chapters 1-6 – Flashcards
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eukaryotes cell membrane |
answer
forms cell boundry, transports nutrients across membrane, made up of phospholipids, sterols, and proteins. |
question
eukaryote cytoskeleton |
answer
provide shape and size to cell, polymerized protein filaments |
question
rough ER |
answer
has ribosomes 80 S ribosomes (size and shape) |
question
Ribosomes |
answer
complex of RNA, protein synthesis |
question
golgi apparatus |
answer
glycoprotein export |
question
lysosomes |
answer
degrative enzymes (destroy everything inside)*** |
question
proteasomes |
answer
protein degration machinery (chemical signal needed something destroyed)*** |
question
prokaryote cytoskeleton |
answer
polymerized protein filaments in spiral form 2 spirals control length and width |
question
gram-postive cell wall |
answer
(purple color)** composed of peptidoglycan(murein) & teichoic acid |
question
gram negative cell wall |
answer
(pink color)*** 3 layers: -lipopolysaccharide -outer membrane -peptioglycan |
question
lipopolysaccharide |
answer
functions as a pyrogen(fever inducer) -fever is an indication of inflamation & infection. |
question
glycolax |
answer
capsule or slime layer, not in all bacteria layer ouside cell wall |
question
plasmids |
answer
circular mini-chromosomes, genes provide additional capabilities to cell: -antibiotic resistances (produces protein to destroy) -production of capsules -growth of unusual nutrients (fatty acids,etc) |
question
R-Pilus |
answer
produce by cells with an R plasmid (R+ cells), R= antibiotic resistance, allows attatchment to an R- cell (tube) |
question
COMJUGATION |
answer
copy of R plasmid transfered to R- cell (trough tube) R- becomes R+ cell |
question
condenser lens |
answer
the light being focused onto the specimen |
question
stage |
answer
holds the slide |
question
objective lens |
answer
performs the 1st stage of magnification low power, medium power, high power, oil immersion |
question
phase contrast microscope advantage |
answer
able to see transparent, non-colored objects against a backrgound or vise versa |
question
fluorescense microscope advantage |
answer
makes objects apear colored against a dark background |
question
atomic force microscope advantage |
answer
provide magnification at the single atom level. |
question
eukaryotes |
answer
nucleus large cell animals, algae, plants, protozoa, fungi |
question
prokaryotes |
answer
no defined nucleus small cell bacteria, archaea |
question
eukaryotes cell membrane |
answer
forms cell boundry, transports nutrients across membrane, made up of phospholipids, sterols, and proteins. |
question
eukaryote cytoskeleton |
answer
provide shape and size to cell, polymerized protein filaments |
question
nucleus |
answer
organelle bounded by a nuclear membrane, holds chromosomes mulitiple linear chromosomes, each chromosome is 1 DNA molecule complexed by histones |
question
rough ER |
answer
has ribosomes 80 S ribosomes (size and shape) |
question
Ribosomes |
answer
complex of RNA, protein synthesis |
question
golgi apparatus |
answer
glycoprotein export |
question
lysosomes |
answer
degrative enzymes (destroy everything inside)*** |
question
proteasomes |
answer
protein degration machinery (chemical signal needed something destroyed)*** |
question
Mitochondria |
answer
in all eukaryotes, in the ER, 70 S ribosomes, 1 circular chromosome, inherited maternally in animals, -Krebs cycle -Electron Transport(respiration)*get ATP from |
question
chrolorplasts |
answer
found in plants and algae, site of photosynthesis C02 + H2o----> sugar +O2 70 S ribosomes |
question
Flagella & Cilia |
answer
locomotor organs based on tubulin (microtubules) spindle fiber (mitosis) are also microtublules |
question
Prokaryotic Cells |
answer
simpler in structure, No Golgi, lysosomes, mitochondria, chloroplasts, |
question
prokaryote cell membrane |
answer
-no sterols* transport is primarly active transport* |
question
prokaryote cytoskeleton |
answer
polymerized protein filaments in spiral form 2 spirals control length and width |
question
Cell Wall |
answer
eukaryotes dont have one**, rigid structure exterior to cell membrane, protects against osmotic stress, 2 types: gram-positive, gram-negative |
question
gram-postive cell wall |
answer
(purple color)** composed of peptidoglycan(murein) & teichoic acid |
question
ex of gram postive cells |
answer
staphylococcus aureus:cluster of round cells with golden yellow color, streptococcus pheumoniae: chains of round cells causes pheumonia (infection of lung) bacillus anthracis: rod shaped, disease causes anthrax (blackening of skin) |
question
gram negative cell wall |
answer
(pink color)*** 3 layers: -lipopolysaccharide -outer membrane -peptioglycan |
question
lipopolysaccharide |
answer
functions as a pyrogen(fever inducer) -fever is an indication of inflamation & infection. |
question
examples of gram neg. cells |
answer
escherichia coli: e-coli(found in colon/intestines) salmonella enterica: GI tract (contamination of food) vibrio cholerae: comma shaped-water borne infection |
question
glycolax |
answer
capsule or slime layer, not in all bacteria layer ouside cell wall |
question
Virulence (allow to cause disease) Factor |
answer
prevention of phagocytosis, **attachement to cell & tissue surfaces (sticky) |
question
Nucleoid (instead of nucleus) |
answer
located in cytoplasm, carries genes for bacterial function |
question
plasmids |
answer
circular mini-chromosomes, genes provide additional capabilities to cell: -antibiotic resistances (produces protein to destroy) -production of capsules -growth of unusual nutrients (fatty acids,etc) |
question
axial filaments |
answer
locomotor organ in spirochetes, flagella encased in a memebrane |
question
R-Pilus |
answer
produce by cells with an R plasmid (R+ cells), R= antibiotic resistance, allows attatchment to an R- cell (tube) |
question
COMJUGATION |
answer
copy of R plasmid transfered to R- cell (trough tube) R- becomes R+ cell |
question
sugar |
answer
a group of organic compounds containing C,H & O atoms, souluble in water, hyrophilic |
question
fructose |
answer
commonly found in fruits and honey |
question
glucose |
answer
added in "energy" drinks |
question
monosaccharide |
answer
"simple sugars" eg: fructose and glucose |
question
sucrose |
answer
obtained from sugarcane, commonly called table sugar |
question
dissacharide |
answer
2 simple sugars covalently joined |
question
polysaacharide |
answer
sugar polymers or Glycans eg: cellulose & starch |
question
cellulose |
answer
polymer of glucose eg: wood, paper, & cotton "insolublar fiber" |
question
starch |
answer
polymer of glucose eg: potatoes & bread broken down by the body to glucose further metabolized to give energy |
question
Lipids (fats) |
answer
compounds of C,H& a little O. dont disolve in water hydrophobic |
question
Triglyceride |
answer
3 fatty acids attatched to a glycerol |
question
diglyceride |
answer
2 fatty acids attatched to glycerol |
question
monoglyceride |
answer
1 fatty acid attatched to glycerol |
question
satturated fatty acid |
answer
no double bonds |
question
monosaturated acid |
answer
single double bond |
question
polysaturated acid |
answer
more than 1 double bond |
question
saturated fats |
answer
solid at room temperature |
question
unsaturated fats |
answer
liquid often called oils |
question
phospholipid |
answer
2 fatty acids & terminal phosphate attatched to a glycerol |
question
eg. of steriods and sterols |
answer
cholesterol and estrogen |
question
proteins |
answer
compounds of C,H,O & N |
question
how many different amino acids are there |
answer
22 different kinds |
question
primary structure |
answer
every protein has specific order of amino acids in the chain made by cellular machinary called ribosomes |
question
secondary structure |
answer
as the protein in synthesized, chain begins folding |
question
tertiary structure |
answer
when the 2nd structure further folds itself |
question
quatemary structure |
answer
2 protein molecules can interact specifically w each other |
question
what are the active forms of proteins? |
answer
3* and 4* |
question
limit of resolution |
answer
seeing 2 tiny objects as 1 by the eye when placed closer than 0.1mm apart |
question
illuminator |
answer
the light source in the base |
question
condenser lens |
answer
the light being focused onto the specimen |
question
stage |
answer
holds the slide |
question
objective lens |
answer
performs the 1st stage of magnification low power, medium power, high power, oil immersion |
question
phase contrast microscope advantage |
answer
able to see transparent, non-colored objects against a backrgound or vise versa |
question
fluorescense microscope advantage |
answer
makes objects apear colored against a dark background |
question
atomic force microscope advantage |
answer
provide magnification at the single atom level. |
question
eukaryotes |
answer
nucleus large cell animals, algae, plants, protozoa, fungi |
question
prokaryotes |
answer
no defined nucleus small cell bacteria, archaea |
question
eukaryotes cell membrane |
answer
forms cell boundry, transports nutrients across membrane, made up of phospholipids, sterols, and proteins. |
question
eukaryote cytoskeleton |
answer
provide shape and size to cell, polymerized protein filaments |
question
nucleus |
answer
organelle bounded by a nuclear membrane, holds chromosomes mulitiple linear chromosomes, each chromosome is 1 DNA molecule complexed by histones |
question
rough ER |
answer
has ribosomes 80 S ribosomes (size and shape) |
question
Ribosomes |
answer
complex of RNA, protein synthesis |
question
golgi apparatus |
answer
glycoprotein export |
question
lysosomes |
answer
degrative enzymes (destroy everything inside)*** |
question
proteasomes |
answer
protein degration machinery (chemical signal needed something destroyed)*** |
question
Mitochondria |
answer
in all eukaryotes, in the ER, 70 S ribosomes, 1 circular chromosome, inherited maternally in animals, -Krebs cycle -Electron Transport(respiration)*get ATP from |
question
chrolorplasts |
answer
found in plants and algae, site of photosynthesis C02 + H2o----> sugar +O2 70 S ribosomes |
question
Flagella & Cilia |
answer
locomotor organs based on tubulin (microtubules) spindle fiber (mitosis) are also microtublules |
question
Prokaryotic Cells |
answer
simpler in structure, No Golgi, lysosomes, mitochondria, chloroplasts, |
question
prokaryote cell membrane |
answer
-no sterols* transport is primarly active transport* |
question
prokaryote cytoskeleton |
answer
polymerized protein filaments in spiral form 2 spirals control length and width |
question
Cell Wall |
answer
eukaryotes dont have one**, rigid structure exterior to cell membrane, protects against osmotic stress, 2 types: gram-positive, gram-negative |
question
gram-postive cell wall |
answer
(purple color)** composed of peptidoglycan(murein) & teichoic acid |
question
ex of gram postive cells |
answer
staphylococcus aureus:cluster of round cells with golden yellow color, streptococcus pheumoniae: chains of round cells causes pheumonia (infection of lung) bacillus anthracis: rod shaped, disease causes anthrax (blackening of skin) |
question
gram negative cell wall |
answer
(pink color)*** 3 layers: -lipopolysaccharide -outer membrane -peptioglycan |
question
lipopolysaccharide |
answer
functions as a pyrogen(fever inducer) -fever is an indication of inflamation & infection. |
question
examples of gram neg. cells |
answer
escherichia coli: e-coli(found in colon/intestines) salmonella enterica: GI tract (contamination of food) vibrio cholerae: comma shaped-water borne infection |
question
glycolax |
answer
capsule or slime layer, not in all bacteria layer ouside cell wall |
question
Virulence (allow to cause disease) Factor |
answer
prevention of phagocytosis, **attachement to cell & tissue surfaces (sticky) |
question
Nucleoid (instead of nucleus) |
answer
located in cytoplasm, carries genes for bacterial function |
question
plasmids |
answer
circular mini-chromosomes, genes provide additional capabilities to cell: -antibiotic resistances (produces protein to destroy) -production of capsules -growth of unusual nutrients (fatty acids,etc) |
question
axial filaments |
answer
locomotor organ in spirochetes, flagella encased in a memebrane |
question
R-Pilus |
answer
produce by cells with an R plasmid (R+ cells), R= antibiotic resistance, allows attatchment to an R- cell (tube) |
question
COMJUGATION |
answer
copy of R plasmid transfered to R- cell (trough tube) R- becomes R+ cell |
question
sugar |
answer
a group of organic compounds containing C,H & O atoms, souluble in water, hyrophilic |
question
fructose |
answer
commonly found in fruits and honey |
question
glucose |
answer
added in "energy" drinks |
question
monosaccharide |
answer
"simple sugars" eg: fructose and glucose |
question
sucrose |
answer
obtained from sugarcane, commonly called table sugar |
question
dissacharide |
answer
2 simple sugars covalently joined |
question
polysaacharide |
answer
sugar polymers or Glycans eg: cellulose & starch |
question
cellulose |
answer
polymer of glucose eg: wood, paper, & cotton "insolublar fiber" |
question
starch |
answer
polymer of glucose eg: potatoes & bread broken down by the body to glucose further metabolized to give energy |
question
Lipids (fats) |
answer
compounds of C,H& a little O. dont disolve in water hydrophobic |
question
Triglyceride |
answer
3 fatty acids attatched to a glycerol |
question
diglyceride |
answer
2 fatty acids attatched to glycerol |
question
monoglyceride |
answer
1 fatty acid attatched to glycerol |
question
satturated fatty acid |
answer
no double bonds |
question
monosaturated acid |
answer
single double bond |
question
polysaturated acid |
answer
more than 1 double bond |
question
saturated fats |
answer
solid at room temperature |
question
unsaturated fats |
answer
liquid often called oils |
question
phospholipid |
answer
2 fatty acids & terminal phosphate attatched to a glycerol |
question
eg. of steriods and sterols |
answer
cholesterol and estrogen |
question
proteins |
answer
compounds of C,H,O & N |
question
how many different amino acids are there |
answer
22 different kinds |
question
primary structure |
answer
every protein has specific order of amino acids in the chain made by cellular machinary called ribosomes |
question
secondary structure |
answer
as the protein in synthesized, chain begins folding |
question
tertiary structure |
answer
when the 2nd structure further folds itself |
question
quatemary structure |
answer
2 protein molecules can interact specifically w each other |
question
what are the active forms of proteins? |
answer
3* and 4* |
question
limit of resolution |
answer
seeing 2 tiny objects as 1 by the eye when placed closer than 0.1mm apart |
question
illuminator |
answer
the light source in the base |
question
condenser lens |
answer
the light being focused onto the specimen |
question
stage |
answer
holds the slide |
question
objective lens |
answer
performs the 1st stage of magnification low power, medium power, high power, oil immersion |
question
phase contrast microscope advantage |
answer
able to see transparent, non-colored objects against a backrgound or vise versa |
question
fluorescense microscope advantage |
answer
makes objects apear colored against a dark background |
question
atomic force microscope advantage |
answer
provide magnification at the single atom level. |
question
eukaryotes |
answer
nucleus large cell animals, algae, plants, protozoa, fungi |
question
prokaryotes |
answer
no defined nucleus small cell bacteria, archaea |
question
eukaryotes cell membrane |
answer
forms cell boundry, transports nutrients across membrane, made up of phospholipids, sterols, and proteins. |
question
eukaryote cytoskeleton |
answer
provide shape and size to cell, polymerized protein filaments |
question
nucleus |
answer
organelle bounded by a nuclear membrane, holds chromosomes mulitiple linear chromosomes, each chromosome is 1 DNA molecule complexed by histones |
question
rough ER |
answer
has ribosomes 80 S ribosomes (size and shape) |
question
Ribosomes |
answer
complex of RNA, protein synthesis |
question
golgi apparatus |
answer
glycoprotein export |
question
lysosomes |
answer
degrative enzymes (destroy everything inside)*** |
question
proteasomes |
answer
protein degration machinery (chemical signal needed something destroyed)*** |
question
Mitochondria |
answer
in all eukaryotes, in the ER, 70 S ribosomes, 1 circular chromosome, inherited maternally in animals, -Krebs cycle -Electron Transport(respiration)*get ATP from |
question
chrolorplasts |
answer
found in plants and algae, site of photosynthesis C02 + H2o----> sugar +O2 70 S ribosomes |
question
Flagella & Cilia |
answer
locomotor organs based on tubulin (microtubules) spindle fiber (mitosis) are also microtublules |
question
Prokaryotic Cells |
answer
simpler in structure, No Golgi, lysosomes, mitochondria, chloroplasts, |
question
prokaryote cell membrane |
answer
-no sterols* transport is primarly active transport* |
question
prokaryote cytoskeleton |
answer
polymerized protein filaments in spiral form 2 spirals control length and width |
question
Cell Wall |
answer
eukaryotes dont have one**, rigid structure exterior to cell membrane, protects against osmotic stress, 2 types: gram-positive, gram-negative |
question
gram-postive cell wall |
answer
(purple color)** composed of peptidoglycan(murein) & teichoic acid |
question
ex of gram postive cells |
answer
staphylococcus aureus:cluster of round cells with golden yellow color, streptococcus pheumoniae: chains of round cells causes pheumonia (infection of lung) bacillus anthracis: rod shaped, disease causes anthrax (blackening of skin) |
question
gram negative cell wall |
answer
(pink color)*** 3 layers: -lipopolysaccharide -outer membrane -peptioglycan |
question
lipopolysaccharide |
answer
functions as a pyrogen(fever inducer) -fever is an indication of inflamation & infection. |
question
examples of gram neg. cells |
answer
escherichia coli: e-coli(found in colon/intestines) salmonella enterica: GI tract (contamination of food) vibrio cholerae: comma shaped-water borne infection |
question
glycolax |
answer
capsule or slime layer, not in all bacteria layer ouside cell wall |
question
Virulence (allow to cause disease) Factor |
answer
prevention of phagocytosis, **attachement to cell & tissue surfaces (sticky) |
question
Nucleoid (instead of nucleus) |
answer
located in cytoplasm, carries genes for bacterial function |
question
plasmids |
answer
circular mini-chromosomes, genes provide additional capabilities to cell: -antibiotic resistances (produces protein to destroy) -production of capsules -growth of unusual nutrients (fatty acids,etc) |
question
axial filaments |
answer
locomotor organ in spirochetes, flagella encased in a memebrane |
question
R-Pilus |
answer
produce by cells with an R plasmid (R+ cells), R= antibiotic resistance, allows attatchment to an R- cell (tube) |
question
COMJUGATION |
answer
copy of R plasmid transfered to R- cell (trough tube) R- becomes R+ cell |
question
archaea |
answer
prokaryote- very common in nature-dominant in the ocean, many found in extreme environments: -low pH -high temp -high salt |
question
thermophilic archaea |
answer
found in hot springs, geysers, hydrothermal vents, grow at temperatures between 85*C-122*C |
question
Hydrothermal vents |
answer
hot 350* suflide-rich gases hit 4*C ocean water, chemicals precipitate to form "chimneys", geysers on ocean floor or underwater volcanos |
question
Halophiles |
answer
"salt loving" survive under very high salt concentrations (25%), salt pans(make sea salt), Dead Sea, salt lakes |
question
Methanogens |
answer
marshes, landfills, septic system, mammalian intestines, produce methane |
question
ARMAN group |
answer
archael Richmond Mind (found in minds) (Acidophilic Nanoorganisms), acid mine dranage, acid bogs (pH <1.5) |
question
the Alpha proteobacteria |
answer
plant symbionts or pathogens, animal pathogens, including insects, often intracellular, insects can result in male sterility and behavior changes, mitochondria deveolped from this group |
question
Rickesttsia rickettsii |
answer
(insect borne, insect vector), intracellular pathogen, Rocky Mt. spotted fever, Found in most North and Central America transmitted by ticks, fever, headache, myalgia (muscle ache), rash at ankles, wrists, then trunk |
question
The Beta proteobacteria |
answer
mostly environmental organisms |
question
Neisseria Gonorrheae |
answer
cocci in pairs, STD, organism colonizes mucosal surfaces, many asymptomatic, infection resolves (no symptoms): Symptoms: purulent yellow genital discharge, painful urination, abdominal pain. Untreated Gonorrheae: Meningitis, autoimmune arthritis, Pelvic Inflamatory Disease, infec. of babys eye when born *Neonatal ophthalmia |
question
Neisseria Meningitidis |
answer
cocci in pairs, some adults carry organism in nasopharynx (asymptomatic), Meningitis-respiratory infection (spread in epidemic form), Symptoms: fever, fatigue, stiff neck, headaches,coma, vaccine available, Meningis-covering in brain and spinal cord |
question
Y-Proteobacteria (Gamma) |
answer
very large group, many faculative anaerobes (adapts metabolism in presense/absense O2), several are intestinal microorganisms |
question
Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
answer
common in soil & aquatic organisms, short rods with flagella, ability to form biofilms(organism growing on surface), injects toxic proteins into competting bacteria, Oppurtuntistic Infections(organism may be harmless but can become dangerous): -cystic fibrosis-burn patients, -hiosptial-aquired infections (pt to pt), -hot tub dermatitis(film on tub gets on skin). -resistant to germicides, many antibiotics, grows on petroleum, *only thing that kills it is bleech** |
question
Vibrio cholerae |
answer
bent rods, causes cholerae-water borne infection, fecal-oral transmission, -fecal matter has to come in contact with the water supply. cholerae exotoxin affects Cl- transport: intestine,lung, Symptoms: watery diarrhea-->severe dehydration, dehydration-->suken eyes,wrinkled skin, oral rehydration therapy increases survival outbreaks where sanitation is a problem. bacterophages keep organism levels undercontrol. cystic Fibrosis pts resistant to cholera |
question
Escherichia coli |
answer
e-coli**, component of the intestinal microbiota. accidental contamination on hands and skin, Gastroenteritis(food poisioning) food handlers -UTI in women due to fimbrae, |
question
Salmonella enterica |
answer
intestinal microbiota in mammals & reptiles. -Gastroenteritits from raw egg products, mayo, uncooked/undercooked fruits/salad, children can contract from petting zoo, -Symptoms: nausea, vomitting, & fever. can cause systematic infection-->liver, nervous system, gall bladder, cause typoid-->high fever, loss apitite, rose-colored spots on chest & abdomin, abdominal pain |
question
Yersinia pestis |
answer
responsible for bubonic plague (Black Death), bitre from an infected rat flea, Bubonic Form: -lethary, Fever(over 6 days) swelling of lymph nodes (=buboes) -Gangrene in extremitites (=black death) |
question
Haemophilus influenza type B |
answer
resident of upper respiratory tract--causes Meningitis & pneumonia -varying length rods w/ capsules (virulence), -oppurtunistic/secondary infection, -Meningitis 50% cases w/ fever, headaches, stiff neck, ear infections pneumonia, -lack of properdin (complement protein destroy gram-neg bacterial cells) predispores to Meningitis, -20% Meningitis cases--->hearing loss Hib vaccine |
question
E-Proteobacteria (Epsiolon) |
answer
many are residents of intestinal tract, -some found in hydrothermal vent organisms |
question
Helicobacter pylori |
answer
resident of vertebrate stomachs, -from food, most adults will be infected, -associated w/ mucus on gastric lining, -urea release by lining, organism produces urease urea---->CO2 + NH3(ammonia) organism dampens immune response to survive |
question
Plantomycetes |
answer
intracelluar parasites |
question
Chlamydia trachomatis |
answer
STD---->1 in 25 infected, causes urethritis (NGU), DNA damage & reduced sperm count in males, accidental self-inoculation:trachoma, -transmission to newborn:major cause of preventable blindness in children |
question
Parachlamydia pneumoniae |
answer
-common respriatory pathogen, 10% of pneumonia cases, 5% of bronchitis & sinusitis, suspected trigger of inflamation in arteries: -atherosclerotic plaque, coronary heart disease, stroke, pre-eclampsia(high b.p during pregnancy) |
question
The Spirochetes: Treponema pallidum |
answer
STD-->syphilis, mother--->fetus during pregnancy: congenital syphilis. Treatment only in initial stage: Primary: chancres(sores) on genital in 3 wk Secondary: 4-12 wks after primary infec. rash on skin, mucus membranes, fever, malaise, hair loss, Tertiary: 3+ yrs after initial infection, autoimmune response(body attacks own tissue), damage to internal organs, gummas(tumor), neural or heart damage, nodules on skin, bone damage, dementia |
question
Borrelia burgdoferi |
answer
(Lyme Disease), tick-borne infection in wildlife, -humans are accidental hosts, -"bullseye rash" at bite site -multiples in bloodstream--->swollen lyph nodes, infects nervous system, -survives by dampening immune response, -treatment(antibiotics) within 72 hrs of infection -untreated cases--->autoimmune arthritis, facial palsy |
question
Bacteroides Group |
answer
anerobic short rods |
question
Bacteroides(thetaiotamicron) |
answer
establishes during weaning(get from mother) -largest component of intestinal microbiota in humans, -required for normal gut deveolpment, -produces enzymes that digest plant polysaccharides -inversly correlated w/ obesity, -oppurtunistic pathogen: -secondary infections, necrosis, peritoneal abscesses |
question
Fusobacterium Group |
answer
anerobic long rods |
question
Fusobacterium (nucleatum) |
answer
upper respiratory tract, gingival sulcus, -periodontal disease, dental abscesses, ulcerative colitis, skin ulcers, -abscesses associated w/ pre-term labor, -pre prevalance in colorectal tumors |