chapters 1-6 – Flashcards
207 test answers
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| golgi apparatus |
answer
| glycoprotein export |
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| lysosomes |
answer
| degrative enzymes (destroy everything inside)*** |
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| proteasomes |
answer
| protein degration machinery (chemical signal needed something destroyed)*** |
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| prokaryote cytoskeleton |
answer
| polymerized protein filaments in spiral form 2 spirals control length and width |
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question
| gram-postive cell wall |
answer
| (purple color)** composed of peptidoglycan(murein) & teichoic acid |
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question
| gram negative cell wall |
answer
| (pink color)*** 3 layers: -lipopolysaccharide -outer membrane -peptioglycan |
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question
| lipopolysaccharide |
answer
| functions as a pyrogen(fever inducer) -fever is an indication of inflamation & infection. |
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question
| glycolax |
answer
| capsule or slime layer, not in all bacteria layer ouside cell wall |
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question
| plasmids |
answer
| circular mini-chromosomes, genes provide additional capabilities to cell: -antibiotic resistances (produces protein to destroy) -production of capsules -growth of unusual nutrients (fatty acids,etc) |
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question
| R-Pilus |
answer
| produce by cells with an R plasmid (R+ cells), R= antibiotic resistance, allows attatchment to an R- cell (tube) |
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question
| COMJUGATION |
answer
| copy of R plasmid transfered to R- cell (trough tube) R- becomes R+ cell |
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question
| condenser lens |
answer
| the light being focused onto the specimen |
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question
| stage |
answer
| holds the slide |
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question
| objective lens |
answer
| performs the 1st stage of magnification low power, medium power, high power, oil immersion |
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| phase contrast microscope advantage |
answer
| able to see transparent, non-colored objects against a backrgound or vise versa |
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| fluorescense microscope advantage |
answer
| makes objects apear colored against a dark background |
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| atomic force microscope advantage |
answer
| provide magnification at the single atom level. |
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| eukaryotes |
answer
| nucleus large cell animals, algae, plants, protozoa, fungi |
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| prokaryotes |
answer
| no defined nucleus small cell bacteria, archaea |
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| eukaryotes cell membrane |
answer
| forms cell boundry, transports nutrients across membrane, made up of phospholipids, sterols, and proteins. |
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question
| eukaryote cytoskeleton |
answer
| provide shape and size to cell, polymerized protein filaments |
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| nucleus |
answer
| organelle bounded by a nuclear membrane, holds chromosomes mulitiple linear chromosomes, each chromosome is 1 DNA molecule complexed by histones |
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| rough ER |
answer
| has ribosomes 80 S ribosomes (size and shape) |
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| Ribosomes |
answer
| complex of RNA, protein synthesis |
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| golgi apparatus |
answer
| glycoprotein export |
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question
| lysosomes |
answer
| degrative enzymes (destroy everything inside)*** |
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question
| proteasomes |
answer
| protein degration machinery (chemical signal needed something destroyed)*** |
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question
| Mitochondria |
answer
| in all eukaryotes, in the ER, 70 S ribosomes, 1 circular chromosome, inherited maternally in animals, -Krebs cycle -Electron Transport(respiration)*get ATP from |
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| chrolorplasts |
answer
| found in plants and algae, site of photosynthesis C02 + H2o----> sugar +O2 70 S ribosomes |
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| Flagella & Cilia |
answer
| locomotor organs based on tubulin (microtubules) spindle fiber (mitosis) are also microtublules |
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| Prokaryotic Cells |
answer
| simpler in structure, No Golgi, lysosomes, mitochondria, chloroplasts, |
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| prokaryote cell membrane |
answer
| -no sterols* transport is primarly active transport* |
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question
| prokaryote cytoskeleton |
answer
| polymerized protein filaments in spiral form 2 spirals control length and width |
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question
| Cell Wall |
answer
| eukaryotes dont have one**, rigid structure exterior to cell membrane, protects against osmotic stress, 2 types: gram-positive, gram-negative |
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question
| gram-postive cell wall |
answer
| (purple color)** composed of peptidoglycan(murein) & teichoic acid |
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question
| ex of gram postive cells |
answer
| staphylococcus aureus:cluster of round cells with golden yellow color, streptococcus pheumoniae: chains of round cells causes pheumonia (infection of lung) bacillus anthracis: rod shaped, disease causes anthrax (blackening of skin) |
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question
| gram negative cell wall |
answer
| (pink color)*** 3 layers: -lipopolysaccharide -outer membrane -peptioglycan |
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question
| lipopolysaccharide |
answer
| functions as a pyrogen(fever inducer) -fever is an indication of inflamation & infection. |
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question
| examples of gram neg. cells |
answer
| escherichia coli: e-coli(found in colon/intestines) salmonella enterica: GI tract (contamination of food) vibrio cholerae: comma shaped-water borne infection |
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| glycolax |
answer
| capsule or slime layer, not in all bacteria layer ouside cell wall |
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| Virulence (allow to cause disease) Factor |
answer
| prevention of phagocytosis, **attachement to cell & tissue surfaces (sticky) |
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| Nucleoid (instead of nucleus) |
answer
| located in cytoplasm, carries genes for bacterial function |
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question
| plasmids |
answer
| circular mini-chromosomes, genes provide additional capabilities to cell: -antibiotic resistances (produces protein to destroy) -production of capsules -growth of unusual nutrients (fatty acids,etc) |
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question
| axial filaments |
answer
| locomotor organ in spirochetes, flagella encased in a memebrane |
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question
| R-Pilus |
answer
| produce by cells with an R plasmid (R+ cells), R= antibiotic resistance, allows attatchment to an R- cell (tube) |
Unlock the answer
question
| COMJUGATION |
answer
| copy of R plasmid transfered to R- cell (trough tube) R- becomes R+ cell |
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question
| sugar |
answer
| a group of organic compounds containing C,H & O atoms, souluble in water, hyrophilic |
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| fructose |
answer
| commonly found in fruits and honey |
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| glucose |
answer
| added in "energy" drinks |
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| monosaccharide |
answer
| "simple sugars" eg: fructose and glucose |
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| sucrose |
answer
| obtained from sugarcane, commonly called table sugar |
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| dissacharide |
answer
| 2 simple sugars covalently joined |
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| polysaacharide |
answer
| sugar polymers or Glycans eg: cellulose & starch |
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| cellulose |
answer
| polymer of glucose eg: wood, paper, & cotton "insolublar fiber" |
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| starch |
answer
| polymer of glucose eg: potatoes & bread broken down by the body to glucose further metabolized to give energy |
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| Lipids (fats) |
answer
| compounds of C,H& a little O. dont disolve in water hydrophobic |
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| Triglyceride |
answer
| 3 fatty acids attatched to a glycerol |
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| diglyceride |
answer
| 2 fatty acids attatched to glycerol |
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| monoglyceride |
answer
| 1 fatty acid attatched to glycerol |
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| satturated fatty acid |
answer
| no double bonds |
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| monosaturated acid |
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| single double bond |
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| polysaturated acid |
answer
| more than 1 double bond |
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| saturated fats |
answer
| solid at room temperature |
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| unsaturated fats |
answer
| liquid often called oils |
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| phospholipid |
answer
| 2 fatty acids & terminal phosphate attatched to a glycerol |
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| eg. of steriods and sterols |
answer
| cholesterol and estrogen |
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| proteins |
answer
| compounds of C,H,O & N |
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| how many different amino acids are there |
answer
| 22 different kinds |
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| primary structure |
answer
| every protein has specific order of amino acids in the chain made by cellular machinary called ribosomes |
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| secondary structure |
answer
| as the protein in synthesized, chain begins folding |
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| tertiary structure |
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| when the 2nd structure further folds itself |
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| quatemary structure |
answer
| 2 protein molecules can interact specifically w each other |
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| what are the active forms of proteins? |
answer
| 3* and 4* |
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| limit of resolution |
answer
| seeing 2 tiny objects as 1 by the eye when placed closer than 0.1mm apart |
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| illuminator |
answer
| the light source in the base |
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question
| condenser lens |
answer
| the light being focused onto the specimen |
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question
| stage |
answer
| holds the slide |
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question
| objective lens |
answer
| performs the 1st stage of magnification low power, medium power, high power, oil immersion |
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question
| phase contrast microscope advantage |
answer
| able to see transparent, non-colored objects against a backrgound or vise versa |
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question
| fluorescense microscope advantage |
answer
| makes objects apear colored against a dark background |
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question
| atomic force microscope advantage |
answer
| provide magnification at the single atom level. |
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question
| eukaryotes |
answer
| nucleus large cell animals, algae, plants, protozoa, fungi |
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question
| prokaryotes |
answer
| no defined nucleus small cell bacteria, archaea |
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question
| eukaryotes cell membrane |
answer
| forms cell boundry, transports nutrients across membrane, made up of phospholipids, sterols, and proteins. |
Unlock the answer
question
| eukaryote cytoskeleton |
answer
| provide shape and size to cell, polymerized protein filaments |
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question
| nucleus |
answer
| organelle bounded by a nuclear membrane, holds chromosomes mulitiple linear chromosomes, each chromosome is 1 DNA molecule complexed by histones |
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question
| rough ER |
answer
| has ribosomes 80 S ribosomes (size and shape) |
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question
| Ribosomes |
answer
| complex of RNA, protein synthesis |
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question
| golgi apparatus |
answer
| glycoprotein export |
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question
| lysosomes |
answer
| degrative enzymes (destroy everything inside)*** |
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question
| proteasomes |
answer
| protein degration machinery (chemical signal needed something destroyed)*** |
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question
| Mitochondria |
answer
| in all eukaryotes, in the ER, 70 S ribosomes, 1 circular chromosome, inherited maternally in animals, -Krebs cycle -Electron Transport(respiration)*get ATP from |
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question
| chrolorplasts |
answer
| found in plants and algae, site of photosynthesis C02 + H2o----> sugar +O2 70 S ribosomes |
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question
| Flagella & Cilia |
answer
| locomotor organs based on tubulin (microtubules) spindle fiber (mitosis) are also microtublules |
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question
| Prokaryotic Cells |
answer
| simpler in structure, No Golgi, lysosomes, mitochondria, chloroplasts, |
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question
| prokaryote cell membrane |
answer
| -no sterols* transport is primarly active transport* |
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question
| prokaryote cytoskeleton |
answer
| polymerized protein filaments in spiral form 2 spirals control length and width |
Unlock the answer
question
| Cell Wall |
answer
| eukaryotes dont have one**, rigid structure exterior to cell membrane, protects against osmotic stress, 2 types: gram-positive, gram-negative |
Unlock the answer
question
| gram-postive cell wall |
answer
| (purple color)** composed of peptidoglycan(murein) & teichoic acid |
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question
| ex of gram postive cells |
answer
| staphylococcus aureus:cluster of round cells with golden yellow color, streptococcus pheumoniae: chains of round cells causes pheumonia (infection of lung) bacillus anthracis: rod shaped, disease causes anthrax (blackening of skin) |
Unlock the answer
question
| gram negative cell wall |
answer
| (pink color)*** 3 layers: -lipopolysaccharide -outer membrane -peptioglycan |
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question
| lipopolysaccharide |
answer
| functions as a pyrogen(fever inducer) -fever is an indication of inflamation & infection. |
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question
| examples of gram neg. cells |
answer
| escherichia coli: e-coli(found in colon/intestines) salmonella enterica: GI tract (contamination of food) vibrio cholerae: comma shaped-water borne infection |
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question
| glycolax |
answer
| capsule or slime layer, not in all bacteria layer ouside cell wall |
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question
| Virulence (allow to cause disease) Factor |
answer
| prevention of phagocytosis, **attachement to cell & tissue surfaces (sticky) |
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question
| Nucleoid (instead of nucleus) |
answer
| located in cytoplasm, carries genes for bacterial function |
Unlock the answer
question
| plasmids |
answer
| circular mini-chromosomes, genes provide additional capabilities to cell: -antibiotic resistances (produces protein to destroy) -production of capsules -growth of unusual nutrients (fatty acids,etc) |
Unlock the answer
question
| axial filaments |
answer
| locomotor organ in spirochetes, flagella encased in a memebrane |
Unlock the answer
question
| R-Pilus |
answer
| produce by cells with an R plasmid (R+ cells), R= antibiotic resistance, allows attatchment to an R- cell (tube) |
Unlock the answer
question
| COMJUGATION |
answer
| copy of R plasmid transfered to R- cell (trough tube) R- becomes R+ cell |
Unlock the answer
question
| sugar |
answer
| a group of organic compounds containing C,H & O atoms, souluble in water, hyrophilic |
Unlock the answer
question
| fructose |
answer
| commonly found in fruits and honey |
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question
| glucose |
answer
| added in "energy" drinks |
Unlock the answer
question
| monosaccharide |
answer
| "simple sugars" eg: fructose and glucose |
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question
| sucrose |
answer
| obtained from sugarcane, commonly called table sugar |
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question
| dissacharide |
answer
| 2 simple sugars covalently joined |
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question
| polysaacharide |
answer
| sugar polymers or Glycans eg: cellulose & starch |
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question
| cellulose |
answer
| polymer of glucose eg: wood, paper, & cotton "insolublar fiber" |
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question
| starch |
answer
| polymer of glucose eg: potatoes & bread broken down by the body to glucose further metabolized to give energy |
Unlock the answer
question
| Lipids (fats) |
answer
| compounds of C,H& a little O. dont disolve in water hydrophobic |
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question
| Triglyceride |
answer
| 3 fatty acids attatched to a glycerol |
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question
| diglyceride |
answer
| 2 fatty acids attatched to glycerol |
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question
| monoglyceride |
answer
| 1 fatty acid attatched to glycerol |
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question
| satturated fatty acid |
answer
| no double bonds |
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question
| monosaturated acid |
answer
| single double bond |
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question
| polysaturated acid |
answer
| more than 1 double bond |
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question
| saturated fats |
answer
| solid at room temperature |
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question
| unsaturated fats |
answer
| liquid often called oils |
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question
| phospholipid |
answer
| 2 fatty acids & terminal phosphate attatched to a glycerol |
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question
| eg. of steriods and sterols |
answer
| cholesterol and estrogen |
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question
| proteins |
answer
| compounds of C,H,O & N |
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question
| how many different amino acids are there |
answer
| 22 different kinds |
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question
| primary structure |
answer
| every protein has specific order of amino acids in the chain made by cellular machinary called ribosomes |
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question
| secondary structure |
answer
| as the protein in synthesized, chain begins folding |
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question
| tertiary structure |
answer
| when the 2nd structure further folds itself |
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question
| quatemary structure |
answer
| 2 protein molecules can interact specifically w each other |
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question
| what are the active forms of proteins? |
answer
| 3* and 4* |
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question
| limit of resolution |
answer
| seeing 2 tiny objects as 1 by the eye when placed closer than 0.1mm apart |
Unlock the answer
question
| illuminator |
answer
| the light source in the base |
Unlock the answer
question
| condenser lens |
answer
| the light being focused onto the specimen |
Unlock the answer
question
| stage |
answer
| holds the slide |
Unlock the answer
question
| objective lens |
answer
| performs the 1st stage of magnification low power, medium power, high power, oil immersion |
Unlock the answer
question
| phase contrast microscope advantage |
answer
| able to see transparent, non-colored objects against a backrgound or vise versa |
Unlock the answer
question
| fluorescense microscope advantage |
answer
| makes objects apear colored against a dark background |
Unlock the answer
question
| atomic force microscope advantage |
answer
| provide magnification at the single atom level. |
Unlock the answer
question
| eukaryotes |
answer
| nucleus large cell animals, algae, plants, protozoa, fungi |
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question
| prokaryotes |
answer
| no defined nucleus small cell bacteria, archaea |
Unlock the answer
question
| eukaryotes cell membrane |
answer
| forms cell boundry, transports nutrients across membrane, made up of phospholipids, sterols, and proteins. |
Unlock the answer
question
| eukaryote cytoskeleton |
answer
| provide shape and size to cell, polymerized protein filaments |
Unlock the answer
question
| nucleus |
answer
| organelle bounded by a nuclear membrane, holds chromosomes mulitiple linear chromosomes, each chromosome is 1 DNA molecule complexed by histones |
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question
| rough ER |
answer
| has ribosomes 80 S ribosomes (size and shape) |
Unlock the answer
question
| Ribosomes |
answer
| complex of RNA, protein synthesis |
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question
| golgi apparatus |
answer
| glycoprotein export |
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question
| lysosomes |
answer
| degrative enzymes (destroy everything inside)*** |
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question
| proteasomes |
answer
| protein degration machinery (chemical signal needed something destroyed)*** |
Unlock the answer
question
| Mitochondria |
answer
| in all eukaryotes, in the ER, 70 S ribosomes, 1 circular chromosome, inherited maternally in animals, -Krebs cycle -Electron Transport(respiration)*get ATP from |
Unlock the answer
question
| chrolorplasts |
answer
| found in plants and algae, site of photosynthesis C02 + H2o----> sugar +O2 70 S ribosomes |
Unlock the answer
question
| Flagella & Cilia |
answer
| locomotor organs based on tubulin (microtubules) spindle fiber (mitosis) are also microtublules |
Unlock the answer
question
| Prokaryotic Cells |
answer
| simpler in structure, No Golgi, lysosomes, mitochondria, chloroplasts, |
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question
| prokaryote cell membrane |
answer
| -no sterols* transport is primarly active transport* |
Unlock the answer
question
| prokaryote cytoskeleton |
answer
| polymerized protein filaments in spiral form 2 spirals control length and width |
Unlock the answer
question
| Cell Wall |
answer
| eukaryotes dont have one**, rigid structure exterior to cell membrane, protects against osmotic stress, 2 types: gram-positive, gram-negative |
Unlock the answer
question
| gram-postive cell wall |
answer
| (purple color)** composed of peptidoglycan(murein) & teichoic acid |
Unlock the answer
question
| ex of gram postive cells |
answer
| staphylococcus aureus:cluster of round cells with golden yellow color, streptococcus pheumoniae: chains of round cells causes pheumonia (infection of lung) bacillus anthracis: rod shaped, disease causes anthrax (blackening of skin) |
Unlock the answer
question
| gram negative cell wall |
answer
| (pink color)*** 3 layers: -lipopolysaccharide -outer membrane -peptioglycan |
Unlock the answer
question
| lipopolysaccharide |
answer
| functions as a pyrogen(fever inducer) -fever is an indication of inflamation & infection. |
Unlock the answer
question
| examples of gram neg. cells |
answer
| escherichia coli: e-coli(found in colon/intestines) salmonella enterica: GI tract (contamination of food) vibrio cholerae: comma shaped-water borne infection |
Unlock the answer
question
| glycolax |
answer
| capsule or slime layer, not in all bacteria layer ouside cell wall |
Unlock the answer
question
| Virulence (allow to cause disease) Factor |
answer
| prevention of phagocytosis, **attachement to cell & tissue surfaces (sticky) |
Unlock the answer
question
| Nucleoid (instead of nucleus) |
answer
| located in cytoplasm, carries genes for bacterial function |
Unlock the answer
question
| plasmids |
answer
| circular mini-chromosomes, genes provide additional capabilities to cell: -antibiotic resistances (produces protein to destroy) -production of capsules -growth of unusual nutrients (fatty acids,etc) |
Unlock the answer
question
| axial filaments |
answer
| locomotor organ in spirochetes, flagella encased in a memebrane |
Unlock the answer
question
| R-Pilus |
answer
| produce by cells with an R plasmid (R+ cells), R= antibiotic resistance, allows attatchment to an R- cell (tube) |
Unlock the answer
question
| COMJUGATION |
answer
| copy of R plasmid transfered to R- cell (trough tube) R- becomes R+ cell |
Unlock the answer
question
| archaea |
answer
| prokaryote- very common in nature-dominant in the ocean, many found in extreme environments: -low pH -high temp -high salt |
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| thermophilic archaea |
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| found in hot springs, geysers, hydrothermal vents, grow at temperatures between 85*C-122*C |
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| Hydrothermal vents |
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| hot 350* suflide-rich gases hit 4*C ocean water, chemicals precipitate to form "chimneys", geysers on ocean floor or underwater volcanos |
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| Halophiles |
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| "salt loving" survive under very high salt concentrations (25%), salt pans(make sea salt), Dead Sea, salt lakes |
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| Methanogens |
answer
| marshes, landfills, septic system, mammalian intestines, produce methane |
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| ARMAN group |
answer
| archael Richmond Mind (found in minds) (Acidophilic Nanoorganisms), acid mine dranage, acid bogs (pH <1.5) |
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| the Alpha proteobacteria |
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| plant symbionts or pathogens, animal pathogens, including insects, often intracellular, insects can result in male sterility and behavior changes, mitochondria deveolped from this group |
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| Rickesttsia rickettsii |
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| (insect borne, insect vector), intracellular pathogen, Rocky Mt. spotted fever, Found in most North and Central America transmitted by ticks, fever, headache, myalgia (muscle ache), rash at ankles, wrists, then trunk |
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| The Beta proteobacteria |
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| mostly environmental organisms |
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| Neisseria Gonorrheae |
answer
| cocci in pairs, STD, organism colonizes mucosal surfaces, many asymptomatic, infection resolves (no symptoms): Symptoms: purulent yellow genital discharge, painful urination, abdominal pain. Untreated Gonorrheae: Meningitis, autoimmune arthritis, Pelvic Inflamatory Disease, infec. of babys eye when born *Neonatal ophthalmia |
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| Neisseria Meningitidis |
answer
| cocci in pairs, some adults carry organism in nasopharynx (asymptomatic), Meningitis-respiratory infection (spread in epidemic form), Symptoms: fever, fatigue, stiff neck, headaches,coma, vaccine available, Meningis-covering in brain and spinal cord |
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| Y-Proteobacteria (Gamma) |
answer
| very large group, many faculative anaerobes (adapts metabolism in presense/absense O2), several are intestinal microorganisms |
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| Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
answer
| common in soil & aquatic organisms, short rods with flagella, ability to form biofilms(organism growing on surface), injects toxic proteins into competting bacteria, Oppurtuntistic Infections(organism may be harmless but can become dangerous): -cystic fibrosis-burn patients, -hiosptial-aquired infections (pt to pt), -hot tub dermatitis(film on tub gets on skin). -resistant to germicides, many antibiotics, grows on petroleum, *only thing that kills it is bleech** |
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| Vibrio cholerae |
answer
| bent rods, causes cholerae-water borne infection, fecal-oral transmission, -fecal matter has to come in contact with the water supply. cholerae exotoxin affects Cl- transport: intestine,lung, Symptoms: watery diarrhea-->severe dehydration, dehydration-->suken eyes,wrinkled skin, oral rehydration therapy increases survival outbreaks where sanitation is a problem. bacterophages keep organism levels undercontrol. cystic Fibrosis pts resistant to cholera |
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| Escherichia coli |
answer
| e-coli**, component of the intestinal microbiota. accidental contamination on hands and skin, Gastroenteritis(food poisioning) food handlers -UTI in women due to fimbrae, |
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| Salmonella enterica |
answer
| intestinal microbiota in mammals & reptiles. -Gastroenteritits from raw egg products, mayo, uncooked/undercooked fruits/salad, children can contract from petting zoo, -Symptoms: nausea, vomitting, & fever. can cause systematic infection-->liver, nervous system, gall bladder, cause typoid-->high fever, loss apitite, rose-colored spots on chest & abdomin, abdominal pain |
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| Yersinia pestis |
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| responsible for bubonic plague (Black Death), bitre from an infected rat flea, Bubonic Form: -lethary, Fever(over 6 days) swelling of lymph nodes (=buboes) -Gangrene in extremitites (=black death) |
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| Haemophilus influenza type B |
answer
| resident of upper respiratory tract--causes Meningitis & pneumonia -varying length rods w/ capsules (virulence), -oppurtunistic/secondary infection, -Meningitis 50% cases w/ fever, headaches, stiff neck, ear infections pneumonia, -lack of properdin (complement protein destroy gram-neg bacterial cells) predispores to Meningitis, -20% Meningitis cases--->hearing loss Hib vaccine |
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| E-Proteobacteria (Epsiolon) |
answer
| many are residents of intestinal tract, -some found in hydrothermal vent organisms |
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| Helicobacter pylori |
answer
| resident of vertebrate stomachs, -from food, most adults will be infected, -associated w/ mucus on gastric lining, -urea release by lining, organism produces urease urea---->CO2 + NH3(ammonia) organism dampens immune response to survive |
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| Plantomycetes |
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| intracelluar parasites |
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| Chlamydia trachomatis |
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| STD---->1 in 25 infected, causes urethritis (NGU), DNA damage & reduced sperm count in males, accidental self-inoculation:trachoma, -transmission to newborn:major cause of preventable blindness in children |
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| Parachlamydia pneumoniae |
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| -common respriatory pathogen, 10% of pneumonia cases, 5% of bronchitis & sinusitis, suspected trigger of inflamation in arteries: -atherosclerotic plaque, coronary heart disease, stroke, pre-eclampsia(high b.p during pregnancy) |
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| The Spirochetes: Treponema pallidum |
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| STD-->syphilis, mother--->fetus during pregnancy: congenital syphilis. Treatment only in initial stage: Primary: chancres(sores) on genital in 3 wk Secondary: 4-12 wks after primary infec. rash on skin, mucus membranes, fever, malaise, hair loss, Tertiary: 3+ yrs after initial infection, autoimmune response(body attacks own tissue), damage to internal organs, gummas(tumor), neural or heart damage, nodules on skin, bone damage, dementia |
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| Borrelia burgdoferi |
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| (Lyme Disease), tick-borne infection in wildlife, -humans are accidental hosts, -"bullseye rash" at bite site -multiples in bloodstream--->swollen lyph nodes, infects nervous system, -survives by dampening immune response, -treatment(antibiotics) within 72 hrs of infection -untreated cases--->autoimmune arthritis, facial palsy |
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| Bacteroides Group |
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| anerobic short rods |
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| Bacteroides(thetaiotamicron) |
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| establishes during weaning(get from mother) -largest component of intestinal microbiota in humans, -required for normal gut deveolpment, -produces enzymes that digest plant polysaccharides -inversly correlated w/ obesity, -oppurtunistic pathogen: -secondary infections, necrosis, peritoneal abscesses |
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| Fusobacterium Group |
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| anerobic long rods |
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| Fusobacterium (nucleatum) |
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| upper respiratory tract, gingival sulcus, -periodontal disease, dental abscesses, ulcerative colitis, skin ulcers, -abscesses associated w/ pre-term labor, -pre prevalance in colorectal tumors |
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