Chapters 5-8 Soci Psyc – Flashcards
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What cultural differences or similarities were found in the research on pedestrian interaction in the U.S. and Japan?
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Both cultures tended to look back at someone who looked at them.
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Given the logic of evolutionary psychology, we can assume our distant ancestors preferred _______ foods.
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nutritious and energy-providing
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According to research on gender differences, which statement is NOT true?
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Women are more vulnerable to autism.
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The buffer space we like to maintain around our bodies is called our personal
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space
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On which dimension do females and males differ?
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Ability to wiggle their ears
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Some norms are culture-specific, while others are universal. The universality of some norms is accounted for by
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genetic predispositions.
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Human kinship is to the _______ perspective as social diversity is to the _______ perspective.
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evolutionary; cultural
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Dr. Smith is interested in how the principles of natural selection impact humans' cognitions and behavior. Dr. Smith is most likely a(n)
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evolutionary psychologist.
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A set of behavior expectations for males and females is called
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gender role.
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The implications of evolutionary psychology suggest that human success is defined by
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having grandchildren.
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The amount of personal space we require is based on all the following factors EXCEPT
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weight.
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Research has found that _______ are generally superior at decoding others' emotional messages.
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women
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Evolutionary psychology has been criticized for
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hindsight biases.
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The text suggests that most religions encourage us to view ourselves as _______ and others as _______.
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free agents; influenced by their environments
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Which statement about social norms is FALSE?
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Social norms are not affected by culture.
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According to research conducted by Leung and Bond (2004), those people who espouse ______ express lower life satisfaction as well as right-wing politics.
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cynicism
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If we expect someone to be hostile, our actions toward that person may induce hostility. This is an example of how
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people create their social situations.
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All of the following are universal friendship norms EXCEPT
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not embarrassing the friend with public criticism.
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______ is the study of the evolution of behavior using principles of natural selection.
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Evolutionary psychology
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Which one of the following statements is TRUE?
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Gender roles vary by culture.
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Norms _____ behavior.
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prescribe
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Women are typically _____ leaders. Men are typically _____ leaders.
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transformational, task
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Maccoby (2002) found that girls tend to _______ compared to boys.
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talk more intimately
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During a conversation, men are more likely than women to do all of the following EXCEPT
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smile more`
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The Nurture Assumption refers to the belief that
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the way parents bring up their children governs who their children become.
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As men and women perform more similar roles, their psychological differences
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shrink
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A very strong cultural norm dictates that males should be taller than their female mates. This height norm is cited in your text as evidence that
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biology and culture interact to develop gender-role norms.
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The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next are called
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cultures
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One of the most important similarities in humans is our capacity
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to learn and adapt.
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Pratto and her colleagues (1997) reported that _______ tend to gravitate toward jobs that reduce inequalities, such as a public defender.
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women
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Which of the following is not a norm of war?
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Release prisoners upon surrender
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Studies suggest that most women, if they stress one factor more than any other, tend to prefer men who
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have substantial resources and status.
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Evolutionary psychologists study
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both physical and psychological traits.
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You read about an unsolved murder in the newspaper. Given what you have learned in social psychology, you can reasonably predict a(n) _______ committed the murder.
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man
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In which of the following situations are women likely to be more aggressive than men?
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spreading of malicious gossip
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According to Baumeister, a "huge and powerful advantage of culture" is
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the division of labor.
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In a 2010 survey, _____ believed that men have more rights to a job than women when jobs are scarce.
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the majority of people from collectivist cultures
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The 2007 Gallup survey reports that only ___ percent of adults believe that "human beings developed from earlier species."
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50
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Dr. Smith studies how diet, drugs, and stress can impact genetic expression. Dr. Smith studies
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epigenetics
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Milgram's experiment seems to have made use of which technique?
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foot in the door
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How did Asch's studies of conformity differ from those of Sherif?
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Asch's participants could clearly see the correct judgment.
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Ahmed generally likes to go home to visit his family during vacation. However, after his father tells him that he must be home during spring vacation, Ahmed decides to remain at college. Ahmed's behavior is best understood in terms of
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psychological reactance.
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A motive to protect or restore one's sense of freedom is called
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reactance
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People are LEAST likely to conform when
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they have made a prior public commitment.
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A study conducted by Snyder and Fromkin (1980) revealed that people feel better when they see themselves as
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moderately unique.
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A change in behavior or belief to accord with others is called
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conformity
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The psychological reactance theory may help explain why
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all
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The most famous and controversial experiments in social psychology were conducted by
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milgram
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Which of the following is NOT an example of informational influence?
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when subjects are bilingual
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Research on group size and conformity has shown that there is more conformity with
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more groups of smaller number of people.
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In the 60s and 70s, researchers observed only weak connections between personal characteristics and conformity. Later research finds
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it can predict average rather than specific actions.
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The motive to protect or restore one's sense of freedom is known as
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reactance
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Which is not one of following is false?
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When group norms encourage people to comply against their individual beliefs they don't affect their behavior or beliefs at a later time.
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In a study by Snyder (1980), students who were told that their personal attitudes were nearly identical to those of 10,000 other students _______ when they participated in a conformity experiment.
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asserted their individuality by being nonconformist
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Who is most likely to be pleased with being called a "conformist?"
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Amy who lives in Japan.
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Kevin flosses twice a week. If told that other students at his college floss 10 times a week, research by Schmiege et al. (2010) suggests that Kevin
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will begin flossing more often.
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In Western individualistic societies, the word "conformity" carries
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a negative value judgment.
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Conformity is greater when people respond publicly before a group. This pattern reflects
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normative influence.
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A social role is
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a cluster of norms.
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A concern for _______ produces normative influence, while a concern for _______ produces informational influence.
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social image; being correct
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The Werther effect is most likely to occur
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in places where the suicide story is publicized.
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Jim decides to change his answer on his math homework after his friends explain to him why his original answer was incorrect. This is an example of
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informational influence.
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When Regina returned to the U.S. after two years in Madagascar, she felt uncomfortable and out of place. She was experiencing
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reentry distress.
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According to the text, personality predicts behavior when social influences are
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weak
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In a variation of the Milgram study, teachers were required to force the learner's hand into contact with a shock plate. Under these conditions,
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there was a decrease in compliance to shock.
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Sherif's study of groups watching a pinpoint of light indicated that
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people conform when they face ambiguous situations.
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Rivalry between groups is often most intense when the groups
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closely resemble each other.
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Which researcher asked participants to offer judgments of line lengths to test conformity?
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asch
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Compared to people in individualistic countries, those in collectivist countries are
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more responsive to others' influence.
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According to conformity research, a group's social power is deflated when
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just one other person also differs from the majority.
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In follow-up experiments to his initial study, Milgram made the learner's protests more compelling by having him complain of a heart condition, then scream and plead for release, and finally refuse to answer. With this added condition,
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the majority of participants still fully obeyed the experimenter's demands.
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Several restaurant managers complied with orders from a telephone caller, posing as a police officer, to strip search a customer or employee. This is an example of the power of _______ on compliance.
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the legitimacy of authority
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While control participants were correct about line-length judgments more than 99 percent of the time in Asch's conformity study, his naive participants conformed to the incorrect judgments of others ___ percent of the time.
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37
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Which of the following is NOT one of the verbal prods used in Milgram's studies to keep participants going?
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If you do not continue, you will need to take the "learner's" place.
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In one variation of his original experiment, Milgram arranged for a confederate "clerk" (posing as a fellow participant) to assume command in the experimenter's absence. As a result of this manipulation,
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80 percent of the teachers refused to comply fully.
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A lone black female lawyer in a group of black and white male lawyers will be most conscious of being
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female
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When is personality most likely to predict behavior?
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when situations are weak
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The extent to which members of a group are bound together, such as by attraction to one another, is called
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cohesion
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When our behavior is a result of our boss telling us to do something, it is a form of
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obedience
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Even though you really dislike wearing a dress, you decide to wear one to your cousin's wedding. This is an example of
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compliance
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After President Bush announced his position regarding a possible war with Iraq, he was unlikely to change his mind. This most likely reflects the
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fact that public commitment reduces susceptibility to social influence.
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If you clean your room only because your parents order you to, your behavior is a form of
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obedience.
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A cult has all of the following characteristics EXCEPT
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the use of mind-altering drugs.
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The Eldersveld and Dodge (1954) study identified which group casting the most votes in an election?
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The one that was exposed to mass media and visited personally.
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The _____ route to persuasion occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness.
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peripheral
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Suzy is interested in purchasing a DVD player, and is overwhelmed by the many different models available at her local electronics store. She decides to purchase a shiny, metallic-looking model, as it is the best-looking one in the store. Suzy has been persuaded to purchase this particular DVD player because of the _______ route to persuasion.
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peripheral
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Kiesler (1971) recommended that one way to stimulate people's thinking so that they become more committed to their positions is to
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mildly attack their position.
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The _______ route to persuasion occurs when interested people focus on arguments.
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central
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Who is the most responsive to rational appeals?
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well-educated and analytical people
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Miller and his colleagues (1976) reported a _______ relationship between trustworthiness and the rate at which people speak.
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positive
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Mere repetition of a message can
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increase its fluency and make the message more believable.
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The _______ effect refers to how information that is presented first usually has the most influence.
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primacy
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The _______ effect refers to how information that is presented last can have the most influence.
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recency
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Americans' support for the Iraq war increased after the war began mainly because of the
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persuasive messages in the U.S. media.
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Forgetting creates the recency effect when
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time has separated the two messages.
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The Bennington College study revealed that
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views embraced at an impressionable time often survive a lifetime of experience.
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As an example of how persuasion can be used to promote healthier living, the CDC has reported that smoking in the U.S. has ______ over the last 40 years.
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decreased to 21 percent
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As a general rule of thumb, persuasion _______ as the significance and familiarity of the issue ______.
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decreases; increases
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Attitudes regarding the war with Iraq differ significantly depending on
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the differing information received.
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Messages are best understood and remembered when they are
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wtitten
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Speaking to a huge anti-union retail store, an anti-union political candidate's expertise seems to
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incrwace
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You are more likely to be persuaded when a message is
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clear and easy to comprehend and the arguments are convincing.
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A communicator is said to be _______ when he or she is perceived as both an expert and trustworthy.
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credible
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We tend to like people who are like us. This exemplifies which characteristic of attractiveness?
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similaitu
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People who have a high need for cognition are likely to
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prefer central routes to persuasion.
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When a choice concerns matters of personal value or ways of life, _______ communicators have more influence.
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similar
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Perceived trustworthiness includes all of the following behaviors EXCEPT
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The audience believes the communicator is trying to persuade them.
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The way a message is delivered is what social psychologists refer to as the _______ of communication.
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channel
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Werner and her colleagues (2002) conducted a study on aluminum can recycling at the University of Utah and found that the most effective message was a
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two-sided one.
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When Werner and her colleagues (2002) placed signs on a campus with a two-sided message that not only stated the importance of recycling but also acknowledged the inconvenience of it, recycling
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increased to 80 percent.
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Speaking to a labor union, a pro-union professor's expertise seems to
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Speaking to a labor union, a pro-union professor's expertise seems to
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When Asch (1946) presented students with a description of someone as "intelligent, industrious, impulsive, critical, stubborn, and envious," they rated the person more positively than if the opposite order of adjectives was presented. This demonstrates the _______ effect.
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primacy
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Research has concluded that stimulating thinking makes stronger messages _______ persuasive and (because of counterarguing) weak messages _______ persuasive.
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more; less
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Which statement is NOT true about the best way to deal with media information?
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Messages are best comprehended and recalled when spoken.
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Ted is most likely to elicit opinion change from an audience whose opinion is greatly discrepant from his own if Ted
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is credible.
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Persuasion can be resisted by
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making a public commitment to one's own position.
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If people remember the message better than the reason for discounting it, the impact of a noncredible person may _______ over time.
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increase
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According to Myers, advertisers for beverages and clothing tend to adopt marketing strategies that use the _______ route to persuasion.
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peripheral
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The _____-route process is more likely to lead to long-term attitude and behavior changes than is the _____-route process.
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central; peripheral
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When an initially discounted message becomes effective, a delayed impact of the message occurs. This is called the _______ effect.
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sleeper
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Exposing people to weak attacks on their attitudes, which then stimulates thinking in support of the initial attitude, is known as
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attitude inoculation.
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Darley and Cooper (1972) found that when students were invited to write essays advocating a strict dress code, which was against the students' own positions, the students were not willing to write the essays even if they were paid. After turning down the money, the students became
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more confident in their decision.
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Nora, a single mom, needs to ask her parents for money. To minimize their objections to her request, she should
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have her busy, distracting little toddler along when she makes her request.
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Which of the following is a comment you are LEAST likely to hear being made within a group characterized by groupthink?
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"Let's weigh all the alternatives carefully before we proceed."
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Because of the relationship between crowding and arousal, you are likely to _______ on a difficult exam in a densely packed classroom.
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poorly
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One effect of deindividuation is
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diminished self-restraint.
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The presence of other improves an individual's performance on all of the following tasks EXCEPT
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completing mazes.
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Which of the following is NOT one of Janis's (1982) recommendations on how to prevent groupthink?
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assign someone the role of mindguard
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People in groups will loaf less when the
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task is challenging, appealing, or involving.
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Deindividuation is _____ likely when self-awareness is _____.
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less; high
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Research on group polarization began with the erroneous conclusion that group discussion leads to
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more risk than the average individual would take.
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Professional athletes often perform better in front of a large crowd during a game than alone during practice. This finding supports the theory of
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social facilitation.
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Which is NOT a factor in why other people create arousal in us?
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vanity
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Which is NOT one of the three ways identified by Brown and Paulus (2002) to enhance group brainstorming?
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Have the individuals then the group brainstorm.
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A person who is able to motivate others to identify with and commit themselves to the group's mission would be best described as a(n)
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transformational leader.
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Evaluation apprehension helps explain why people perform best when
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their co-actor is slightly superior.
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Under the definition that is in the text, which of the following is NOT a group?
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five people riding the city bus
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The concern for how others are evaluating us is called
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evaluation apprehension.
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The relationship between self-consciousness and deindividuation is
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negative
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According to the social facilitation effect, social psychologists can accurately predict that athletes will perform _______ with a large audience.
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best
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People who are made self-aware by acting in front of a mirror or TV camera have been found to
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behave more consistently with their attitudes.
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When people learn about others' positions, without making a prior commitment and without discussing their own position, they will
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adjust their responses to be more in line with the others' position.
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According to the text, physical anonymity _______ results in antisocial behavior.
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sometimes
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Social psychologists have accurately predicted that _______ will exhibit less social loafing.
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women
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During which activity did Ringelmann first observe social loafing?
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tug a war
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People are more likely to exhibit social loafing if
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rewards are divided equally regardless of individual effort.
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A false impression of what most other people are thinking or feeling, or how they are responding is what social psychologists call
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pluralistic ignorance.
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Closed-mindedness is most clearly fostered by which of the following symptoms of groupthink?
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rationa'ization
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I become more cautious in the group because, when I discuss a personal decision with the group members, they all suggest many interesting, influential arguments favoring a cautious approach. My shift is consistent with the ____ theory of group polarization.
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informational influence
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Social comparison is more likely to sway responses on
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value-laden judgments.
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Sam has a tendency to contribute little effort to group assignments, as he thinks others will be sure to pick up the slack in an effort to get a good grade. This is an example of
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social loafing.
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Two or more people who interact with and influence one another for longer than a few moments is what social psychologists call a
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group
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Groupthink can be defined as
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a tendency to suppress dissent in the interests of group harmony.
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What underlying processes help to explain the occurrence of group polarization?
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informational influences and normative influences
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Watson (1973) found that cultures with depersonalized warriors were
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more likely to brutalize their victims.
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Groups tend to loaf less when
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the members of the group are friends.
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Triplett (1898) conducted one of social psychology's first laboratory experiments by asking children to wind string on a fishing reel. The results of the study indicated that there was a positive relationship between the speed at which the children wound the reel and the presence of other children. Later studies found the same pattern and dubbed it
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Triplett (1898) conducted one of social psychology's first laboratory experiments by asking children to wind string on a fishing reel. The results of the study indicated that there was a positive relationship between the speed at which the children wound the reel and the presence of other children. Later studies found the same pattern and dubbed it
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When the output of collective farms and private plots were compared,
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the private plots were more productive.
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You are taking your social psychology test in a room of 75 other students. These other students are best described as
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co-actors.
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A looting mob is a good example of
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deindividuation.
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Individuals who believe that physician-assisted suicides should be legalized meet to discuss the issue. Research on group interaction suggests that after the discussion the individuals will be
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even more convinced that physician-assisted suicides should be legalized.
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Research by Lee et al. (2011) indicated that
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women are more egalitarian than men.
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At your factory job, output was measured at the end of every day by how much the team of workers you belonged to produced. Because of this evaluation procedure, your behavior was characterized by _______; now that a new manager has taken over and each individual worker's output is measured by a computer, your behavior is now characterized by _______.
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social loafing; social facilitation
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Triplett conducted one of social psychology's first laboratory experiments by asking children to wind string on a fishing reel. The results of the study indicated that there was a _______ relationship between the speed at which the children wound the reel and the presence of other children.
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positive
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You have noticed that when you are at the gym, your exercise routine is not affected by how many other people are there. However, it is affected when other people are watching you exercise. This pattern in your behavior is what social psychologists call
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evaluation apprehension.
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