chapters 1-6 – Flashcards

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question
eukaryotes cell membrane
answer
forms cell boundry, transports nutrients across membrane, made up of phospholipids, sterols, and proteins.
question
eukaryote cytoskeleton
answer
provide shape and size to cell,
polymerized protein filaments
question
rough ER
answer
has ribosomes
80 S ribosomes (size and shape)
question
Ribosomes
answer
complex of RNA, protein synthesis
question
golgi apparatus
answer
glycoprotein export
question
lysosomes
answer
degrative enzymes
(destroy everything inside)***
question
proteasomes
answer
protein degration machinery
(chemical signal needed something destroyed)***
question
prokaryote cytoskeleton
answer
polymerized protein filaments in spiral form

2 spirals control length and width
question
gram-postive cell wall
answer
(purple color)**

composed of peptidoglycan(murein) & teichoic acid
question
gram negative cell wall
answer
(pink color)***

3 layers:
-lipopolysaccharide
-outer membrane
-peptioglycan
question
lipopolysaccharide
answer
functions as a pyrogen(fever inducer)
-fever is an indication of inflamation & infection.
question
glycolax
answer
capsule or slime layer,
not in all bacteria

layer ouside cell wall
question
plasmids
answer
circular mini-chromosomes,
genes provide additional capabilities to cell:
-antibiotic resistances (produces protein to destroy)
-production of capsules
-growth of unusual nutrients (fatty acids,etc)
question
R-Pilus
answer
produce by cells with an R plasmid (R+ cells),
R= antibiotic resistance,

allows attatchment to an R- cell (tube)
question
COMJUGATION
answer
copy of R plasmid transfered to R- cell (trough tube)
R- becomes R+ cell
question
condenser lens
answer
the light being focused onto the specimen
question
stage
answer
holds the slide
question
objective lens
answer
performs the 1st stage of magnification low power, medium power, high power, oil immersion
question
phase contrast microscope advantage
answer
able to see transparent, non-colored objects against a backrgound or vise versa
question
fluorescense microscope advantage
answer
makes objects apear colored against a dark background
question
atomic force microscope advantage
answer
provide magnification at the single atom level.
question
eukaryotes
answer
nucleus
large cell
animals, algae, plants, protozoa, fungi
question
prokaryotes
answer
no defined nucleus
small cell
bacteria, archaea
question
eukaryotes cell membrane
answer
forms cell boundry, transports nutrients across membrane, made up of phospholipids, sterols, and proteins.
question
eukaryote cytoskeleton
answer
provide shape and size to cell,
polymerized protein filaments
question
nucleus
answer
organelle bounded by a nuclear membrane, holds chromosomes
mulitiple linear chromosomes,
each chromosome is 1 DNA molecule complexed by histones
question
rough ER
answer
has ribosomes
80 S ribosomes (size and shape)
question
Ribosomes
answer
complex of RNA, protein synthesis
question
golgi apparatus
answer
glycoprotein export
question
lysosomes
answer
degrative enzymes
(destroy everything inside)***
question
proteasomes
answer
protein degration machinery
(chemical signal needed something destroyed)***
question
Mitochondria
answer
in all eukaryotes,
in the ER,

70 S ribosomes,
1 circular chromosome,
inherited maternally in animals,

-Krebs cycle
-Electron Transport(respiration)*get ATP from
question
chrolorplasts
answer
found in plants and algae,
site of photosynthesis

C02 + H2o----> sugar +O2

70 S ribosomes
question
Flagella & Cilia
answer
locomotor organs based on tubulin (microtubules)
spindle fiber (mitosis) are also microtublules
question
Prokaryotic Cells
answer
simpler in structure,
No Golgi, lysosomes, mitochondria, chloroplasts,
question
prokaryote cell membrane
answer
-no sterols*

transport is primarly active transport*
question
prokaryote cytoskeleton
answer
polymerized protein filaments in spiral form

2 spirals control length and width
question
Cell Wall
answer
eukaryotes dont have one**,
rigid structure exterior to cell membrane,
protects against osmotic stress,

2 types: gram-positive, gram-negative
question
gram-postive cell wall
answer
(purple color)**

composed of peptidoglycan(murein) & teichoic acid
question
ex of gram postive cells
answer
staphylococcus aureus:cluster of round cells with golden yellow color,

streptococcus pheumoniae: chains of round cells causes pheumonia (infection of lung)

bacillus anthracis: rod shaped, disease causes anthrax (blackening of skin)
question
gram negative cell wall
answer
(pink color)***

3 layers:
-lipopolysaccharide
-outer membrane
-peptioglycan
question
lipopolysaccharide
answer
functions as a pyrogen(fever inducer)
-fever is an indication of inflamation & infection.
question
examples of gram neg. cells
answer
escherichia coli: e-coli(found in colon/intestines)

salmonella enterica: GI tract (contamination of food)

vibrio cholerae: comma shaped-water borne infection
question
glycolax
answer
capsule or slime layer,
not in all bacteria

layer ouside cell wall
question
Virulence (allow to cause disease) Factor
answer
prevention of phagocytosis,
**attachement to cell & tissue surfaces (sticky)
question
Nucleoid (instead of nucleus)
answer
located in cytoplasm,
carries genes for bacterial function
question
plasmids
answer
circular mini-chromosomes,
genes provide additional capabilities to cell:
-antibiotic resistances (produces protein to destroy)
-production of capsules
-growth of unusual nutrients (fatty acids,etc)
question
axial filaments
answer
locomotor organ in spirochetes,
flagella encased in a memebrane
question
R-Pilus
answer
produce by cells with an R plasmid (R+ cells),
R= antibiotic resistance,

allows attatchment to an R- cell (tube)
question
COMJUGATION
answer
copy of R plasmid transfered to R- cell (trough tube)
R- becomes R+ cell
question
sugar
answer
a group of organic compounds containing C,H & O atoms, souluble in water, hyrophilic
question
fructose
answer
commonly found in fruits and honey
question
glucose
answer
added in "energy" drinks
question
monosaccharide
answer
"simple sugars"
eg: fructose and glucose
question
sucrose
answer
obtained from sugarcane, commonly called table sugar
question
dissacharide
answer
2 simple sugars covalently joined
question
polysaacharide
answer
sugar polymers or Glycans

eg: cellulose & starch
question
cellulose
answer
polymer of glucose

eg: wood, paper, & cotton
"insolublar fiber"
question
starch
answer
polymer of glucose

eg: potatoes & bread
broken down by the body to glucose
further metabolized to give energy
question
Lipids (fats)
answer
compounds of C,H& a little O.

dont disolve in water
hydrophobic
question
Triglyceride
answer
3 fatty acids attatched to a glycerol
question
diglyceride
answer
2 fatty acids attatched to glycerol
question
monoglyceride
answer
1 fatty acid attatched to glycerol
question
satturated fatty acid
answer
no double bonds
question
monosaturated acid
answer
single double bond
question
polysaturated acid
answer
more than 1 double bond
question
saturated fats
answer
solid at room temperature
question
unsaturated fats
answer
liquid
often called oils
question
phospholipid
answer
2 fatty acids & terminal phosphate attatched to a glycerol
question
eg. of steriods and sterols
answer
cholesterol and estrogen
question
proteins
answer
compounds of C,H,O & N
question
how many different amino acids are there
answer
22 different kinds
question
primary structure
answer
every protein has specific order of amino acids in the chain

made by cellular machinary called ribosomes
question
secondary structure
answer
as the protein in synthesized, chain begins folding
question
tertiary structure
answer
when the 2nd structure further folds itself
question
quatemary structure
answer
2 protein molecules can interact specifically w each other
question
what are the active forms of proteins?
answer
3* and 4*
question
limit of resolution
answer
seeing 2 tiny objects as 1 by the eye when placed closer than 0.1mm apart
question
illuminator
answer
the light source in the base
question
condenser lens
answer
the light being focused onto the specimen
question
stage
answer
holds the slide
question
objective lens
answer
performs the 1st stage of magnification low power, medium power, high power, oil immersion
question
phase contrast microscope advantage
answer
able to see transparent, non-colored objects against a backrgound or vise versa
question
fluorescense microscope advantage
answer
makes objects apear colored against a dark background
question
atomic force microscope advantage
answer
provide magnification at the single atom level.
question
eukaryotes
answer
nucleus
large cell
animals, algae, plants, protozoa, fungi
question
prokaryotes
answer
no defined nucleus
small cell
bacteria, archaea
question
eukaryotes cell membrane
answer
forms cell boundry, transports nutrients across membrane, made up of phospholipids, sterols, and proteins.
question
eukaryote cytoskeleton
answer
provide shape and size to cell,
polymerized protein filaments
question
nucleus
answer
organelle bounded by a nuclear membrane, holds chromosomes
mulitiple linear chromosomes,
each chromosome is 1 DNA molecule complexed by histones
question
rough ER
answer
has ribosomes
80 S ribosomes (size and shape)
question
Ribosomes
answer
complex of RNA, protein synthesis
question
golgi apparatus
answer
glycoprotein export
question
lysosomes
answer
degrative enzymes
(destroy everything inside)***
question
proteasomes
answer
protein degration machinery
(chemical signal needed something destroyed)***
question
Mitochondria
answer
in all eukaryotes,
in the ER,

70 S ribosomes,
1 circular chromosome,
inherited maternally in animals,

-Krebs cycle
-Electron Transport(respiration)*get ATP from
question
chrolorplasts
answer
found in plants and algae,
site of photosynthesis

C02 + H2o----> sugar +O2

70 S ribosomes
question
Flagella & Cilia
answer
locomotor organs based on tubulin (microtubules)
spindle fiber (mitosis) are also microtublules
question
Prokaryotic Cells
answer
simpler in structure,
No Golgi, lysosomes, mitochondria, chloroplasts,
question
prokaryote cell membrane
answer
-no sterols*

transport is primarly active transport*
question
prokaryote cytoskeleton
answer
polymerized protein filaments in spiral form

2 spirals control length and width
question
Cell Wall
answer
eukaryotes dont have one**,
rigid structure exterior to cell membrane,
protects against osmotic stress,

2 types: gram-positive, gram-negative
question
gram-postive cell wall
answer
(purple color)**

composed of peptidoglycan(murein) & teichoic acid
question
ex of gram postive cells
answer
staphylococcus aureus:cluster of round cells with golden yellow color,

streptococcus pheumoniae: chains of round cells causes pheumonia (infection of lung)

bacillus anthracis: rod shaped, disease causes anthrax (blackening of skin)
question
gram negative cell wall
answer
(pink color)***

3 layers:
-lipopolysaccharide
-outer membrane
-peptioglycan
question
lipopolysaccharide
answer
functions as a pyrogen(fever inducer)
-fever is an indication of inflamation & infection.
question
examples of gram neg. cells
answer
escherichia coli: e-coli(found in colon/intestines)

salmonella enterica: GI tract (contamination of food)

vibrio cholerae: comma shaped-water borne infection
question
glycolax
answer
capsule or slime layer,
not in all bacteria

layer ouside cell wall
question
Virulence (allow to cause disease) Factor
answer
prevention of phagocytosis,
**attachement to cell & tissue surfaces (sticky)
question
Nucleoid (instead of nucleus)
answer
located in cytoplasm,
carries genes for bacterial function
question
plasmids
answer
circular mini-chromosomes,
genes provide additional capabilities to cell:
-antibiotic resistances (produces protein to destroy)
-production of capsules
-growth of unusual nutrients (fatty acids,etc)
question
axial filaments
answer
locomotor organ in spirochetes,
flagella encased in a memebrane
question
R-Pilus
answer
produce by cells with an R plasmid (R+ cells),
R= antibiotic resistance,

allows attatchment to an R- cell (tube)
question
COMJUGATION
answer
copy of R plasmid transfered to R- cell (trough tube)
R- becomes R+ cell
question
sugar
answer
a group of organic compounds containing C,H & O atoms, souluble in water, hyrophilic
question
fructose
answer
commonly found in fruits and honey
question
glucose
answer
added in "energy" drinks
question
monosaccharide
answer
"simple sugars"
eg: fructose and glucose
question
sucrose
answer
obtained from sugarcane, commonly called table sugar
question
dissacharide
answer
2 simple sugars covalently joined
question
polysaacharide
answer
sugar polymers or Glycans

eg: cellulose & starch
question
cellulose
answer
polymer of glucose

eg: wood, paper, & cotton
"insolublar fiber"
question
starch
answer
polymer of glucose

eg: potatoes & bread
broken down by the body to glucose
further metabolized to give energy
question
Lipids (fats)
answer
compounds of C,H& a little O.

dont disolve in water
hydrophobic
question
Triglyceride
answer
3 fatty acids attatched to a glycerol
question
diglyceride
answer
2 fatty acids attatched to glycerol
question
monoglyceride
answer
1 fatty acid attatched to glycerol
question
satturated fatty acid
answer
no double bonds
question
monosaturated acid
answer
single double bond
question
polysaturated acid
answer
more than 1 double bond
question
saturated fats
answer
solid at room temperature
question
unsaturated fats
answer
liquid
often called oils
question
phospholipid
answer
2 fatty acids & terminal phosphate attatched to a glycerol
question
eg. of steriods and sterols
answer
cholesterol and estrogen
question
proteins
answer
compounds of C,H,O & N
question
how many different amino acids are there
answer
22 different kinds
question
primary structure
answer
every protein has specific order of amino acids in the chain

made by cellular machinary called ribosomes
question
secondary structure
answer
as the protein in synthesized, chain begins folding
question
tertiary structure
answer
when the 2nd structure further folds itself
question
quatemary structure
answer
2 protein molecules can interact specifically w each other
question
what are the active forms of proteins?
answer
3* and 4*
question
limit of resolution
answer
seeing 2 tiny objects as 1 by the eye when placed closer than 0.1mm apart
question
illuminator
answer
the light source in the base
question
condenser lens
answer
the light being focused onto the specimen
question
stage
answer
holds the slide
question
objective lens
answer
performs the 1st stage of magnification low power, medium power, high power, oil immersion
question
phase contrast microscope advantage
answer
able to see transparent, non-colored objects against a backrgound or vise versa
question
fluorescense microscope advantage
answer
makes objects apear colored against a dark background
question
atomic force microscope advantage
answer
provide magnification at the single atom level.
question
eukaryotes
answer
nucleus
large cell
animals, algae, plants, protozoa, fungi
question
prokaryotes
answer
no defined nucleus
small cell
bacteria, archaea
question
eukaryotes cell membrane
answer
forms cell boundry, transports nutrients across membrane, made up of phospholipids, sterols, and proteins.
question
eukaryote cytoskeleton
answer
provide shape and size to cell,
polymerized protein filaments
question
nucleus
answer
organelle bounded by a nuclear membrane, holds chromosomes
mulitiple linear chromosomes,
each chromosome is 1 DNA molecule complexed by histones
question
rough ER
answer
has ribosomes
80 S ribosomes (size and shape)
question
Ribosomes
answer
complex of RNA, protein synthesis
question
golgi apparatus
answer
glycoprotein export
question
lysosomes
answer
degrative enzymes
(destroy everything inside)***
question
proteasomes
answer
protein degration machinery
(chemical signal needed something destroyed)***
question
Mitochondria
answer
in all eukaryotes,
in the ER,

70 S ribosomes,
1 circular chromosome,
inherited maternally in animals,

-Krebs cycle
-Electron Transport(respiration)*get ATP from
question
chrolorplasts
answer
found in plants and algae,
site of photosynthesis

C02 + H2o----> sugar +O2

70 S ribosomes
question
Flagella & Cilia
answer
locomotor organs based on tubulin (microtubules)
spindle fiber (mitosis) are also microtublules
question
Prokaryotic Cells
answer
simpler in structure,
No Golgi, lysosomes, mitochondria, chloroplasts,
question
prokaryote cell membrane
answer
-no sterols*

transport is primarly active transport*
question
prokaryote cytoskeleton
answer
polymerized protein filaments in spiral form

2 spirals control length and width
question
Cell Wall
answer
eukaryotes dont have one**,
rigid structure exterior to cell membrane,
protects against osmotic stress,

2 types: gram-positive, gram-negative
question
gram-postive cell wall
answer
(purple color)**

composed of peptidoglycan(murein) & teichoic acid
question
ex of gram postive cells
answer
staphylococcus aureus:cluster of round cells with golden yellow color,

streptococcus pheumoniae: chains of round cells causes pheumonia (infection of lung)

bacillus anthracis: rod shaped, disease causes anthrax (blackening of skin)
question
gram negative cell wall
answer
(pink color)***

3 layers:
-lipopolysaccharide
-outer membrane
-peptioglycan
question
lipopolysaccharide
answer
functions as a pyrogen(fever inducer)
-fever is an indication of inflamation & infection.
question
examples of gram neg. cells
answer
escherichia coli: e-coli(found in colon/intestines)

salmonella enterica: GI tract (contamination of food)

vibrio cholerae: comma shaped-water borne infection
question
glycolax
answer
capsule or slime layer,
not in all bacteria

layer ouside cell wall
question
Virulence (allow to cause disease) Factor
answer
prevention of phagocytosis,
**attachement to cell & tissue surfaces (sticky)
question
Nucleoid (instead of nucleus)
answer
located in cytoplasm,
carries genes for bacterial function
question
plasmids
answer
circular mini-chromosomes,
genes provide additional capabilities to cell:
-antibiotic resistances (produces protein to destroy)
-production of capsules
-growth of unusual nutrients (fatty acids,etc)
question
axial filaments
answer
locomotor organ in spirochetes,
flagella encased in a memebrane
question
R-Pilus
answer
produce by cells with an R plasmid (R+ cells),
R= antibiotic resistance,

allows attatchment to an R- cell (tube)
question
COMJUGATION
answer
copy of R plasmid transfered to R- cell (trough tube)
R- becomes R+ cell
question
archaea
answer
prokaryote-
very common in nature-dominant in the ocean,

many found in extreme environments:
-low pH
-high temp
-high salt
question
thermophilic archaea
answer
found in hot springs, geysers, hydrothermal vents,

grow at temperatures between 85*C-122*C
question
Hydrothermal vents
answer
hot 350* suflide-rich gases hit 4*C ocean water,
chemicals precipitate to form "chimneys",

geysers on ocean floor or underwater volcanos
question
Halophiles
answer
"salt loving"
survive under very high salt concentrations (25%),

salt pans(make sea salt), Dead Sea, salt lakes
question
Methanogens
answer
marshes, landfills, septic system, mammalian intestines,

produce methane
question
ARMAN group
answer
archael Richmond Mind (found in minds)
(Acidophilic Nanoorganisms),

acid mine dranage, acid bogs (pH <1.5)
question
the Alpha proteobacteria
answer
plant symbionts or pathogens,
animal pathogens, including insects,

often intracellular,
insects can result in male sterility and behavior changes,

mitochondria deveolped from this group
question
Rickesttsia rickettsii
answer
(insect borne, insect vector),

intracellular pathogen,
Rocky Mt. spotted fever,
Found in most North and Central America
transmitted by ticks,
fever, headache, myalgia (muscle ache), rash at ankles, wrists, then trunk
question
The Beta proteobacteria
answer
mostly environmental organisms
question
Neisseria Gonorrheae
answer
cocci in pairs,
STD,
organism colonizes mucosal surfaces,
many asymptomatic, infection resolves (no symptoms):

Symptoms: purulent yellow genital discharge, painful urination, abdominal pain.

Untreated Gonorrheae: Meningitis, autoimmune arthritis, Pelvic Inflamatory Disease, infec. of babys eye when born *Neonatal ophthalmia
question
Neisseria Meningitidis
answer
cocci in pairs,
some adults carry organism in nasopharynx (asymptomatic),
Meningitis-respiratory infection (spread in epidemic form),

Symptoms: fever, fatigue, stiff neck, headaches,coma,

vaccine available,

Meningis-covering in brain and spinal cord
question
Y-Proteobacteria (Gamma)
answer
very large group,

many faculative anaerobes (adapts metabolism in presense/absense O2),

several are intestinal microorganisms
question
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
answer
common in soil & aquatic organisms,

short rods with flagella,
ability to form biofilms(organism growing on surface),
injects toxic proteins into competting bacteria,

Oppurtuntistic Infections(organism may be harmless but can become dangerous):
-cystic fibrosis-burn patients,
-hiosptial-aquired infections (pt to pt),
-hot tub dermatitis(film on tub gets on skin).

-resistant to germicides, many antibiotics, grows on petroleum,

*only thing that kills it is bleech**
question
Vibrio cholerae
answer
bent rods,
causes cholerae-water borne infection,
fecal-oral transmission,
-fecal matter has to come in contact with the water supply.
cholerae exotoxin affects Cl- transport: intestine,lung,

Symptoms: watery diarrhea-->severe dehydration,
dehydration-->suken eyes,wrinkled skin,

oral rehydration therapy increases survival

outbreaks where sanitation is a problem.

bacterophages keep organism levels undercontrol.

cystic Fibrosis pts resistant to cholera
question
Escherichia coli
answer
e-coli**,

component of the intestinal microbiota.
accidental contamination on hands and skin,

Gastroenteritis(food poisioning) food handlers
-UTI in women due to fimbrae,
question
Salmonella enterica
answer
intestinal microbiota in mammals & reptiles.

-Gastroenteritits from raw egg products, mayo, uncooked/undercooked fruits/salad, children can contract from petting zoo,

-Symptoms: nausea, vomitting, & fever.
can cause systematic infection-->liver, nervous system, gall bladder,

cause typoid-->high fever, loss apitite, rose-colored spots on chest & abdomin, abdominal pain
question
Yersinia pestis
answer
responsible for bubonic plague (Black Death),
bitre from an infected rat flea,

Bubonic Form:
-lethary, Fever(over 6 days)
swelling of lymph nodes (=buboes)
-Gangrene in extremitites (=black death)
question
Haemophilus influenza type B
answer
resident of upper respiratory tract--causes Meningitis & pneumonia
-varying length rods w/ capsules (virulence),
-oppurtunistic/secondary infection,

-Meningitis 50% cases w/ fever, headaches, stiff neck, ear infections pneumonia,

-lack of properdin (complement protein destroy gram-neg bacterial cells) predispores to Meningitis,
-20% Meningitis cases--->hearing loss

Hib vaccine
question
E-Proteobacteria (Epsiolon)
answer
many are residents of intestinal tract,

-some found in hydrothermal vent organisms
question
Helicobacter pylori
answer
resident of vertebrate stomachs,
-from food, most adults will be infected,

-associated w/ mucus on gastric lining,

-urea release by lining, organism produces urease

urea---->CO2 + NH3(ammonia)

organism dampens immune response to survive
question
Plantomycetes
answer
intracelluar parasites
question
Chlamydia trachomatis
answer
STD---->1 in 25 infected,

causes urethritis (NGU),

DNA damage & reduced sperm count in males,

accidental self-inoculation:trachoma,

-transmission to newborn:major cause of preventable blindness in children
question
Parachlamydia pneumoniae
answer
-common respriatory pathogen,

10% of pneumonia cases,
5% of bronchitis & sinusitis,

suspected trigger of inflamation in arteries:
-atherosclerotic plaque, coronary heart disease, stroke, pre-eclampsia(high b.p during pregnancy)
question
The Spirochetes: Treponema pallidum
answer
STD-->syphilis,

mother--->fetus during pregnancy: congenital syphilis.

Treatment only in initial stage:

Primary:
chancres(sores) on genital in 3 wk

Secondary:
4-12 wks after primary infec.
rash on skin, mucus membranes, fever, malaise, hair loss,

Tertiary:
3+ yrs after initial infection,
autoimmune response(body attacks own tissue), damage to internal organs, gummas(tumor), neural or heart damage, nodules on skin, bone damage, dementia
question
Borrelia burgdoferi
answer
(Lyme Disease),

tick-borne infection in wildlife,

-humans are accidental hosts,

-"bullseye rash" at bite site

-multiples in bloodstream--->swollen lyph nodes, infects nervous system,

-survives by dampening immune response,
-treatment(antibiotics) within 72 hrs of infection

-untreated cases--->autoimmune arthritis, facial palsy
question
Bacteroides Group
answer
anerobic short rods
question
Bacteroides(thetaiotamicron)
answer
establishes during weaning(get from mother)
-largest component of intestinal microbiota in humans,

-required for normal gut deveolpment,
-produces enzymes that digest plant polysaccharides

-inversly correlated w/ obesity,

-oppurtunistic pathogen:
-secondary infections, necrosis, peritoneal abscesses
question
Fusobacterium Group
answer
anerobic long rods
question
Fusobacterium (nucleatum)
answer
upper respiratory tract, gingival sulcus,

-periodontal disease, dental abscesses, ulcerative colitis, skin ulcers,

-abscesses associated w/ pre-term labor,

-pre prevalance in colorectal tumors
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