chapters 28+29 american history – Flashcards

he represented the beginning of the change of civil rights in the US. Since baseball was such a prominent American tradition, it was a big deal that an African American was participating in this.

African American Migration - After the Civil War, many African Americans migrated to large northern cities. Out of these expanding black communities emerged a number of prominent African American citizens, including doctors and lawyers, who gained political influence. They were able to form alliances with political machines. In effect, they could offer their votes in return for social gains. The New Deal - During the Depression, Roosevelt and the Democrats began to court black votes and gain African Americans' support for New Deal policies. Under Roosevelt, the number of African Americans working for the federal government increased significantly. World War II - This was possibly the greatest stimulus to the changing racial climate in the U.S. During the war, increased demands for labor in northern cities led to a rise in the black population in the North. This increase in number gave African Americans considerable voting power in some northern cities. The Holocaust also raised awareness to racism and discrimination going on in the U.S. Rise of the NAACP - Worked hard in the courts to challenge segregation laws throughout the country. One of the NAACP's greatest assets was its legal team. The leader of the Legal Defense Fund, Thurgood Marshall, fought many battles over segregation in the courts and achieved great gains. A lawyer named Oliver Hill also won many civil rights suits that focused on issues of discrimination in education and wages.

This court case changed the law because in a unanimous decision, the Court declared that the "separate but equal" doctrine was unconstitutional and could not be applied to public education. A year later, the Court ruled that local school boards should move to desegregate "with all deliberate speed."

It was written because more than 90 members of Congress wanted to express their opposition to the Court's ruling in the Brown v. Board of Education. The congressmen asserted that the Supreme Court had overstepped its bounds and had "no legal basis for such action." The decision, they claimed, violated states' rights and was an example of "judicial usurpation."

Rosa Parks took a seat at the front of the "colored" section of a bus. The front of the bus was reserved for white passengers. African Americans were expected to give up their seats for white passengers if no seats were available in the "whites only" section. Rosa refused to give up her seat even when threatened with arrest. At the next stop, police seized her and ordered her to stand trial for violating the segregation laws. Martin Luther King Jr. became the spokesperson for the Montgomery bus boycott protest movement. The morning of the first day of the boycott, King roamed the streets of Montgomery. He was anxious to see how many African Americans would participate.

In the fall of 1957 Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus declared that he could not keep order if he had to enforce integration, so he ordered the Arkansas National Guard troops to stand at Central High School in Little Rock and turn away the nine African Americans enrolled for that school. This was a direct challenge to Eisenhower'a authority as President and the Constitution. So Eisenhower put the Arkansas National Guard under federal control and then ordered the Guard to protect the students instead.

Athlete who in 1947 became the first African American to play baseball in the major leagues

Brown was a eight year old girl who was not aloud to attend her school because of race. Court said she should be aloud to attend. This over ruled Plessy, 1896

More than 90 members of Congress expressed their opposition to the Court's ruling in the Brown v. Board of Education case.

Rosa Parks, an African American seamstress who had been a secretary of the Montgomery NAACP for 12 years, took a seat in the "colored" section of the bus. African Americans were expected to give up their seats for whites. Rosa Parks refused to get out of her seat when asked to for a white man. She was arrested for this for violating segregation laws. The Montgomery bus boycott was a plan for all African Americans to refuse to use the entire bus system until the bus company agreed to change its segregation policy. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was a 26-year-old minister of a Baptist church where the original boycott meeting took place. he soon became the spokesperson for the protest movement.

In the fall of 1957 Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus declared that he could not keep order if he had to enforce integration, so he ordered the Arkansas National Guard troops to stand at Central High School in Little Rock and turn away the nine African Americans enrolled for that school. This was a direct challenge to Eisenhower'a authority as President and the Constitution. So Eisenhower put the Arkansas National Guard under federal control and then ordered the Guard to protect the students instead.

As the civil rights movement gained momentum and violence began to spread, Kennedy could no longer avoid the issue. After the crisis in Birmingham, he introduced a stroke civil rights bill. It would prohibit segregation in public places, ban discrimination wherever federal funding was involved, and advance school desegregation.

The purpose was to gain "jobs and freedom" and enforce civil rights for colored people.

Dr. Martin Luther King's main ideas of his speech were that one day the nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed. He said that all men are created equal, and that one day former slaves and slave owners will be able to get along. He wanted to be able for people to live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin, but by the content of their character.

After the House of Reps. passed the bill, civil rights opponents in the Senate started a lengthy filibuster (a tactic in which senators prevent a vote on a measure by taking the floor and refusing to stop talking.) of unlimited day-and-night debate. Congress did this because Johnson told them that he would accept no compromise on civil rights.

banned the use of different voter registration standards for blacks and whites 2. prohibited discrimination in public places (motels, restaurants, theaters, sports arenas) 3. allowed with holding of federal funds from public or private programs that practice discrimination 4. banned discrimination on the basis of race, sex, religion, or national origin by employer unions (and also created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) to investigate charges of job discrimination)

The KKK did like not the civil rights groups that were forming, so they wanted to intimidate them. Three young civil rights workers, James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, and Michael Schwerner, were reported missing. Later in the summer, FBI agents found their bodies buried in a new earthen dam a few miles from where their burned-out station wagon had been found.

At the first Selma March, black Americans were arrested for standing in line to register to vote. There were state troopers charging into the crowds with whips, clubs, and tear gas. The second time they marched, supporters from all over the country came to join them. President Johnson helped protect the march.

The Voting Rights Act of 1965 allowed any citizen to vote. Amendment 24 improved black voter turnout because it outlawed the poll tax; the poll tax restricted voting from African Americans and was still used in several southern states.

As a senator, Kennedy had voted for civil rights measures but had never actively pushed the issue. During his presidential campaign, he sought to win many African American votes. Once in office, he moved slowly on issues such as fair housing. But he did appoint a number of African Americans to prominent positions. As the civil rights movement gained momentum and violence began to spread, he knew he had to do something about the issue, so he proposed a civil rights bill.

Took place in August 1963, more than 200,000 people came from all over the country to call for "jobs and freedom" for colored people. This became the official slogan of the march. The march was peaceful and orderly.

law that made discrimination illegal in a number of areas, including voting, schools, and jobs

In 1964, leaders of the major civil rights groups organized a voter registration drive in Mississippi. About a thousand African American and white volunteers, mostly college students joined.

Black Americans were being arrested for standing in line to vote. They decided to organize march where the head out to Montgomery Alabama from Selma. The first time they set out police on horseback came into the crowd with whips and clubs. President Johnson protected the march and they head out once again. Marchers from all over the country that joined. It swelled up to 25,000 people.

A strong law to protect voting rights. Under this act, federal officials could register voters in places where local officers were blocking registration by African Americans. This act also effectively eliminated literacy tests and other barriers.

Malcolm Little (Malcolm X) was arrested for burglary at the age of 20 and in jail, joined the Nation of Islam (a group that viewed white people as oppressive, they preached black separation and self-help). Malcolm spent the next 12 years as a minister of the Nation of Islam and spreading the ideas of black nationalism, a belief in the separate identity and racial unity of the African American community. Malcolm X disagreed with both the tactics and the goals of the early civil rights movement. Later in 1964 he left the Nation of Islam and started the Muslim Mosque, Inc. He then later changed his views on white people, he wanted to work with other civil rights leaders and even with white Americans on issues. After 9 months of his new beliefs, he was shot to death at a rally. Three members of the Nation of Islam were charged with the murder.

They viewed white society as oppressive, it preached black separation and self-help. Elijah thought that the enemy of the Nation of Islam was the white society. They believed that Allah would bring about a "Black Nation". But, they did not seek change through political means because they were waiting for Allah to create this "Black Nation". They tried to lead righteous lives and become economically self-sufficient.

Malcolm X disagreed with both the tactics and the goals of the early civil rights movements. After his pilgrimage, it changed his views about separatism and hatred of white people. Once he returned, he was ready to work with other civil rights leaders and even with white Americans on some issues. In February 1965, he was shot to death at a rally in New York. Three members of the Nation of Islam were changed with his murder. His message of black nationalism lived on after he died.

Stokely Carmichael was sick of nonviolence so he started a group, where they carried guns for self defense. He wanted to move toward the black power movement because they wanted to unite, recognize their own goals, and lead and support their own organizations.

The Black Panthers wanted African Americans to lead their own communities and demanded that the federal government rebuild the nation's ghettos to make up for the years of neglect. They also wanted to combat what they saw as police brutality in the ghettos.

- De jure segregation: racial segregation created by law - De facto segregation: Separation caused by social conditions such as poverty De facto segregation was a fact of life in most American cities, not just in the South. But, de jure segregation was easier to eliminate because it only involved writing a new law. De facto was about lifestyles, which took longer to fix.

On August 11, 1956 police in Watts pulled over a black man for drunk driving. At first it was not violent. When the suspect resisted arrest, one police man panicked and began swinging his riot baton. The scene touched off 6 days of rioting. Thousands of people filled the streets , burning cars and stores, stealing merchandise, and sniping firefighters. The national guard and police finally gained control after 34 people died and more than a thousand injured. Later riots in detroit 1966 and 1967, the violence spread to other cities. Cries of " Burn Baby Burn" replaced the gentler slogans of the earlier civil rights movement.

Martin Luther King Jr. turned his attention to economic injustice, he believed that poverty bred violence. During his new crusade, called the Poor People's Campaign, he offered assistance to garbage workers who were seeking better working conditions. The next day as he stood on the balcony of his motel, he was shot and died in an hour. Robert Kennedy's assassination was considered a sad time for civil rights because Robert Kennedy also supported the civil rights movement and opposed the Vietnam War. While running to represent the Democrats in a presidential election, he was giving a victory speech he was shot by an assassin, and he died the next day. Many people thought he would be an inspiration for civil rights and thought hope was lost.

Same as above!

Organization, also called the Black Muslims, dedicated to black separation and self-help.

a belief in the separate identity and racial unity of the African American community

Stokely Carmichael, a SNCC leader, started to make the group more radical. He was tired of nonviolent protest, so he made the group carry guns for self-defense. At a protest march in Greenwood, Mississippi, he repeated "We...want...black...power!" His idea of black power resonated with many African Americans. It was a call "to unite, to recognize their own goals, to lead their own organizations and support those organizations."

A 1966 militant party, formed by Bobby Seale and Huey Newton, that wanted African Americans to lead their own communities.

de jure segregation was a racial segregation created by law, and de facto segregation was segregation caused by social conditions such as poverty

On August 11, 1956 police in Watts pulled over a black man for drunk driving. At first it was not violent. When the suspect resisted arrest, one police man panicked and began swinging his riot baton. The scene touched off 6 days of rioting. Thousands of people filled the streets , burning cars and stores, stealing merchandise, and sniping firefighters. The national guard and police finally gained control after 34 people died and more than a thousand injured.

- He was convinced that poverty bred violence, he broadened his approach to attack economic injustice. He offered his assistance to striking garbage workers who were seeking better working conditions. He spoke about threats made against him in his life. The next day he stood on the balcony of his motel, a bullet fired from a high-powered riffle tore into him . An hour later, King was dead. -Kennedy reached out to many Americans, including Chicanos, Native Americans, African Americans, and poor white families, which helped him when he ran against McCarthy in the Democratic primary elections. He criticized the Johnson administration for financing a war instead of funding the programs needed to help the poor and disadvantaged at home. On June 4th just after giving his victory speech in Los Angeles hotel, Kennedy was shot by and assassin. He died the next day.

September 26, 1960. Democrat John F. Kennedy and Republican Richard Nixon faced off in the first of four live, televised debates broadcasted by all networks. This debate focused on domestic issues. Many Americans believed Kennedy won the debate. The debates put TV in the spotlight and made it the communication vehicle of choice for politicians.

John F. Kennedy was a new type of candidate because he was only 43 years old and people weren't sure if he had enough experience. He was Roman Catholic, and no Catholic had ever been elected president. Kennedy won the primary when he helped put an end to the religion issue of the largely Protestant state of West Virginia.

Kennedy won the election by thousands of votes. Mandate: public endorsement of one's proposals. Some believed Kennedy had won by fraud which caused him to enter office without a strong mandate. This was a problem because without a strong mandate, Kennedy would have difficulty pushing his more controversial measures through Congress.

1. an executive order providing high-quality surplus food to unemployed Americans; tightening of food & drug laws to protect against untested drugs 2. the largest, fastest defense buildup in peacetime history as Kennedy boosted missile programs; 3. an Area Redevelopment law to help communities plagued with long term unemployment; changes in Social Security extending benefits to 5 million people & allowing Americans to retire & collect benefits at 62 yrs. old; changes in the welfare system aimed at helping ailing families instead of encouraging dependency on government benefits; expansion & increase of the minimum wage 4. a law doubling federal resources to combat water pollution; the creation of National Seashore Parks, a part of the National Park System 5. the creation of the first federal program to address juvenile delinquency 6. the construction of the world's largest nuclear power plant, in Hanford, Washington; signing of the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, the 1st nuclear weapons agreement signing of a Trade Expansion Act to reduce American protectionism & encourage free trade

Following Sputnik satellite in 1957, government agencies and private industries had been working furiously with NASA to place a manned spacecraft in orbit around earth. On February 20, 1962 John Glenn successfully completed three orbits around Earth. This help to set sail for knew knowledge and new rights to be won and use for the progress of all people. Camelot (see sidebar p. 972)

The motorcade slowed as it turned a corner in front of the Texas School Depository. Its employees had been sent to lunch so they could watch the event outside. But one man stayed behind. He aimed the rifle and shots were fired. Bullets strikes Kennedy and Connally. Kennedy was slumped over in his wife's lap. They tried to save his life on the way to the hospital, but it was no use. He was pronounced dead at 1:00 PM. Lee Harvey Oswald was the prime suspect in the assassination. When Oswald was being transferred from one jail to another, he was fatally shot.

The Warren Commission concluded that Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone in assassinating JFK, and that there was no conspiracy.

September 26, 1960. Democrat John F. Kennedy and Republican Richard Nixon faced off in the first of four live, televised debates broadcasted by all networks. This debate focused on domestic issues. Many Americans believed Kennedy won the debate. The debates put TV in the spotlight and made it the communication vehicle of choice for politicians.

John F. Kennedy was a new type of candidate because he was only 43 years old and people weren't sure if he had enough experience. He was Roman Catholic, and no Catholic had ever been elected president. Kennedy won the primary when he helped put an end to the religion issue of the largely Protestant state of West Virginia.

a public endorsement, expressed to a candidate by voters. With such a thin win for Kennedy, he did not have a strong mandate for congress.

NASA: national Aeronautics and Space Administration. February 20, 1962 John Glenn successfully completed three orbits around Earth.

Represented the energetic, idealistic image of the Kennedy White House. The Kennedy's embodied the royal, romantic spirit of Camelot. They made it a stage for high culture, inviting the best artists, musicians, and thinkers. Sad when Camelot came to a sudden end because of the young children.

A murder of a public figure by a surprise attack

The President's Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy

A Communist revolutionary leader who took control of Cuba in 1959; ally of Soviet Union through the 1980s

Failed invasion of Cuba by a group of anti-Castro forces (trained by the U.S.) in 1961

Wall to separate communist and non-communist in Berlin. It became a somble symbol of the Cold War.

Cuba acquired missiles and atomic war heads from Russia. The U.S. felt threatened by having missiles that close to our mainland . We then threatened Russia to remove the missiles from Cuba. Potentially, this could have created WWIII and a nuclear confrontation. This crisis lasted 14 days. The U.S. blockaded Cuba and announced that it would not permit offensive weapons to be delivered to Cuba and demanded the Soviet to dismantle the missile bases and return all offensive weapons to the USSR. The crisis ended October 28, 1962 when Kennedy and the U.N. reached an agreement with the U.S.S.R. stating that the Soviets would dismantle their offensive weapons in Cuba and return them to the Soviet Union. In exchange, the U.S. had to make a public declaration and agree to never invade Cuba. This strengthened Fidel Castro's power over Cuba.

1963 treaty in which the United States and the Soviet Union agreed not to test nuclear weapons above the ground or in the ocean.

Promoted by Kennedy to counter revolutionary movements in Latin America, the Alliance would be a vast cooperative effort to satisfy the basic needs of people in North, Central, and South America for homes, work, land, health, and schools. Latin Americans began to question the benefits and viewed it as a tool for the US to stop the spread of communism. Because of such doubts, the Alliance for Progress never lived up to Kennedy's expectations.

Federal program established to send volunteers to help developing nations around the world. Most volunteers were recent college graduates

Johnson became involved in the ongoing conflict in Southeast Asia between Communist North Vietnam and non-communist South Vietnam. He was determined to prevent the spread of communism there. About 16,000 American military advisors were in South Vietnam by 1963. The U.S. was also contributing economic aid to South Vietnam. The American involvement deepened as more and more troops and money were sent to prop up the South Vietnamese government.