question

Who was responsible for the theory of relativity? a. Planck b. Rhodes c. Einstein d. Nietzsche e. Curie

answer

c

question

Just prior to World War I, the European intellectual community was marked by a. boundless enthusiasm, confidence, and optimism about the future. b. a sense of confusion and anxiety leading to feelings of imminent catastrophe. c. total complacency on the part of a self-satisfied mass public. d. grim determination among nationalists to adopt and enforce international peace treaties. e. a retreat into scientific materialism.

answer

b

question

The experimental work of early twentieth-century physicists challenged and ultimately invalidated a. the chemical theories of Paracelsus. b. the rational, mechanical conception of the universe posited in the physics of Newton. c. the heliocentric theory of Galileo. d. Harvey's arguments on circulation. e. Kepler's theory on elliptical orbits

answer

b

question

Inquiry into the disintegrative processes within atoms became a central theme in the new physics in part due to the experimental work of a. Einstein on cosmic rays and gravity. b. Marie and Pierre Curie on radium and radiation. c. Planck on quanta. d. Pasteur on microbes and infection. e. Bergson on time and the "life force."

answer

b

question

The quantum theory of energy developed by Max Planck raised fundamental questions about the a. structure of stars. b. accepted medieval theories of chemical reaction. c. subatomic realm of the atom and the basic building blocks of the material world. d. safe transmission of electrical energy for powering modern economies. e. the electro-dynamics of moving bodies.

answer

c

question

Friedrich Nietzsche a. supported the Theory of Relativity. b. felt reform was needed in a healthy Catholic Church. c. believed that Christianity had deeply undermined the creative power of western civilization. d. was an advocate of Darwin's theories. e. was a major influence on Freud and the latter's theories of psychoanalysis.

answer

c

question

Which of the following philosophers advocated violence, if necessary, as a means of achieving socialism? a. Georges Sorel b. Henri Bergson c. Friedrich Nietzsche d. William James e. Eduard Bernstein

answer

a

question

According to Sigmund Freud, behavior was a. largely determined by genetics. b. shaped by one's environment. c. determined by one's unconscious and by inner drives of which people were generally unaware. d. shaped by one's socio-economic status as Marx had argued. e. always predictable because of a "will to power."

answer

c

question

Freud maintained that a human being's inner life was a battleground between all of the following except the a. id. b. ego. c. alterego. d. superego. e. unconscious.

answer

c

question

According to Freud, the superego a. was the locus of conscience and represented the inhibitions and moral values society in general and parents in particular impose upon people. b. was the chief attribute of the superman and generated all creativity in one's psychology. c. encouraged people always to go beyond what they thought best or practical. d. accounted for the growing selfishness and violence of European society. e. was the seat of reason.

answer

a

question

Social Darwinism was a. applying the ideas of Darwin to society. b. an effort to explain the problems of society by psychological means. c. an explanation, sociologically, of Darwin's biological ideas. d. advocated by Nietzsche. e. condemned by Freud.

answer

a

question

According to Houston Stewart Chamberlain, the Aryans were a. the degenerates of Western Civilization exemplifying the vicious German combination of social Darwinism, nationalism, and racism. b. conquerors of India. c. the "fit" who would "survive" Darwin's world of devolution. d. a fictitious people who were destined to rule the Slavic people of the east. e. the real creators of western culture.

answer

e

question

Using Darwin's terminology, Herbert Spencer argued that a. no progress in human society was now possible and decadence had set in everywhere. b. no rational justification could be given to "natural selection." c. peaceful progress was inevitable. d. evolution could never be reversed. e. human societies were organism evolving through time by struggling with their environments.

answer

e

question

The urbanization of Europe brought religion under attack from all of the following except a. new migrants to cities without connections to urban churches. b. advocates of more scientific inquiry. c. parliaments and legal societies. d. Marxist political movements of the nineteenth century. e. Biblical higher criticism.

answer

c

question

The greatest difference between naturalism and realism in literature was a. realism dealt more with themes like human suffering. b. naturalism was more popular than realism. c. in general, naturalism was more pessimistic than realism. d. realism was simply a continuation of naturalism. e. in general, realism was more pessimistic than naturalism.

answer

c

question

The best example of naturalistic literature can be found in the novels of a. Victor Hugo. b. Charles Dickens. c. Albert Camus. d. Emile Zola. e. Gustave Faubert.

answer

d

question

Explaining his use of naturalism in his novels and his depiction of characters, Emile Zola said a. "I have never given up on nature and the uplifting lessons it can teach us." b. "I have simply done on living bodies the work of analysis which surgeons perform on corpses." c. "People are naturally bad and all my fictions are truths." d. "My stories tell of a new Enlightenment." e. "All life is a wasteland."

answer

b

question

The higher criticism of the Bible championed by the French Catholic scholar Ernst Renan a. confirmed the accuracy of the Bible as a guide to Christian history. b. questioned the historical accuracy of the Bible and denied the divinity of Jesus. c. found the New Testament to be far more recent in composition than previously believed. d. cast doubt on the authenticity of the letters of Paul. e. gave intellectual support for the divine authorship of the Bible.

answer

b

question

In his encyclical De Rerum Novarum (1891), Pope Leo XIII a. endorsed Marxist conceptions of materialism. b. asserted that much in socialism was Christian in principle. c. ordered Catholics to turn away from all forms of political activity. d. began to question the necessity of the sacraments. e. condemned "modernism" in all its manifestations.

answer

b

question

The Catholic Church took a rigid stand against modern ideas including religious toleration, freedom of speech, and freedom of the press under the direction of conservative popes such as a. Leo XIII. b. John Paul II. c. John XXIII. d. Paul XII. e. Pius IX.

answer

e

question

In art, modernism found its beginnings in the work of Pissarro called a. Surrealism. b. Abstract Realism. c. Baroque. d. Expressionism. e. Impressionism.

answer

e

question

Which of the following art movements was not prominent in the three decades prior to World War I? a. Surrealism b. Cubism c. Impressionism d. abstract painting e. Post-Impressionism

answer

a

question

Modernism in music included all of the following elements except a. attraction to the exotic. b. the exclusive use of extremely regular rhythms. c. nationalist themes. d. folk music. e. the lure of the primative.

answer

b

question

At its premier, Igor Stravinsky's Rite of Spring, now considered as a classic example of modernism in music and ballet, a. drew great public acclaim as a modern masterwork. b. inspired many authors to write poems using the music. c. caused a great riot at the theater by the audience because of its sharp dissonance, and blatant sensuality. d. restored audiences' faith in music as a rational and soothing art. e. was ignored when first performed and only became recognized as a classic several decades later

answer

c

question

The first professional occupation to be opened up to women was a. factory worker. b. the legal profession. c. business management. d. engineering. e. teacher.

answer

e

question

Which of the following was not a pioneer in the field of nursing? a. Clara Barton b. Florence Nightingale c. Amalie Sieveking d. Emmeline Pankhurst e. c and d

answer

d

question

The leader of the womens suffrage movement in England was a. Louise Michel. b. Babette Josephs. c. Emmeline Pankhurst. d. Octavia Hill. e. Violet Asquith

answer

c

question

To advance the cause of women's suffrage, the Women's Social and Political Union founded by Emmeline Pankhurst and her daughters a. took a moderate approach to the problem seeking to demonstrate first that women were intelligent and could use political power wisely if given the vote. b. took a conservative approach to the problem and strongly recommended that only upper-class and educated women be considered as potential voters. c. took a radical, public, and well publicized approach to the movement, employing different media and provocative public actions, like pelting male politicians with eggs. d. considered the political situation of women in Europe to be hopeless and advised women seeking the vote to move to other countries, like the U.S., where the chances of gaining political equality were greater. e. formed a peaceful alliance with Britain's Communist Party.

answer

c

question

During the nineteenth century, Jews a. were persecuted in almost every European country. b. received complete emancipation in France and Germany. c. were emancipated in most countries, but still faced restrictions d. were not allowed into certain professions. e. achieved full social and legal equality in all the countries of Europe except Germany.

answer

c

question

In general, by the late nineteenth century, the worst treatment of the Jews occurred in a. Italy. b. Germany. c. France. d. Scandinavia. e. Eastern Europe.

answer

e

question

Maria Montessori exemplifies the "new woman" of modern times in that a. she became a leading advocate of the vote for women. b. she entered Italian politics as a liberal. c. she created the International Women's League for Peace and Freedom. d. she obtained a professional degree and applied her expertise to new fields of inquiry like early childhood development. e. she was the first professional woman who received equal pay for equal work.

answer

d

question

Theodor Herzl, the leader of the Zionist movement, a. advocated the creation of a Jewish state in Palestine. b. advocated the development of separate Jewish communities European cities. c. argued that Jewish assimilation into western European society would only be complete when Jews renounced their religious beliefs. d. argued that living conditions for Jews were better in eastern Europe than in western Europe. e. demanded that war be declared against the Ottoman Empire.

answer

a

question

In order to implement the Liberal Party's social reform program, David Lloyd George radically curtailed the power of the a. army and navy. b. Bank of England. c. monarchy. d. House of Commons. e. House of Lords.

answer

e

question

Among the notable achievements of the British Liberals under Lloyd George was a. unilateral British disarmament and world peace proposals. b. passage of the National Insurance Act of 1911 providing sickness and unemployment benefits to workers with state aid. c. the nationalization of all private industry in Britain. d. reductions in the size of the British colonial empire. e. to implement a policy of laissez-faire in economic and welfare matters.

answer

b

question

The event which exemplified renewed anti-Semitism in France in the late nineteenth century was the a. Boulanger coup. b. Sorel uprsing. c. Dreyfus affair. d. Zola capitulation. e. the fall of the Third Republic.

answer

c

question

Growing tensions in modern German society were exemplified by a. rapidly rising suicide rates especially in cities. b. refusals by German leaders to enact new welfare legislation. c. the use of military forces to put down urban riots. d. the proliferation of ultra-nationalist right-wing political pressure groups with anti-Semitic, racist, and imperialist beliefs. e. peasant rebellions, particularly in the Rhineland region.

answer

d

question

The Pan-German League advocated a. German withdrawal from world affairs and concentration on internal political reforms. b. anti-liberal policies including the development of a global German colonial empire to unite all different classes of citizens at home. c. German leadership in the development of international pacifist organizations. d. strict limitations on development of German industry including far heavier corporate taxation to pay for new state social welfare programs deemed essential by the group. e. a German takeover of eastern France, western Poland, and the Germany-speaking part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

answer

b

question

The Fabian Socialists in Britain advocated a. class war and the immediate revolutionary destruction of parliamentary government following Marxist principles. b. the use of political terrorism to win concessions from wealthy political leaders. c. the necessity of workers using their new voting rights to elect a new House of Commons wherein legislation favorable to the working classes could be passed in democratic fashion. d. the formation of pan-European working class parties to bring democratic reforms to all states especially through disarmament and higher taxation of the rich. e. the immediate confiscation of the private wealth of millionaires and the confiscation of all factories and other means of industrial production throughout Britain.

answer

c

question

Italian trasformismo a. was a policy of politics employed by Giovanni Giolitti. b. included the transformation of old political parties into new power blocks through the calculated use of political patronage and outright bribery. c. became a policy for the thorough reform of Italian primary education advocated by Maria Montessori. d. set the foundations for the creation of a social welfare state in Italy. e. a and b

answer

e

question

Russia's disastrous defeat in the Russo-Japanese war indirectly led to the a. the dismissal of Count Witte. b. the loss of all of Siberia to Japan. c. the enlargement of the Duma. d. an unsuccessful coup by the Tsar. e. the Revolution of 1905.

answer

e

question

Which of the following was not an argument to justify imperialism at the turn of the century? a. the argument of "the white man's burden" b. Social Darwinism c. the need for military bases d. the argument to lessen the burden of excess European population, especially criminals and other "undesirables" e. national prestige

answer

d

question

The Boer War was fought by the British in a. Australia. b. China. c. Zimbabwe. d. Botswana. e. South Africa.

answer

c

question

The mid-Pacific islands became a sphere of influence of a. Great Britain. b. United States. c. Germany. d. China. e. Russia.

answer

b

question

The "Boxers" a. were nationalist revolutionaries in Korea. b. were Americans who advocated Chinese independence. c. were Dutch who sought to monopolize Chinese trade, especially in opium. d. were Chinese who attempted to expel all foreigners from the country through armed rebellion. e. circus performers at the emperor's court in Beijing

answer

d

question

The Meiji Restoration in Japan a. successfully accomplished the expulsion of all foreigners from the country. b. created a political system democratic in form but rigidly authoritarian in practice. c. concentrated on the reestablishment of feudal principles of decentralized government and native Japanese values. d. sent many Japanese abroad to be educated in the ways of the west and adopted many western reforms in political and military organization. e. b and d

answer

e

question

The basis of the Bismarckian System was a. the acquisition of a huge overseas empire. b. the isolation of France through a series of military alliances. c. an enhanced civil service. d. the creation of a German war college. e. the incorporation of Austria-Hungary into the German Empire.

answer

b

question

The Triple Alliance before 1914 included which of the following countries? a. England, Germany, Italy b. Russia, England, France c. Italy, Turkey, England d. Germany, Austria, Ottoman Empire e. Germany, Austria, Italy

answer

e

question

The Bismarckian System had the ultimate result of a. bringing peace to Europe for over fifty years. b. creating friendship between Germany and England. c. easing tensions between France and Germany. d. dividing Europe into two opposing groups of nations making war more likely. e. ensuring peace in the Balkans.

answer

d

question

The Triple Entente before 1914 included which of the following countries? a. Great Britain, France, Russia b. Austria, Germany, the Ottoman Empire c. Turkey, Russia, Germany d. France, Spain, Great Britain e. Great Britain, France, and Italy

answer

a

question

The primary antagonists in the Balkans region were a. Serbs and Austrians. b. Russians and French. c. English and Germans. d. Serbs and Croats. e. Russians and Serbs.

answer

a

question

Which of the following trends helped lead to the outbreak of the Great War? a. conservative leaders hoped to crush internal democratic movements through war b. European generals adopted new military policies c. European states felt they had to uphold the power of their allies for their own internal security d. the downward spiral of European economies e. the dismantling of Europe's overseas empires

answer

c

question

The First World War not only killed millions of human beings, it also destroyed one of the basic intellectual precepts upon which recent Western Civilization had been founded: a. the concept of a benevolent God b. the belief in progress c. the conviction of the enlightened spirit of man d. the belief in justice for all e. that spiritual beliefs and religious faith could overcome all challenges

answer

b

question

Before the outbreak of World War I in 1914, the general outlook for the future by most Europeans was a. highly optimistic with material progress expected to create an earthly utopia. b. one of extreme indifference and reckless abandon. c. extremely negative, with most people believing that Armageddon was near. d. largely determined by state agencies. e. b and d

answer

a

question

The immediate cause of World War I was a. an uprising of Catholic peasants in Bavaria. b. the assassination of Austrian Archduke Francis Ferdinand in Sarajevo. c. the German invasion of Poland. d. the German naval blockage of Britain. e. the French occupation of the Ruhr.

answer

b

question

Among nineteenth-century European political movements, the one most responsible for triggering World War I was a. nationalism. b. liberalism. c. conservatism. d. socialism. e. modernism.

answer

a

question

Between 1890 and 1914, in part through conscription, European military forces had a. increased ten times. b. quadrupled in size. c. tripled in size. d. doubled in size. e. been reduced by half.

answer

d

question

The outbreak of the Great War was greatly accelerated by the Schlieffen Plan, which was a. Germany's promise of full-fledged support for Austrian military actions against Serbia. b. the Black Hand's plan for the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand of Austria. c. Germany's military plan to invade France through neutral Belgium before attacking Russia. d. Russia's mobilization plan against both Germany and Austria-Hungary. e. the German emperor's last attempt to persuade Russia not to mobilize its armies.

answer

c

question

The rivalry between which states for domination of southeastern Europe helped create serious tensions before World War I? a. Germany and Italy b. Russia and Italy c. the Ottoman Empire and Greece d. Britain and France e. Austria-Hungary and Russia

answer

e

question

What was the state that was a thorn in Austria-Hungary's side and a primary cause of World War I? a. Slovenia b. Bulgaria c. Greece d. Italy e. Serbia

answer

e

question

On the eve of the outbreak of war in Europe in 1914, William II of Germany a. was plotting the overthrow of Nicholas II in Russia. b. was intentionally provoking the Russians to attack Austria and set off a world war. c. attempted to engage Nicholas II in a diplomatic dialogue to avoid war if at all possible. d. sent ultimatums to England and France that were so clumsy and insulting as to make war inevitable. e. abdicated in favor of his son, the Crown Prince, and sought exile in Belgium.

answer

c

question

Austrian ultimatums to Serbia, hastening the outbreak of World War I, came, in part, because the a. Austrians had received a "blank check" of German support and military backing. b. English had refused to guarantee Serbian territorial integrity. c. French did nothing to suggest that they might cancel their alliance with the Habsburgs. d. Italians renewed their military alliance with Austria. e. Russians had already mobilized their armed forces against Germany.

answer

a

question

In August 1914, the perception of the upcoming war among Europeans was that a. it would be the dawn of a new socialist Europe. b. the war would be very short, possibly only weeks in duration. c. it would mark the end of European civilization. d. its long-term nature would revive Europe's suffering economy. e. it would be avoided at the last minute, once the diplomats finally met together.

answer

b

question

As early as July 28, 1914, European diplomats were becoming incapable of slowing a rush toward war mainly because a. European kings, tsars, and emperors were too bent on war to heed their advice. b. the complex, rigid, and demanding mobilization plans devised by European army generals made immediate military action essential. c. ordinary people everywhere went to the polls and voted for immediate opening of the war on all fronts. d. European industrialists, seeking to profit from mass destruction, induced the politicians they owned through bribery to push declarations of war through all European legislatures. e. the slowness of communications in a pre-computer era.

answer

b

question

Most Europeans believed that the Great War would a. be much like the American Civil War in length. b. be an exciting, emotional release from the otherwise dull and boring existence of mass society. c. last for years creating a rousing state of perpetual heroics as proclaimed by Nietzsche in his writings on the "superman." d. ultimately bring about the unification of Europe in one centralized and highly militarized government. e. result in a new balance of power throughout all of Western Civilization.

answer

b

question

The most important consequence of the first year of World War I was a. a deadly stalemate on the western front as a result of the failure of German war plans. b. Italy's decision to switch sides to the German-Austrian alliance. c. the collapse of German armies on the Russian front. d. Serbia's rapid advance into Austria-Hungary. e. the Ottoman Empire's decision to join the Triple Entente.

answer

a

question

The development of trench warfare in France was characterized by a. quick advances and seizures of enemy trenches. b. fewer casualties due to thick fortifications. c. long periods of boredom broken by artillery barrages and frontal assaults by enemy troops. d. high morale and assurance of victory among the troops whose use of modern weapons reduced casualty rates. e. fraternization between the opposing armies.

answer

c

question

The First World War in the east was characterized by a. more mobility than the trench warfare on the Western Front. b. relatively little loss of life and small skirmishes. c. trench warfare as in France. d. the overwhelming superiority of Russian forces. e. the quick conquest of western Russia and the Ukraine by German and Austrian forces.

answer

a

question

The usual tactic of trench warfare was to a. surround the enemy and starve him into submission. b. use heavy artillery bombardments and then launch direct frontal infantry assaults on well- defended enemy positions. c. attempt to outflank the enemy through rapid and mobile deployment of troops and cavalry. d. meet the opposing force on the "field of honor" between the trenches for hand-to-hand combat. e. isolate the opposing forces and starve them into submission.

answer

b

question

As fought in the World War I, trench warfare a. became a senseless slaughter of troops on all sides with hundreds of thousands of men dying for battlefield gains of a few miles at best. b. increased the morale of soldiers who fought well and came to obey promptly the orders of their superiors. c. became increasingly unreal as baffled and incompetent officers persistently ordered their men to accomplish battlefield objectives that were impossible. d. brought great innovations to military tactics as the long conflict forced generals to devise novel tactics. e. a and c

answer

e

question

As soldiers on both sides realized that no one could gain an advantage in trench warfare a. savage treatment of prisoners became commonplace. b. new weapons were developed to kill rather than overrun the enemy. c. daily life for the soldier became increasingly squalid and miserable in rat-infested trenches. d. they were increasingly encouraged by their officers not to fight and to await a peace treaty ending the war. e. most of the participants on all sides simply quit active fighting and the war bogged down into a stalemate.

answer

c

question

"The Watch on the Rhine," a song that expressed deep patriotism and the heroism of fighting men, was a favorite tune of the a. British. b. Americans. c. French. d. Belgians. e. Germans.

answer

e

question

The tank a. was invented by the Germans. b. was crucial in the outcome of World War I. c. would play a larger role in World War II than in World War I. d. was useless in rough terrain. e. a and b

answer

c

question

The entry of the United States into World War I in April 1917 a. gave the nearly-defeated allies a psychological boost. b. was greatly feared by the German naval staff. c. was a response to Turkey's entrance into the war on the side of the Central Powers. d. put an end to Germany's use of unlimited submarine warfare. e. was an attempt to keep Russia in the war after the February Revolution

answer

a

question

The chief reason for the United States' entry into World War I was a. the success of British propaganda. b. German violations of the principles of neutrality and freedom of the seas. c. the expulsion of the American consul from Berlin. d. diplomatic chicanery on the part of the Austrians. e. the threat by Mexico to invade the southwestern United States.

answer

b

question

Economically, World War I a. saw European governments adopt a "hands off" policy toward their economies. b. saw European governments all take control of only war-related industries. c. witnessed European governments gradually take full control of all aspects of their economies. d. did little to affect the domestic industries of European nations. e. brought considerable prosperity to all of the belligerent nations

answer

c

question

In World War I, the Turkish Ottoman Empire fought on the side of a. Egypt and Iraq. b. Russia. c. Italy. d. France and Britain. e. Austria and Germany.

answer

e

question

The fact that European states fighting in World War I had to effectively organize masses of men and material for years of deadly combat led to a. increased centralization and expansion of government powers. b. economic regimentation of entire countries. c. unscrupulous manipulation of public opinion through mass propaganda and government control of information. d. a and b e. all of the above

answer

e

question

As public morale and support for the war ebbed a. workers' strikes became less frequent as they were brutally repressed. . b. the liberal French government under Clemenceau found it impossible to end internal dissent. c. propaganda posters and weapons became less important. d. police powers were expanded to include the arrest of all dissenters as traitors to the state. e. politicians attempted to end the war short of total victory.

answer

d

question

The capable French wartime leader Georges Clemenceau uttered perhaps the only observation on World War One worthy of memory when he said a. "Who would have thought that this war would go on so long and at so great a human price?" b. "War is too important to be left to generals." c. "War is the hygiene of modern humanity." d. "Without war there would be no technological progress and no promise of future profits for industry." e. "War is hell."

answer

b

question

Internal opposition to the war in European nations came largely from a. factory owners and businessmen ruined by wartime inflation. b. liberals and socialists appalled by the scale of human slaughter and the costs of rampant nationalism and militarism. c. government ministers terrified of losing complete control over armies and the civilian populations being fed into military formations. d. ethnic minorities and women convinced that they would lose newly won rights as the war progressed and encouraged repressive government policies. e. the lower classes who were drafted or conscripted into the armies and fought in the trenches.

answer

b

question

The women workers of World War I played an important role in a. serving as support troops behind the front line trenches. b. gaining equal industrial wages with men by the end of the war. c. achieving permanent job security in the once male-dominated workplace. d. all work areas except the textile industry. e. gaining women the right to vote immediately following the war.

answer

e

question

Death rates at the front in World War One were high for all soldiers engaged regardless of their prior social status, but mortality was especially great among a. junior officers drawn largely from the aristocracy. b. non-commissioned officers of the urban middle class. c. unskilled laborers and peasants comprising the mass of infantry troops. d. skilled laborers serving disproportionately in the air forces. e. a and c

answer

e

question

One socioeconomic group that clearly benefited from World War I was a. civil servants who received more powers and job security. b. large industrialists, especially owners of factories making weapons and munitions. c. young adults who received better, more technical training. d. petty criminals who won release in wartime to work in factories. e. rural landholders who profited by producing additional foodstuffs for the troops.

answer

b

question

The collapse of Russia's tsarist regime in March 1917 was aided by all of the following except a. the leadership of the Mensheviks in forming the new Provisional Government. b. a general strike in Petrograd. c. the wartime casualties due to incompetent military leadership and poor equipment. d. strife in the ruling dynasty as evidenced by the influence of Rasputin, "the mad monk." e. the incompetent political leadership of Nicholas II.

answer

a

question

Which of the following statements best applies to Nicholas II's tsarist regime? a. Rasputin, an alleged holy man, ran a very efficient government. b. Alexandra, Nicholas' wife, kept him isolated from the reality of domestic disturbances. c. It was patriotically supported by ordinary Russians throughout the war. d. Many reforms were made to keep the peasants content. e. Nicholas II was a brilliant and charismatic leader who was betrayed by his military advisors.

answer

b

question

V.I. Lenin a. was a central figure in the establishment of a provisional government. b. denounced the use of revolutionary violence in his "April Theses." c. with strong middle-class support, led the formation of a new, democratic labor party. d. remained in neutral Switzerland until the Armistice was signed. e. as a leader of the Bolsheviks, promised "land, peace, and bread."

answer

e

question

Lenin's "April Theses" a. outlined a specifically Russian movement toward socialism without first going through a bourgeois revolution. workers, and peasants. b. contained his proposals to continue Russian participation in World War I. c. listed the conditions under which the Bolsheviks would accept a new republican form of government. d. argued that revolution was an impractical means of establishing a new government for Russia. e. appealed to Russian patriotism, ignoring any social or economic class appeals.

answer

a

question

Following the Bolshevik seizure of power in November 1917 a. Lenin accelerated the war effort against Germany. b. Lenin returned the control of factories to their rightful owners. c. Lenin ratified the redistribution of land which had already been seized by peasants. d. Lenin successfully managed to reestablish the Duma under socialist control. e. Lenin confiscated all the agricultural land in Russia, forcing the peasants into large collective farms.

answer

c

question

Even though facing tremendous odds against a successful seizure of power, the Bolsheviks prevailed in the end due to a. poor discipline among the Mensheviks. b. aid from the French and British. c. poor leadership among the socialists. d. ruthless discipline and leadership in part due to the military efforts of Leon Trotsky. e. aid from Imperial Germany.

answer

d

question

The Second Battle of the Marne was a. the end of Germany's final, futile effort to win the war. b. the decisive victory Germans had long sought. c. a disaster for the French. d. decided by the entry of Australia into the war. e. ended in a stalemate, and thus the war continued.

answer

a

question

In World War I, it is estimated that _________ soldiers died and ________ were wounded. a. three million, ten million b. five million, fifteen million c. six or seven million, eighteen million d. eight or nine million, twenty-two million e. twelve million, thirty million

answer

d

question

The ethnic group that suffered a million dead as victims of genocide during World War I were the a. Serbians. b. Russians. c. Irish. d. Turks. e. Armenians.

answer

e

question

The series of revolutionary upheavals in central Europe following Germany's defeat led to a. the successful creation of a new socialist state in Germany led by Karl Liebknecht. b. a military dictatorship in Austria headed by the Free Corps. c. the immediate creation of several Fascist states in the region. d. a strong communist influence among most of the German populace. e. the creation of several independent republics within the old Austro-Hungarian Empire.

answer

e

question

The German November revolution of 1918 eventually resulted in a. a parliamentary democracy dominated by the Republicans. b. the division of Germany among the victorious allies. c. the creation of a communist state similar to the Soviet Union. d. the creation of a German Republic with the socialists in power. e. a return to the divided Germany that existed before Bismarck.

answer

d

question

All of the following states were created out of the Austro-Hungarian Empire following World War I except a. Austria. b. Hungary. c. Poland. d. Czechoslovakia. e. Yugoslavia

answer

c

question

For Woodrow Wilson, the most important thing after the war was to a. punish Germany by requiring economic sanctions. b. assure acceptance of his Fourteen Points. c. deepen America's isolationism from European affairs. d. bring about the disintegration of the Soviet Union. e. dismember the defeated German Empire back to its pre-1866 borders.

answer

b

question

The chief motivation of Georges Clemenceau's terms of armistice was to a. punish Germany and gain security for France. b. help Germany become a democracy. c. maintain a demilitarized Europe. d. limit Britain's influence on the continent. e. establish the League of Nations.

answer

a

question

The Treaty of Versailles a. absolved the Central Powers of full guilt in causing the war. b. created Wilson's United Nations. c. created a system by which the old Turkish Empire could be safely dismantled. d. dismembered the Ottoman Empire. e. forced Germany to acknowledge "war guilt" and to pay reparations for its alleged wartime aggression.

answer

e

question

The feature of the Versailles Treaty that most Germans found very hard to accept was a. the loss of land that reduced the nation by half. b. the reductions imposed in the size of the German military. c. Article 231, the "War Guilt Clause" which imposed heavy war reparations on Germany. d. the loss of all political sovereignty for a period of twenty years. e. the loss of Germany's Latin American empire.

answer

c

question

As a result of World War I, Eastern Europe a. experienced little or no real change. b. fell subject to the new Russian communist state. c. witnessed the emergence of many new nation-states. d. quickly overtook western Europe economically. e. sunk into widespread international anarchy and chaos.

answer

c

question

French policy toward a defeated Germany following World War I was guided by all of the following except a. a strict enforcement of the Treaty of Versailles. b. occupation of German industries in the Ruhr Valley. c. a strict collection of Germany's war reparations. d. a policy of passive resistance under Raymond Poincaré. e. the establishment of a series alliances with the new states of Eastern Europe.

answer

d

question

Efforts to maintain European peace following World War I included a. a three-way alliance between Great Britain, France, and the Weimar Republic. b. the addition of an armed international security force to the League of Nations. c. an inherently weak system of alliances between France and the Little Entente. d. increased intervention by the United States in European political affairs. e. the belated United States decision to Join the League of Nations.

answer

c

question

Following Germany's failure to pay its war reparations, France occupied Germany's Ruhr valley, resulting in a. a policy of passive resistance by the German government and German resort to printing money to pay war debts. b. an alliance concluded between Germany and Russia. c. the election of Raymond Poincaré's French government in 1924. d. an increase in the size of the German military. e. Germany's decision to leave the League of Nations.

answer

a

question

The period of 1924-1929 in Europe witnessed a. a growing feeling of optimism for a peaceful future. b. the Great Depression destroy Europe's economy. c. a direct occupation of Germany by World War I's victorious powers. d. the western powers cut off all ties with Communist Russia. e. political instability with the collapse of Weimar Germany in the aftermath of the election of Adolph Hitler as chancellor in 1926.

answer

a

question

The treaty of 1925 that guaranteed France and Belgium's postwar boundaries was called the a. Pact of Paris. b. Kellogg-Briand Treaty. c. Dawes Plan. d. Milan Treaty. e. Locarno Pact.

answer

e

question

A major cause of the Great Depression in Europe was a. European governments were too involved in their own economies. b. the recall of American loans from European markets. c. the underproduction and high prices of agricultural goods in eastern and central Europe. d. the inability of the League of Nations to set complementary economic policies in different global markets. e. Weimar Germany's high tariff policies that prohibited trade with other nations.

answer

b

question

An overall effect of the Great Depression in Europe was a. the complete destruction of Communist parties. b. huge unemployment rates in all nations but Great Britain. c. the strengthening of liberal, democratic movements in the 1930s. d. the rise of authoritarian movements in many areas of Europe. e. the growth of free trade in order to spur economic recovery.

answer

d

question

After 1924, American financial investment in Europe a. decreased rapidly. b. increased rapidly but came to crisis by the late 1920s. c. stagnated as American banks preferred to invest at home. d. slowly declined as American capital flowed to more lucrative new markets in Asia and South America. e. was prohibited by the Dawes Plan

answer

b

question

Great Britain came out of the worst stages of the Great Depression under the leadership of a. John Maynard Keynes. b. the National Socialist Government. c. David Lloyd George. d. the very popular Prince of Wales. e. a coalition government of the major political parties.

answer

e

question

The first Popular Front government in France a. solved the depression by eliminating workers' benefits. b. gave ordinary workers new rights and benefits including a minimum wage. c. was responsible for solving the problems of the depression. d. collapsed in 1926, allowing Raymond Poincaré's Cartel of the Left to take power. e. remained in power until the German invasion of 1942.

answer

b

question

Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal policies in the United States a. were successful by 1933. b. virtually eliminated unemployment. c brought about government ownership of most industries. d. brought about a partial economic recovery, but full employment did not result until World War II rearmament. in the economy. e. were all declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court.

answer

d

question

All of the following are correct about the European nations and their colonial empires during the interwar years except a. despite World War I, the Europeans had kept their colonial empires in tact. b. Britain and France had added to their empires by dividing up many of Germany's colonial possessions. c. the political and social foundations and the self-confidence of European imperialism was strengthened during the 1920s and 1930s. d. the political and social foundations and the self-confidence of European imperialism was undermined during the 1920s and 1930s. e. there was a rising tide of unrest in the colonial world against Western imperialism.

answer

c

question

The Middle Eastern Muslim nation that made a conscious effort to adopt a Westernized secular culture after World War I was a. Egypt. b. Iraq. c. Saudi Arabia. d. Palestine. e. Turkey.

answer

e

question

The totalitarian regimes of Germany, Italy, and the Soviet Union a. pursued vastly different foreign policies. b. held each other in disdain. c. hoped to control every aspect of their citizens' lives. d. retained power due to the charisma of their leaders. e. established a formal alliance directed against laissez-faire liberal capitalism.

answer

c

question

The first Fascist state in Europe was a. Spain. b. Germany. c. Russia. d. Italy. e. France.

answer

d

question

The growth of Mussolini's Fascist movement was aided by a. the inability of the parliamentary parties to form permanent government. b. popular, nationalistic resentment toward Italy's treatment following World War I. c. crop failures in 1920 and 1921. d. economic cooperation between Italy, Germany, and the Soviet Union. e. the fall of the Italian monarchy and the establishment of a workers' dictatorship.

answer

b

question

Squadristi were a. the closest advisors of Mussolini. b. armed bands of fascists who used violence to intimidate enemies. c. elite soldiers of the Fascist state. d. officers in the Italian military. e. military opponents of Mussolini.

answer

b

question

The institutional framework of Mussolini's Fascist dictatorship a. lacked a secret police force. b. included highly popular and well attended Fascists youth organizations. c. was primarily aimed at aiding the workers and peasants. d. never created the degree of totalitarian control found in Russia and Germany in the 1930s. e. was the most successful of the authoritarian states that appeared in Europe in the interwar years.

answer

d

question

Women in Mussolini's Fascist Italy were a. coerced into factory work to aid industrial production. b. regarded as equal to men in social status. c. largely forced through government legislation to become homemakers. d. aided by the government's emphasis on birth control. e. required under pain of imprisonment to join the Black Shirts.

answer

c

question

The Lateran Accords of 1929 a. nationalized all church property. b. recognized Catholicism as the sole religion of Italy. c. marked the Catholic church's official condemnation of the Fascist state. d. eliminated government support for the Catholic church. e. turned the property of the Vatican over to the Italian government in exchange for tax reductions.

answer

b

question

The city in which Hitler spent his formative years and developed his fundamental ideas was a. Berlin. b. Munich. c. Frankfort. d. Hamburg. e. Vienna.

answer

e

question

During World War I, Adolf Hitler a. joined the Germany army and distinguished himself by his brave acts. b. never rose above the rank of a common foot soldier. c. was conscripted into the army against his will and came close to execution for cowardice. d. opposed the war from the beginning and fled to neutral Switzerland to escape the draft. e. joined the Austrian army inasmuch as he was an Austrian native.

answer

a

question

Mein Kampf a. depicted Hitler's plan to take power through a massive rebellion. b. was autobiographical, setting forth Hitler's ideology of Aryan supremacy and anti-Semitism. c. excluded any trace of Hitler's anti-Semitism. d. was immediately seen by German politicians as the dangerous work of a madman. e. immediately became a best-seller throughout Europe including the Soviet Union.

answer

b

question

The German president at the time of Hitler's maneuvers to gain political power over Germany was a. Heinrich Bruning. b. Paul von Hindenberg. c. Franz von Papen. d. Herman Göring. e. Friedrich Ebert.

answer

b

question

The Nazis proved to be effective in the realm of politics by a. securing many small donations from large German corporations. b. making the Nazi program appeal to every segment of German society. c. persuading the average German that their program was the only alternative to the inept Weimar regime. d. forcing the poorer Germans to vote for Nazi candidates through intimidation. e. unconstitutionally seizing power by force.

answer

b

question

The most famous and spectacular of the Nazi mass demonstrations were held in the city of a. Berlin. b. Munich. c. Augsburg. d. Hamburg. e. Nuremberg.

answer

e

question

Economic and labor conditions in Nazi Germany were characterized by a. nationalization of all major industries. b. a confused and chaotic effort to create Nazi trade unions. c. persistently high rates of unemployment until the outbreak of World War Two. d. controlling the working classes through the Nazi-sponsored German Labor Front. e. pursuing a laissez-faire economic policy in reaction to the threat of Soviet communism.

answer

d

question

Hitler's anti-Semitic policies in the 1930s a. included the Nuremberg laws, which centered on the forced emigration of all Jews from Germany. b. were emulated in France by the Popular Front. c. did not exclude Jews from legal, medical, and teaching positions. d. would remain minimal and unorganized until World War II. e. reached their most violent phase during Kristallnacht, with attacks on Jewish homes, businesses, and synagogues.

answer

e

question

The Nazi policies toward women a. differed fundamentally from those of Fascist Italy. b. eliminated females from all professional occupations. c. were aimed at bridging the differences between the sexes. d. were geared toward the idea that through childbearing and service in the home women would bring about the triumph of the Aryan race. e. was to organize all adult women in the German Homemakers Front.

answer

d

question

The only eastern European nation to maintain political democracy throughout the 1930s was a. Bulgaria. b. Yugoslavia. c. Poland. d. Hungary. e. Czechoslovakia.

answer

e

question

The dominant form of government in Eastern Europe in the 1920s and 1930s was a. authoritarianism. b. Russian Soviet-style Communism. c. parliamentary democracy. d. Christian Socialism. e. totalitarian Fascism.

answer

a

question

The Spanish Civil War ended with the victory of a. King Alfonso XIII and General Miguel Primo de Rivera. b. an antifascist coalition, aided by Soviet troops and supplies. c. the National Front, aided by Italian and German arms and money. d. Francisco Franco, who established a conservative, authoritarian, and anti-democratic regime with the backing of the Spanish Catholic Church. e. the Popular Front.

answer

d

question

Lenin's New Economic Policy in the early 1920s a. put Russia on the path of rapid industrialization at the expense of the peasantry. b. was a modified form of the capitalist system. c. forced Communism to move forward as both industry and agriculture were nationalized. d. failed to reverse the patterns of famine and industrial collapse that began in 1921. e. established giant collective farms.

answer

b

question

Joseph Stalin's emergence as leader of the Communist party was aided by a. Lenin's recommendation that he become sole leader. b. his alliance with Trotsky and the Right in the Politburo. c. his position as general secretary of the Bolshevik party. d. strong support of the left in the Politburo, which favored the spread of Communism abroad. e. the support of the Soviet military.

answer

c

question

The Stalinist era in the 1930s witnessed a. the decline of industrialization in favor of the collectivization of agriculture. b. real wages and social conditions for the industrial labor force improve dramatically. c. millions of ordinary citizens arrested and sent into force labor camps. d. an abundance of permissive social legislation. e. an activist foreign and military policy, bent upon immediately making Eastern Europe a satellite region to the Soviet Union.

answer

c

question

The collectivization of agriculture under Stalin was characterized by a. was a failure, and the peasants quickly returned to their private plots. b. the cooperation of kulaks. c. the destruction of the collective farms. d. immediate financial benefits for most of the peasants. e. widespread famine.

answer

e

question

The new forms of mass communication and leisure created between the wars included all except a. cinema becoming an increasingly popular form of entertainment. b. Fascist nations them for propaganda purposes. c. radio production and broadcasting companies increasing dramatically. d. the widespread use of television in most middle class homes. e. the automobile becoming a common method of travel for the middle classes

answer

d

question

Dopolavoro was a. a Spanish anti-Republican military organization. b. a cultural club begun in England during the inter-war years. c. a national recreational agency in Italy sponsored by Fascists as a way to strengthen public support of the regime. d. a French radical political party advocating anarchy as the only solution to the corrupt government practices of the era. e. the German secret police.

answer

c

question

Artistic and intellectual trends in the inter-war years reflected a. a rejection of the avant-garde. b. a disillusionment with Western Civilization provoked by the horrors of the World War I. c. realistic forms of art, as with the Dadaists. d. an acceptance of modern art forms, especially in Germany and Russia. e. a rediscovery of Romantic Realism as the major art movement in the West.

answer

b

question

Artistic and intellectual trends in the inter-war years reflected a. a rejection of the avant-garde. b. a disillusionment with Western Civilization provoked by the horrors of the World War I. c. realistic forms of art, as with the Dadaists. d. an acceptance of modern art forms, especially in Germany and Russia. e. a rediscovery of Romantic Realism as the major art movement in the West.

answer

b

question

The Dada movement in art was known for all of the following except a. an expressed contempt for Western culture. b. an effort to put a clear sense of purpose and ambition back into art and life. c. "anti-art" and the mockery of all known, traditional forms of artistic expression. d. a celebration of chaos and the absurd, often expressed in bizarre performances and collages of unrelated objects. e. popular in Berlin during the Weimar years.

answer

b

question

Walter Gropius was best known for his a. "socialist realism" paintings. b. atonal, experimental music. c. revolutionary directions in theater. d. post-modern architectural designs. e. ideas of functionalism and practicality in architecture.

answer

e

question

Culture in Nazi Germany centered around a. the use of modern, abstract forms to reflect Germany's "new order." b. the functionalism of the Bauhaus school. c. simplistic, petty-bourgeois art, with sentimental and realistic scenes glorifying strong, heroic Aryans. d. religious scenes influenced by Catholic dogma. e. military themes at the expense of all other subjects.

answer

c

question

Not associated with the new literary techniques of the 1920's was a. the "stream of consciousness." b. James Joyce. c. Herman Hesse. d. Ernest Rutherford. e. Virginia Woolf.

answer

d

question

The physicist Walter Heisenberg was most noted for a. proposing that uncertainty was at the bottom of all physical laws. b. being among the first team to split the atom. c. resurrecting the scientific predictability of classical physics. d. the development of the atomic bomb. e. correcting Einstein's errors in the latter's theory of relativity.

answer

a

question

All of the following concepts were central to the psychological theories of Carl Jung except a. the collective unconscious. b. the process of individuation. c. the uncertainty principle. d. universal archetypes. e. the importance of universal myths.

answer

c

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