Test Answers on Chapters 1-4 – Flashcards
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-cele
answer
hernia
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-centesis
answer
surgical puncture to remove fluid
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-coccus (plural -cocci)
answer
berry-shaped bacterium (plural: bacteria)
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-crine
answer
to secrete (suffix)
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-cyesis
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pregnancy
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-cyte
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cell
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-drome
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to run (suffix)
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-dynia
answer
pain
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-ectomy
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excision, removal, resection
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-emia
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blood condition
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-er
answer
one who (suffix)
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-fusion
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coming together; to pour
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-gen
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substance that produces
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-genesis
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condition of producing, forming
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-genic
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pertaining to producing, produced by, or produced in
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-globin
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protein (suffix)
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-gram
answer
record
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-graph
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instrument for recording
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-graphy
answer
process of recording
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-ia
answer
condition
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-ion
answer
process
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-ism
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process, condition
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-ist
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specialist (suffix)
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-itis
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inflammation
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-lapse
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to slide, fall, sag
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-logy
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process of study
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-lysis
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breakdown, destruction, separation
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-malacia
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softening
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-megaly
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enlargement
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-meter
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to measure
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-mission
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to send
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-oid
answer
resembling
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-ole
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little, small (suffix)
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-oma
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tumor, mass, collection of fluid
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-opsy
answer
process of viewing
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-or
answer
one who
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-ose
answer
pertaining to, full of
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-osis
answer
condition, usually abnormal (slight increase in numbers when used with blood cells)
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-partum
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birth, labor
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-pathy
answer
disease condition
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-penia
answer
deficiency (suffix)
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-phobia
answer
fear
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-phoria
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to bear, carry; feeling (mental state)
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-physis
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to grow
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-plasia
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development, formation, growth
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-plasm
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structure or formation (suffix)
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-plasty
answer
surgical repair
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-pnea
answer
breathing
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-ptosis
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falling, dropping, prolapse (suffix)
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-rrhea
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flow, discharge
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-sclerosis
answer
hardening
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-scope
answer
instrument for visual examination
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-scopy
answer
process of visual examination (with an scope)
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-sis
answer
state of; condition
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-somes
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bodies
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-stasis
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stopping, controlling
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-stasis
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stopping, controlling
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-stomy
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opening to form a mouth (stoma) (suffix)
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-therapy
answer
treatment
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-tic
answer
pertaining to
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-tomy
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process of cutting, incision (suffix)
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-trophy
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development, nourishment
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-type
answer
picture, classification
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-ule
answer
little, small (suffix)
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-um, -ium
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structure, tissue (2 suffix)
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-us
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structure, substance
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-y
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condition, process
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-y
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process, condition
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a-, an-
answer
no, not, without
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ab-
answer
away from (prefix)
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abdomin/o
answer
abdomen
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abdomin/o
answer
abdomen
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abdominal cavity
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space below the chest containing organs such as the liver, stomach, gallbladder, and intestines; aka abdomen
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abscess
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a collection of pus, white blood cells, and protein that is present at the site of infection
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achondroplasia
answer
an inherited disorder in which the bones of the arms and legs fail to grow to normal size because of a defect in cartilage and bone
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acr/o
answer
extremities,top,extreme (root)
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acromegaly
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an endocrine disorder that occurs when the pituitary gland produces an excessive amount of growth hormone after the completion of puberty.
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ad-
answer
toward
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aden/o
answer
gland
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adenoids
answer
small masses of lymphatic tissue in the part of the pharynx near the nose and nasal passages.
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adip/o
answer
fat
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adipose tissue
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collection of fat cells
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adrenal glands
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endocrine glands located above each kidney . They secrete chemicals that effect the bodys functioning.
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agranulocytes (mononuclear leukocytes)
answer
have one large nucleus and only a few granules in their cytoplasm. Produced in the bone marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen.
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amni/o
answer
amnion (sac surrounding the embryo in the uterus)
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amniocentesis
answer
the withdrawal of fluid that accumulates in the amnion
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amnion
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the sac that surrounds the embryo in the uterus
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ana-
answer
up, apart
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anabolism
answer
process of building up complex materials (proteins) from simple materials
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anemia
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"no blood", a condition of reduction in the number of erythrocytes or in the amount of hemoglobin in the circulating blood.
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angi/o
answer
vessel
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ante-
answer
before, forward
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anter/o
answer
front (root)
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anterior (ventral)
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front surface of the body
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anti-
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against
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antibodies
answer
protein substances made by white blood cells in response to the presence of foreign antigens
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antigen
answer
a foreign substance that stimulates the production of antibodies
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aplastic anemia
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a severe type of anemia that occurs when bone marrow fails to produce not only erythrocytes but leukocytes and thrombocytes as well
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arteri/o
answer
artery
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arthr/o
answer
joint
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aut-, auto-
answer
self, own (2 prefix)
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autoimmune disease
answer
the body makes antibodies against its own good cells and tissues, causing inflammation and injury
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axill/o
answer
armpit (root)
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basophils
answer
granulocytes that stains blue with basic stain. Their function is not clear but the number of these cells increases in the healing phase of inflammation
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bi-
answer
two
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bi/o
answer
life
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bilirubin
answer
a chemical pigment
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blephar/o
answer
eyelid
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bol/o
answer
to cast (throw)
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brady-
answer
slow
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bronch/o
answer
bronchial tubes (two tubes, one right and one left, that branch from the trachea to enter the lungs)
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capillaries
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the tiniest of blood vessels
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carcin/o
answer
cancerous, cancer
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cardi/o
answer
heart
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carp/o
answer
wrist bones (root)
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cartilage
answer
flexible connective tissue attached to bones at joints.
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cata-
answer
break down (prefix)
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catabolism
answer
process of breaking down complex materials (foods) to form simpler substances and release energy
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cell membrane
answer
structure surrounding and protecting the cell. Determines what enters and leaves the cell
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cephal/o
answer
head
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cerebr/o
answer
cerebrum (largest part of the brain)
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cervic/o
answer
neck (of the body or of the uterus) (root)
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cervical
answer
neck region (C1 to C7)
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chem/o
answer
drug, chemical
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chondr/o
answer
cartilage (type of connective tissue)
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chrom/o
answer
color
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chromosomes
answer
rod-shaped structures in the nucleus that contain regions of DNA called genes
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chron/o
answer
cartilage
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chron/o
answer
time
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cib/o
answer
meals
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cis/o
answer
to cut
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coccyg/o
answer
coccyx (tailbone)
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coccygeal
answer
region of the coccyx (tailbone)
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col/o
answer
colon (large intestine)
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con-
answer
with, together
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congenital anomalies
answer
an irregularity in a structure or organ such as webbed fingers or toes and heart defects
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contra-
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against, opposite
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contralateral
answer
opposite side
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cost/o
answer
rib
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crani/o
answer
skull
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cranial cavity
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space in the head containing the brain and surrounded by the skull; cranial- pertaining to the skull
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crin/o
answer
to secrete (to form and give off) (root)
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cutane/o
answer
skin (root)
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cyst/o
answer
urinary bladder; a sac or a cyst (sac containing fluid)
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cystocele
answer
occurs when part of the urinary bladder herniates through the vaginal wall as a result of weakness of the pelvic muscles
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cyt/o
answer
cell
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cytoplasm
answer
all the material that is outside the nucleus and yet contained within the cell membrane
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dactyl/o
answer
fingers, toes
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de-
answer
down, lack of (prefix)
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deep
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away from the surface
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derm/o
answer
skin
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dermat/o
answer
skin (root)
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dia-
answer
through, complete
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diaphragm
answer
muscle separating the abdominal and thoracic cavities.
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diplococci
answer
berry-shaped bacteria organized in pairs
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disk (disc)
answer
pad of cartilage between vertebrae
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dist/o
answer
far, distant (root)
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distal
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far from the point of attachment to the trunk or far from the beginning of a structure
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DNA
answer
chemical found within each chromosome. Directs the activities of the cell
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dors/o
answer
back portion of the body (root)
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dorsal (posterior)
answer
pertaining to the back
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duct/o
answer
to lead, carry
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dys-
answer
bad, painful, difficult, abnormal
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ec-, ecto-
answer
out, outside (2 suffixes)
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echocardiograms
answer
ultrasound images of the heart
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ectopic pregnancy
answer
a pregnancy where the zygote develops outside the uterus, usually within the fallopian tube
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electr/o
answer
electricity
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en-, endo-
answer
in, within (2 prefixes)
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encephal/o
answer
brain
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end-, endo-
answer
within (2 prefix)
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
answer
Structure (canals) within the cytoplasm. Site in which large proteins are made from smaller protein pieces.
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enter/o
answer
intestines (usually the small intestine)
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eosinophils
answer
granulocyte that stains red with acidic stain. They are active and increased in number in allergic conditions such as asthma.
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epi-
answer
above, upon
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epi-
answer
upon, on, above (prefix)
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epigastric
answer
middle upper region above the stomach
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epithelial cells
answer
skin cells that cover the external body surface and line the internal surfaces of organs
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erythr/o
answer
red
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erythrocytes
answer
red blood cells which are made in the bone marrow and carry oxygen from the lungs through the blood to all body cells. Body cells use oxygen to burn food and release energy.
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eu-
answer
good, normal
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ex-, exo-
answer
out, outside of, outward (2 prefix)
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fetal alcohol syndrome
answer
affects infants whose mothers consumed excessive amounts of alcohol during pregnancy; characterized by prenatal and postnatal growth deficiency
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flex/o
answer
to bend
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frontal (coronal) plane
answer
vertical plane dividing the body or structure into anterior and posterior portions
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furc/o
answer
forking, branching
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gastr/o
answer
stomach
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genes
answer
regions of DNA within each chromosome
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gloss/o
answer
tongue
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glyc/o
answer
sugar
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gnos/o
answer
knowledge
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gonococci
answer
diplococci that invades the reproductive organs causing gonorrhea, a sexually transmitted disease
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granulocytes
answer
polymorphonuclear cells formed in the bone marrow, contain dark-staining granules in their cytoplasm and have a multilobed nucleus.
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Graves disease
answer
autoimmune disease that causes hyperthyroidism
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gynec/o
answer
woman, female
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hem/o
answer
blood
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hem/o
answer
blood (root)
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hemat/o
answer
blood (root)
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hemi-
answer
half
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hemoglobin
answer
an important protein in erythrocytes that carries the oxygen through the bloodstream
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hepat/o
answer
liver
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hepat/o
answer
liver
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hernia
answer
a protrusion of an organ or the muscular wall of an organ through the cavity that normally contains it
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hiatal hernia
answer
occurs when the stomach protrudes upward into the mediastinum though the esophageal opening in the diaphragm
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hist/o
answer
tissue
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histologist
answer
specialist in the study of tissues
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hydr/o
answer
water, fluid
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hyper-
answer
excessive, above, more than normal
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hypo-
answer
deficient, below, under, less than normal
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hypochondriac
answer
right and left upper regions beneath the ribs
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hypogastric
answer
middle lower region below the umbilical region
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iatr/o
answer
treatment, physician
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ili/o
answer
ilium (part of the pelvic bone)
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immun/o
answer
protection
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immune response
answer
the reaction between an antigen and antibody
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in-
answer
into, within, not (1 prefix)
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inferior (caudal)
answer
below another structure; pertaining to the tail or lower portion of the body
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infra-
answer
beneath, under
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inguin/o
answer
groin
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inguinal
answer
right and left lower regions near the groin. Aka iliac regions
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inguinal hernia
answer
occurs when part of the intestine protrudes downward into the groin region and commonly into the scrotal sac in the male
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inter-
answer
between
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intra-
answer
in, within, into
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ipsilateral
answer
same side
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isch/o
answer
to hold back
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ischemia
answer
"to hold back blood from a part of the body"
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jaundice
answer
yellow skin pigmentation
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kary/o
answer
nucleus (root...k)
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karyotype
answer
Picture of chromosomes in the nucleus of a cell. The chromosomes are arranged in numerical order to determine their number and structure
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lapar/o
answer
abdomen,abdominal wall
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laparoscopy (peritoneoscopy)
answer
visual examination of the abdominal cavity using a laparoscope
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laryng/o
answer
larynx (voice box)
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larynx
answer
voice box, located at the upper part of the trachea
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later/o
answer
side (root)
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lateral
answer
pertaining to the side
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leuk/o
answer
white
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LLQ
answer
left lower quadrant
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log/o
answer
study of
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lumb/o
answer
lower back (side and back between the ribs and the pelvis) (root)
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lumbar
answer
right and left middle regions near the waist, loin (waist) region (L1-L5)
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LUQ
answer
left upper quadrant
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lymph/o
answer
lymph, a clear fluid that bathes tissue spaces, is contained in special lymph vessels and node throughout the body
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lymphocytes
answer
lymph cells, agranulocytes that fight disease by producing antibodies, thereby destroying foreign cells.
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macro-
answer
large
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macrophage
answer
large phagocytes that are formed from monocytes when they leave the bloodstream and enter tissues
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mal-
answer
bad
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mamm/o
answer
breast
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marfan syndrome
answer
an inherited connective tissue disorder marked by a tall, thin body type with long, "spidery" fingers and toes, elongated head, and heart, blood vessel, and opthalmic abnormalities
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mast/o
answer
breast
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medi/o
answer
middle (root)
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medial
answer
pertaining to the middle or near the medial plane of the body
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mediastinum
answer
centrally located space between the lungs
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meta-
answer
beyond, change (prefix)
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metabolism
answer
the total of the chemical processes in a cell.
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micro-
answer
small
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mitochondria
answer
structures in the cytoplasm in which energy is synthesized
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monocytes
answer
agranulocytes that engulf and destroy cellular debris after neutrophils have attacked foreign cells.
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morph/o
answer
shape, form (root)
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mort/o
answer
death
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MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus)
answer
affects the skin, causing "boils" an abscesses
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muc/o
answer
mucus
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my/o
answer
muscle
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myel/o
answer
spinal cord, bone marrow
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nat/i
answer
birth
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necr/o
answer
death (of cells or whole body)
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nect/o
answer
to bind, tie, connect
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neo-
answer
new
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nephr/o
answer
kidney
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neur/o
answer
nerve
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neutr/o
answer
neutrophil (a white blood cell) (root)
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neutrophils
answer
granulocyte that stains a pale purple with neutral stain.They are phagocytes and are the most numerous disease-fighting soldiers referred to as polymorphonuclear leukocytes.
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norm/o
answer
rule, order
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nucle/o
answer
nucleus (root)
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nucleus
answer
control center of the cell. It contains chromosomes and directs the activities of the cell
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omphalocele
answer
a herniation of the intestines through a weakness in the abdominal wall around the navel occurring in infants at birth
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onc/o
answer
tumor
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ophthalm/o
answer
eye
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oste/o
answer
bone
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oste/o
answer
bone
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ot/o
answer
ear
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ox/o
answer
oxygen
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pan-
answer
all
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para-
answer
abnormal, beside, near (prefix)
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parasitism
answer
occurs when one organism benefits and the other does not
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path/o
answer
disease
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ped/o
answer
child
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pelv/i
answer
pelvis, hip region (root)
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pelvic cavity
answer
space below the abdomen containing portions of the intestines, rectum, urinary bladder, and reproductive organs
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per-
answer
through
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peri-
answer
surrounding, around
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peritone/o
answer
peritoneum
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peritoneum
answer
double-layered membrane surrounding the abdominal organs
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phag/o
answer
to eat, swallow
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phagocytes
answer
engulf and digest bacteria
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pharynx
answer
Throat, serves as the common passageway for food and air
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phleb/o
answer
vein
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pituitary gland
answer
endocrine gland at the base of the brain
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plas/o
answer
formation, development
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pleur/o
answer
pleura (membrane surrounding lungs and adjacent to chest wall)
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pleura
answer
double-layered membrane surrounding each lung
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pleural cavity
answer
space between pleural cavity
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pneumococci
answer
diplococci that causes bacterial pneumonia
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pneumon/o
answer
lungs
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poly-
answer
many, much
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polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
answer
a method of producing multiple copies of a single gene, which is an important tool in recombinant DNA technology
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post-
answer
after, behind
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poster/o
answer
back, behind (root)
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posterior ( dorsal)
answer
back surface of the body
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pre-
answer
before, in front of
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pro-
answer
before, forward
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prolapses
answer
an organ or tissue slides forward or downward
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prone
answer
lying on the belly (face down, palms down)
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proxim/o
answer
nearest (root)
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proximal
answer
near the point of attachment to the trunk or near the beginning of a structure
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pseudo-
answer
false
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psych/o
answer
mind
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pub/o
answer
pubis (pubic bone); anterior portion of the pelvic or hipbone
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pubic symphysis
answer
the area in which the pubic bones of the pelvis have grown together
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pulmon/o
answer
lungs
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radi/o
answer
x-rays
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re-
answer
back, backward, again
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Recombinant DNA technology
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the process of taking a gene from on organism and inserting it into the DNA of another organism
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rect/o
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rectum
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rectocele
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the protrusion of a portion of the rectum toward the vagina
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ren/o
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kidney
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retro-
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behind, backward
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Reye syndrome
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characterized by vomiting, swelling of the brain, increased intracranial pressure, hypoglycemia, and dysfunction of the liver
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rheumatoid arthritis
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autoimmune disease that affects joints
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rhin/o
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nose
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RLQ
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right lower quadrant
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RUQ
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right upper quadrant
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sacr/o
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sacrum
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sacral
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region of the sacrum (S1 to S5)
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sagittal (lateral) plane
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lengthwise, vertical plane dividing the body or structure into right and left sides
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sarc/o
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flesh
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sect/o
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to cut
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seps/o
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infection
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somn/o
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sleep
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son/o
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sound
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sonogram
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ultrasound images of a fetus
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spin/o
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spine, backbone (root)
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spinal cavity
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space within the spinal column (backbones) and containing the spinal cord; aka spinal canal
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spinal column
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bone tissue surrounding the spinal cavity
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spinal cord
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nervous tissue within the spinal cavity
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splen/o
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spleen
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splenomegaly
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occurs with development of high blood pressure in hepatic veins and hemolytic blood diseases
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staphyl/o
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clusters
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staphylococci
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berry-shaped bacteria that grows in small clusters, like grapes
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strept/o
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twisted chains
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streptococcus
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a berry-shaped bacterium that grows in twisted chains
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sub-
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below, under
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superficial
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on the surface
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superior (cephalic)
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above another structure; pertaining to the head
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supine
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lying on the back (face up, palms up)
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supra-
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above, upper
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symphysis
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a joint in which the bony surfaces are firmly united by a layer of fibrocartilage
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syn-, sym-
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together, with
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syndactyly
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a congenital anomaly marked by fusion of fingers or toes
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syndrome
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a group of signs or symptoms that appear together to produce a typical clinical picture of a disease of inherited abnormality
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systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
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autoimmune disease that affects connective tissue, skin, and internal organs
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tachy-
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fast
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the/o
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to put, place
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thel/o
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nipple
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thorac/o
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chest
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thoracic
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chest region (T1 to T12)
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thoracic cavity
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space in the chest containing the heart, lungs, bronchial tubes, trachea, esophagus, and other organs
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thromb/o
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clot, clotting
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thrombocytes (platelets)
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type of blood cell, tiny fragments of cells formed in the bone marrow and necessary for blood clotting
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thyr/o
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thyroid gland; shield (the shape of the thyroid gland resembled [-oid] a shield to those who named it)
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thyroid gland
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endocrine gland that surrounds the trachea in the neck
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tonsil/o
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tonsils
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tonsillitis
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inflammation and infection of the tonsils
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top/o
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place, position, location
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tox/o
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poison
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trache/o
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trachea (windpipe)
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trachea
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windpipe
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tracheostomy
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an opening into the trachea through which an indwelling tube is inserted. The tube allows air to flow into the lungs or to help remove secretions from the bronchial tubes.
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tracheotomy
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an incision into the trachea to open it below a blockage. May be performed to remove a foreign body or to obtain a biopsy specimen.
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trans-
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across through (prefix)
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transurethral resection of the prostate gland
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a portion of the prostate gland is removed with an instrument passed through the urethra
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transverse (cross-sectional or axial) plane
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horizontal plane dividing the body into upper and lower portions
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ultra-
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beyond, excess
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ultrasonography
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a diagnostic technique using ultrasound waves to produce an image or photograph of an organ or tissue
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umbilic/o
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navel, umbilicus
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umbilical
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central region near the navel
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uni-
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one
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ur/o
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urinary tract, urine
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ureter
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one of two tubes, each leading from a single kidney to the urinary bladder
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urethr/o
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urethra
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urethra
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tube from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body
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uterus
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the womb, the organ that holds the embryo/fetus as it develops
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vaccine
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dead or weakened antigens that stimulate white blood cells to make antibodies
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ven/o
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vein
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ventr/o
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belly side of the body (root)
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ventral (anterior)
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pertaining to the front
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venules
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small veins
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vertebr/o
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vertebra(e), backbone(s)
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vertebra
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single backbone
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vertebrae
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backbones
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viscer/o
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internal organs
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viscera
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internal organs
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