central routes to persuasion.

question

When a choice concerns matters of personal value or ways of life, _______ communicators have more influence.

answer

similar

question

Perceived trustworthiness includes all of the following behaviors EXCEPT

answer

The audience believes the communicator is trying to persuade them.

question

The way a message is delivered is what social psychologists refer to as the _______ of communication.

answer

channel

question

Werner and her colleagues (2002) conducted a study on aluminum can recycling at the University of Utah and found that the most effective message was a

answer

two-sided one.

question

When Werner and her colleagues (2002) placed signs on a campus with a two-sided message that not only stated the importance of recycling but also acknowledged the inconvenience of it, recycling

answer

increased to 80 percent.

question

Speaking to a labor union, a pro-union professor's expertise seems to

answer

Speaking to a labor union, a pro-union professor's expertise seems to

question

When Asch (1946) presented students with a description of someone as "intelligent, industrious, impulsive, critical, stubborn, and envious," they rated the person more positively than if the opposite order of adjectives was presented. This demonstrates the _______ effect.

answer

primacy

question

Research has concluded that stimulating thinking makes stronger messages _______ persuasive and (because of counterarguing) weak messages _______ persuasive.

answer

more; less

question

Which statement is NOT true about the best way to deal with media information?

answer

Messages are best comprehended and recalled when spoken.

question

Ted is most likely to elicit opinion change from an audience whose opinion is greatly discrepant from his own if Ted

answer

is credible.

question

Persuasion can be resisted by

answer

making a public commitment to one's own position.

question

If people remember the message better than the reason for discounting it, the impact of a noncredible person may _______ over time.

answer

increase

question

According to Myers, advertisers for beverages and clothing tend to adopt marketing strategies that use the _______ route to persuasion.

answer

peripheral

question

The _____-route process is more likely to lead to long-term attitude and behavior changes than is the _____-route process.

answer

central; peripheral

question

When an initially discounted message becomes effective, a delayed impact of the message occurs. This is called the _______ effect.

answer

sleeper

question

Exposing people to weak attacks on their attitudes, which then stimulates thinking in support of the initial attitude, is known as

answer

attitude inoculation.

question

Darley and Cooper (1972) found that when students were invited to write essays advocating a strict dress code, which was against the students' own positions, the students were not willing to write the essays even if they were paid. After turning down the money, the students became

answer

more confident in their decision.

question

Nora, a single mom, needs to ask her parents for money. To minimize their objections to her request, she should

answer

have her busy, distracting little toddler along when she makes her request.

question

Which of the following is a comment you are LEAST likely to hear being made within a group characterized by groupthink?

answer

"Let's weigh all the alternatives carefully before we proceed."

question

Because of the relationship between crowding and arousal, you are likely to _______ on a difficult exam in a densely packed classroom.

answer

poorly

question

One effect of deindividuation is

answer

diminished self-restraint.

question

The presence of other improves an individual's performance on all of the following tasks EXCEPT

answer

completing mazes.

question

Which of the following is NOT one of Janis's (1982) recommendations on how to prevent groupthink?

answer

assign someone the role of mindguard

question

People in groups will loaf less when the

answer

task is challenging, appealing, or involving.

question

Deindividuation is _____ likely when self-awareness is _____.

answer

less; high

question

Research on group polarization began with the erroneous conclusion that group discussion leads to

answer

more risk than the average individual would take.

question

Professional athletes often perform better in front of a large crowd during a game than alone during practice. This finding supports the theory of

answer

social facilitation.

question

Which is NOT a factor in why other people create arousal in us?

answer

vanity

question

Which is NOT one of the three ways identified by Brown and Paulus (2002) to enhance group brainstorming?

answer

Have the individuals then the group brainstorm.

question

A person who is able to motivate others to identify with and commit themselves to the group's mission would be best described as a(n)

answer

transformational leader.

question

Evaluation apprehension helps explain why people perform best when

answer

their co-actor is slightly superior.

question

Under the definition that is in the text, which of the following is NOT a group?

answer

five people riding the city bus

question

The concern for how others are evaluating us is called

answer

evaluation apprehension.

question

The relationship between self-consciousness and deindividuation is

answer

negative

question

According to the social facilitation effect, social psychologists can accurately predict that athletes will perform _______ with a large audience.

answer

best

question

People who are made self-aware by acting in front of a mirror or TV camera have been found to

answer

behave more consistently with their attitudes.

question

When people learn about others' positions, without making a prior commitment and without discussing their own position, they will

answer

adjust their responses to be more in line with the others' position.

question

According to the text, physical anonymity _______ results in antisocial behavior.

answer

sometimes

question

Social psychologists have accurately predicted that _______ will exhibit less social loafing.

answer

women

question

During which activity did Ringelmann first observe social loafing?

answer

tug a war

question

People are more likely to exhibit social loafing if

answer

rewards are divided equally regardless of individual effort.

question

A false impression of what most other people are thinking or feeling, or how they are responding is what social psychologists call

answer

pluralistic ignorance.

question

Closed-mindedness is most clearly fostered by which of the following symptoms of groupthink?

answer

rationa'ization

question

I become more cautious in the group because, when I discuss a personal decision with the group members, they all suggest many interesting, influential arguments favoring a cautious approach. My shift is consistent with the ____ theory of group polarization.

answer

informational influence

question

Social comparison is more likely to sway responses on

answer

value-laden judgments.

question

Sam has a tendency to contribute little effort to group assignments, as he thinks others will be sure to pick up the slack in an effort to get a good grade. This is an example of

answer

social loafing.

question

Two or more people who interact with and influence one another for longer than a few moments is what social psychologists call a

answer

group

question

Groupthink can be defined as

answer

a tendency to suppress dissent in the interests of group harmony.

question

What underlying processes help to explain the occurrence of group polarization?

answer

informational influences and normative influences

question

Watson (1973) found that cultures with depersonalized warriors were

answer

more likely to brutalize their victims.

question

Groups tend to loaf less when

answer

the members of the group are friends.

question

Triplett (1898) conducted one of social psychology's first laboratory experiments by asking children to wind string on a fishing reel. The results of the study indicated that there was a positive relationship between the speed at which the children wound the reel and the presence of other children. Later studies found the same pattern and dubbed it

answer

Triplett (1898) conducted one of social psychology's first laboratory experiments by asking children to wind string on a fishing reel. The results of the study indicated that there was a positive relationship between the speed at which the children wound the reel and the presence of other children. Later studies found the same pattern and dubbed it

question

When the output of collective farms and private plots were compared,

answer

the private plots were more productive.

question

You are taking your social psychology test in a room of 75 other students. These other students are best described as

answer

co-actors.

question

A looting mob is a good example of

answer

deindividuation.

question

Individuals who believe that physician-assisted suicides should be legalized meet to discuss the issue. Research on group interaction suggests that after the discussion the individuals will be

answer

even more convinced that physician-assisted suicides should be legalized.

question

Research by Lee et al. (2011) indicated that

answer

women are more egalitarian than men.

question

At your factory job, output was measured at the end of every day by how much the team of workers you belonged to produced. Because of this evaluation procedure, your behavior was characterized by _______; now that a new manager has taken over and each individual worker's output is measured by a computer, your behavior is now characterized by _______.

answer

social loafing; social facilitation

question

Triplett conducted one of social psychology's first laboratory experiments by asking children to wind string on a fishing reel. The results of the study indicated that there was a _______ relationship between the speed at which the children wound the reel and the presence of other children.

answer

positive

question

You have noticed that when you are at the gym, your exercise routine is not affected by how many other people are there. However, it is affected when other people are watching you exercise. This pattern in your behavior is what social psychologists call

answer

evaluation apprehension.

Chapters 5-8 Soci Psyc – Flashcards

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