Chapters 1,3,4&5 – Flashcards
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| Bacteria |
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| Prokaryotic, single celled organisms with cell walls containing peptidoglycan. The organisms reproduce by binary fission where one cell divides into two equal daughter cells. They use organic chemicals, inorganic chemicals, or photosynthesis for energy. |
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| Prokarotes |
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| from Greek work meaning prenucleus. Include both bacteria and archaea |
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| Bacillus |
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| rodlike |
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| Coccus |
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| spherical or ovoid |
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| Spiral |
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| corkscrew or curved |
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| Bacteria |
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| are enclosed in cell walls that are largley composed of a carbohydrate and protein complex called peptidoglycan, reproduce by binary fission |
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| Microbiology |
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| study of microorganisms |
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| Microbes also called Microorganism |
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| are minute living things that individually are usually too small to be seen with the unaided eye |
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| definition of pathogenic |
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| disease causing |
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| Eukaryotic |
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| true nucleus and divide by mitosis |
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| Prokaryotic |
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| no true nucleus and divide by binary fission |
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| Archaea |
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| Prokaryotic, if cell wall is present, does not contain peptidoglycan. They live in extreme environments and include methanogens, extreme halophiles, and extreme thermophiles. |
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| Fungi |
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| Eukarytoic, can be unicellular ex yeast or multicellular ex mushrooms...cell walls contain chitin. Molds are in this group |
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| Protozoa |
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| Eukaryotic, unicellular organisms which can produce sexually and asexual, absorb or ingest organic chemicals, and move by pseudopods, flagella, or cilia |
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| pseudopod |
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| extension of the cytoplasm--false feet |
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| flagella |
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| thin appendage from cell surface |
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| cilia |
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| numerous shorter appendage--hair like structure |
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| Algae |
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| Photosynthesis, eukaryotic organisms that have sexual and asexual reproductive forms. The cell walls contain cellulose. They are found in fresh and salt water, in soil, and with plants. They produce oxygen and carbohydrates |
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| Virus |
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| Acellular, consisting of a core containing either DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat. The coat may be surrounded by a lipid membrane or envelope. Cannot reproduce on their own, they use the cellular machinery of other organisms to reproduce. they are very small usually 30-200nm. Infectious agents protein coat-capsid-envolpe. |
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| Carl Woese |
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| developed a classification system whiche groups organisms into three domains based on their cellular organization |
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| Bacteria |
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| Prokaryotic with peptidoglycan |
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| Archaea |
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| prokaryotic without peptidoglycan |
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| Robert Hooke |
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| 1st observes cells--this discovery is the beginning of the cell theory that all living things are composed of cells |
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| Van Leeuwenhoek |
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| 1st observed micoorganisms |
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| Edward Jenner |
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| conducts 1st vaccination |
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| Rudolf Virchow |
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| challenges spontaneous generations |
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| Louis Pasteur |
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| shows that it is microorganisms present in the air that contaminates sterile media--the golden age |
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| Germ Theory Disease |
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| the idea that germs might cause disease |
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| All E.coli look alike through a microscope, however; so how can E.coli O157 be differentiated? |
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| respiration process |
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| Metabolism |
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| refer to the sum of all chemical reactions within a living organism. |
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| Enzymes |
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| A molecule that catalyzes biochemical reactions in a living organism, usually a protein |
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| acid |
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| a substance that dissociates into one or more hyrodgen ions and one or more negative ions |
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| pH |
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| The symbol for hydrogen concentration; a measure of the relative acidity or alkalinity of a solution |
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| coenzyme |
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| A nonprotein substance that is associated with and that activates an enzyme |
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| Nucleus |
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| contains the cells DNA. Eukaryotes have histones or proteins associated with DNA |
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| Endoplasmic Reticulum |
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| A network of membranous sacs called cisterns. |
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| Rough ER |
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| contains ribosomes, involved in protein synthesis. the rough ER is involved in the processing and sorting of secretory proteins and membrane molecules. It also synthesizes phospholipids |
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| Smooth ER |
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| no ribosomes, synthesizes phospholipids, fats, and steroids |
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| Ribosomes |
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| site of protein synthesis eukaryotic ribosomes are 80S containing 60S and 40S subunits ribosomes can be free in the cytoplasm or attached to the rough ER |
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| Golgi Complex |
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| contains cisterns involved in protein transport, modification, and processing |
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| Lysosomes |
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| contain disgestive enzymes that can break down molecules, and are involved in digesting bacteria |
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| Vacuoles |
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| spaces or cavities in the cell that serve as temporary storage of proteins, sugars, and other molecules |
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| Mitochondria |
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| contain folds called cristae they are involved in ATP production they contain 70S ribosomes and DNA, and they multiply by binary fission |
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| Chloroplasts |
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| an organelle found in algae and green plants that contains the pigment chlorophyll and enzymes required for photosynthesis |
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| Perioxisomes |
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| contain enzymes that oxidize substances, including toxic substances such as alcohol. this produces hydrogen peroxide, and the perioxisomes also contain catalase that can decompose the hydrogen peroxide |
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| Centrosome |
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| contain pericentriolar material and centrioles involved in forming the mitotic spindle and microtubules--needed for mitosis |
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| What are metabolic pathways determined by? |
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| enzymes |
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| What is catabolism? |
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| the process that breaks down complex molecules such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, DNA and RNA into smaller molecules to provide energy in the form of ATP and building blocks for anabolism |
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| What is the principle energy molecule of the cell? |
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| ATP |
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| What are two examples of amphibolic pathways? |
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| within glycolysis and the Krebs cycle |
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| What are amphibolic pathways? |
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| metabolic pathways that have both catabolic and anabolic functions |
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| What is the energy source for a chemoheterotroph? Carbon source? |
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| Energy: Chemical Carbon: Organic compounds |
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| What is the energy source for a chemoautotroph? Carbon source? |
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| Energy: Chemical Carbon: CO2 |
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| What is the carbon source for photoautotrophs? |
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| CO2 |
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| What is made during the light dependent reactions in photosynthesis? |
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| glucose and other sugars |
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| What is the energy source for a chemoautotroph? Carbon source? |
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| Energy: Chemical Carbon: CO2 |
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| What is the energy source for a chemoheterotroph? Carbon source? |
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| Energy: Chemical Carbon: Organic compounds |
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| What is the carbon source for photoheterotrophs? |
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| Organic compounds |
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| What is the process involved in fermentation? |
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| After glycolysis where glucose is broekn down into pyruvic acid, the pyruvic acid is converted to an organic product |
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| What is fermentation? |
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| * Any spoilage of food by microorganisms * Any process that produces alcoholic beverages or acidic dairy products * Any large-scale microbial process occuring with or without air |
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| Where does the Krebs cycle take place in a eukaryote? |
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| the mitochondrial matrix |
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| Where does the Krebs cycle take place in a prokaryote? |
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| the cytoplasm |
