Chapter 9&10 Test Questions – Flashcards
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_________ is the term used to describe the physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral responses to events that are appraised as threatening or challenging. p. 312------
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Stress
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Events that cause a stress reaction are referred to as ____________. p. 312------
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Stressors
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_________ occurs when people experience unpleasant stressors. p. 312---------
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Distress
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_________ is the optimal amount of stress that people need to promote health and well-being. p. 313----------
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Eustress
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________________________ are unpredictable, large-scale events that create a great deal of stress and feelings of threat. p. 313--------
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Catastrohe
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An assessment that measures the amount of stress in a person's life resulting from major life events over one year is called the __________. p. 313------
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The Social Readjustment Rating Scale(SRRS)
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Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe developed the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) to measure change due to_________. p. 313---------
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Stress
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The Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) measures stress related to ____________. p. 313----------
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LifeStyles
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According to Holmes and Rahe, a person who scores between 150 and 199 on the Social Readjustment Rating Scale is more likely than are people with lower scores to have what kind of experience in the near future? p. 314--------------
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Major Life Crisis
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The term hassles refers to__________. p. 314---------
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The daily annoyance of everyday life.
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Burning your toast, having trouble opening an e-mail attachment, breaking a glass, and running late for an appointment are all examples of ___________. p. 314-----------
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Hassles
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Researchers found that the ____________________ of daily hassles was a better predictor of headaches than were scores on a life events scale. p. 315-----------
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Cause
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According to a recent study, what is the biggest hassle reported by children between the ages of 11 and 15? p. 315-----------
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Pressure for drug use
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An urgent demand or expectation for our behavior that comes from an outside source is called __________. p. 315------------
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Pressure
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Research by Teresa Amabile shows that time pressure has _________impact on one's ability to be creative. pp. 315-316-----------
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Negative
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The ______________control one has, the _________________the degree of stress. p. 316------------
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Degree of,Less
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Sophia is able to choose when she will retire from her job. According to the research on control and stress, Sophia is more likely to experience ___________ now than she would if she had no control over the retirement process. p. 316----------
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Frustration?
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Ingrid is beginning to realize that so-called "surprise quizzes" in her math class really are not too much of a surprise at all since they tend to occur every week. Accordingly, she accepts that fact and regularly reviews the course material. This example best illustrates that________. p. 316--------------
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Persistence?
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______ occurs when a person is blocked or prevented from achieving a desired goal or fulfilling a perceived need. p. 316-------
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Frustration def
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Frustration that occurs when a goal or need cannot be attained due to personal characteristics is called_________. p. 316-----------
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Internal /Personal Frustration
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The first response that people typically make to frustration is_________. p. 316----------
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Persistence
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Joey put a quarter in the gumball machine only to find that the machine was not working. He continued to turn the dial on the machine in the hope that he would retrieve a gumball. Joey's behavior is called ____________. p. 316--------
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Persistence responce
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Actions meant to harm or destroy are referred to as __________. p. 317---------
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Aggression
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Joey put a quarter in the gumball machine only to find that the machine was not working. He continued to turn the dial on the machine in hope that he would retrieve a gumball. Unfortunately, after several minutes of forcefully turning the dial he still did not retrieve a gumball. As a result, he kicked the machine several times. Kicking the machine is an example of ____________. p. 317-------
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Displayed Aggression
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____________________are habitual targets of displaced aggression. p. 317------------
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less thretening
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After weeks of being taunted by her so-called "friends" at school and asking them to stop taunting her, Alyssa begins to actively avoid them whenever possible. Her reaction to this frustration is best described as ______. p. 317-------------
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Escape or Withdrawal
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In a(n) __________conflict, a person must choose between two desirable goals. p. 317----------------
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Approach-Approach Conflict
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A conflict in which a person must choose between two undesirable routes to a goal or goals is called__________. p. 318---------------
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Avoidance-Avoidance
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Vicki wants to go to law school because she believes being a lawyer will bring her prestige and a good income. However, she is not sure she should attend because she is very concerned about the hard work law school will involve and the money it will cost. Vicki is faced with a(n) ______ conflict. p. 318-----------------
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Approach-Avoidance
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When faced with an approach-avoidance conflict, some people tend to go back and forth with their choice because they cannot decide for or against the goal or event. This mind-changing behavior is called _____________. p. 318--------------
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Vacillate
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Which part of the nervous system reacts when the human body is subjected to stress? p. 319-----------
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Sympathetic
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The _________nervous system returns the body to normal, day-to-day functioning after a stressful period. p. 319---------
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Parasympathetic
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Stress has been shown to put people at a higher risk for________. p. 321----------
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Heart Attack
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A name for one type of immune system cell that helps to fight cancerous tumors is ________. p. 322---------
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Natural Killer Cell
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When the teacher was handing out this test, you noticed that your respiration rate and heartbeat increased, your palms got sweaty, and your hand shook a little. Your pretest behaviors were triggered by the__________. Upon completion of the exam, your body returned to its normal state by way of the _________. p. 319--------
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Alarm,Exhaustion
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Which psychologist is credited with proposing the general adaptation syndrome? p. 319--------
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Hans Selye
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Adelaide hears a rattling sound as she hikes through the desert. Her muscles tense and her blood pressure rises. According to Hans Selye, she is in the___________. p. 319--------
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Alarm
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____________ psychology is the field of study devoted to understanding the relationship between physical activities, psychological traits, and social relationships and overall health and rates of illness. p. 323--------
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Health
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According to Hans Selye, resistance to stress is lowest at the _____________ stage of the general adaptation syndrome. p. 319-------
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Resistance
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The system of cells, organs, and chemicals of the body that responds to attacks from diseases and injuries is called the ________. p. 320-----------
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Immune System
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A person in the ____________ stage of the general adaptation syndrome may feel better even though he or she continues to secrete hormones to help the body fight a stressor. p. 319-------
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Resistance Stage
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What is the correct sequence of stages in the general adaptation syndrome? p. 319----------
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Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion
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In which stage of the general adaptation syndrome has the body reached the limits of its ability to adapt to stress, which may result in the development of stress-related diseases? p. 319---------
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Exhaustion stage of adaptation
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The field of __________ studies the effects of psychological factors such as stress, emotions, thinking, and behavior on the immune system. p. 320------
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Psychoneuroimmunology
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According to Lazarus, our first task when faced with a potential stressor is to estimate its severity and to determine whether it is a challenge or threat. This evaluation is referred to as______________. p. 324-------
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Primary Appraisal
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Michelle just received a traffic ticket but decided it is not worth being upset about. Michelle just made a___________. p. 324--------
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Perceived as harmless or a challenge
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After we have decided that a certain event is a stressor, we must decide how we will deal with it and what resources are available for coping with the stressor. This process is called__________. p. 325---------
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Secondary Appraisal
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______________ people typically do not live as long as the average life expectancy. p. 325-------
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Aggressive,Stuborn or Inflexable
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A person who is ambitious, time conscious, extremely hardworking, easily annoyed, and tends to have high levels of hostility and anger is said to be exhibiting a _________ personality. p. 326-------
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Type A
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People who respond to life events with a laid back, relaxed, easygoing attitude, and are slow to anger are said to have a ___________ personality. p. 326----------
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Type B
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The Type A behavior pattern is a significant predictor of ____________. p. 326---------
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Workaholic, compeditive and ambitious
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Which Type A personality characteristic is the key trait that is linked to heart disease? p. 326-----------
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Difficulty to Relax
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Daniella is very pleasant and likes to keep the peace. She finds it difficult to express emotions and internalizes her anger. She has few friends and spends a lot of time alone. According to research, Daniella ________. p. 326----------
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She is Type B
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A person who thrives on stress but lacks the anger and hostility typical of some others who have the Type A personality is said to have a _________personality. p. 327--------------
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Hardy
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________________is the term used to describe the excessive anger exhibited by drivers in response to ordinary traffic frustration. p. 330-----------
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Road Rage
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When looking at a glass that is neither completely full nor completely empty, a(n) __________ might say "that glass is half full," while a(n) ____________ might say " no, that glass is half empty!" p. 328----------------
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Optimist,Pessimist
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Matthew compares his performance at work with that of a co-worker who is less competent than himself. When he engages in this behavior, he feels better and experiences a boost to his self-esteem. Matthew is using ________ to maintain an optimistic outlook. pp. 328-329----------
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Downward Social Comparison
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One contributing factor for the increasing rise of road rage is ____________. p. 330------------
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Over Crowding
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Who are you, and why are you here?-
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I am a Child of god and Im here to Make some noise
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The negative changes in thoughts, emotions, and behavior as a result of prolonged stress or frustration are called__________. p. 331-
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Burnout
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The coping method that involves changing the way you feel or emotionally react to a stressor is known as _________. p. 336-
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Coping strategies
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The method in which the minority person tries to maintain a sense of original cultural identity while also trying to form a positive relationship with members of the dominant culture is called_____________. p. 331-
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Integration
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Research suggests that as little as __________ minutes of meditation can produce lowered blood pressure in those with hypertension. p. 337-----
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20
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Individuals who choose to neither maintain contact with their original culture nor join the majority culture are considered________. p. 331-
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Assimilation
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Pepe moved from Argentina to France. He chose not to learn to speak or write French, continues to maintain his old culture's styles of dress and customs, and lives in a neighborhood where only people from Argentina live. Pepe has used which method of entering the majority culture? p. 331-
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Separation
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Sexual problems that result from psychological causes are referred to as ___________. p. 335,-
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Organic or Stress-induced dysfunctions
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Bill enjoys sexual activity with his partner. However, he cannot reach an orgasm during sexual intercourse even though fully aroused. Bill is suffering from __________. p. 335-
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Orgasmic Disorders
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What is the term for the network of friends, family members, neighbors, coworkers, and others who can offer help to a person in need? p. 332-
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Social Support System
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Hormones secreted by the pancreas after we begin to eat to control fat levels, proteins, and carbohydrates are called _________________ and _________________. p. 333-
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Glucagon,Insulin
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The highest rate of obesity in the world is found in _______________. p. 334-
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United States
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Sexual problems caused by physical disorders or psychological stress are referred to as __________. p. 335-
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Sexual Arousal Disorders
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Coping strategies can be either __________ -focused or ________ -focused in nature. p. 336-
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Problem,Emotion
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Vanna's mother is ill, and Vanna is feeling overwhelmed and sad. To cope with this stress of her mother's illness, Vanna has been writing her feelings down in a journal. Vanna is using ___________. p. 336-
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Emotion-Focused Coping
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Shanice suffers pain during intercourse. She is suffering from __________. p. 335,--
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Sexual Pain Disorders
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The main task of the participants in Solomon Asch studies was to do what? p. 347-
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Determin what line on a second card was most similer
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Social psychology is the scientific study of how a person's behavior, thoughts, and feelings are influenced by what? p. 346-
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Socialy
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Changing one's own behavior to match that of other people is called _________. p. 346-
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Conformity
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It is 1951, and you are required to participate in a perception experiment. You join seven others seated in a room. You are shown a 10-inch test line and must choose the line that matches it in length from a choice of three lines. The experimenter, Solomon Asch, is studying ___________. p. 347--
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Conformity
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Behavior that is initiated or changed in response to a request as opposed to a command or direct order is an example of _______. p. 349---
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compliance
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Which factor significantly decreased the likelihood of conformity in Solomon Asch's studies? p. 347---
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just one confederate
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Asch's studies showed that overall conformity to group pressure occurred about __________ of the time. p. 347---
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Era
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When members of a group give priority to the cohesiveness of the group over the facts of a situation, they are engaging in what social psychologists call __________. p. 348----
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group thinking
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An example of ______________________ was NASA's decision to launch the space shuttle Challenger despite widespread concerns about its booster rockets. p. 348--
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...The Group Thinking
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_______ is a change of behavior in response to a direct request. p. 349---
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compliance
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What term is used to describe compliance with an initial small request followed by compliance with a larger request? p. 349---
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Foot-in-the-door technique
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The tendency of people to comply with a second, lesser request after refusing a larger one is called the ________ technique. p. 349---
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door-in the -face technique
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A dealer persuades a customer to buy a new car by reducing the price to well below that of his competitors. Once the customer has agreed to buy the car, the terms of the sale are shifted by lowering the value of the trade-in and requiring the purchase of expensive extra equipment. Now the car costs well above the current market rate. This is an example of the ________________________ technique. p. 349-350----
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thats-not-all-technique
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One form of the norm of reciprocity is when the merchant offers more than the consumer asks for. This is called the ___________ technique. p. 350 ---
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??
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At the supermarket, a demonstrator gives away free samples of a new pizza. He also gives each taster a coupon worth $1 off his or her grocery bill. This manufacturer is depending on the social process of _______________________________ to increase sales. p. 350---
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norm of reciprocity
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What is a difference between obedience and conformity? p. 350---
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changing ones behaviour by authoritive figure,changing ones behavior by will
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The study of obedience took on a renewed importance in the wake of _________. p. 350-351---
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milgrams shocking experiments
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Naïve subjects in the Stanley Milgram experiment were given the opportunity to administer shocks to helpless victims. What was the maximum voltage that could be administered in one shock? p. 352----
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450 volts
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A response, either positive or negative, toward a certain person, idea, object, or situation is called ____________. p. 353--
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attitude
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Analysis of the participants in Milgram's obedience study has indicated that which personality trait was highly related to the willingness to be obedient? p. 352---
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???
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An attitude has ____ major components. pp. 354-355----
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Three
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If Professor Jameson is most interested in studying what you believe about an object or topic, then she is focusing on the _____________________ component of attitudes. pp. 354-355----
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Affective Component
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Attitude formation is the result of a number of influences. What they have in common is that they are all forms of ___________. p. 355---
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Behavior Components
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What process describes the use of social influence to cause other people to change their beliefs, opinions, positions, or actions? p. 356----
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Vicarious Conditioning
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"I really dislike Walt Disney World. Whenever I take the kids there, I realize how much I really dislike that place." Which method of attitude formation is involved in this example? p. 355----
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Cognitive Component
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Kerry's positive attitude toward China, even though she has never been there, seems to be related to the fact that her mother is Chinese and talks about China all the time with Kerry. Which method of attitude formation is involved in this example? p. 355----
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Affective Componet
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What is the term for the process of developing our first knowledge about another person? p. 359----
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Social Categorization
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A state of tension that occurs when a person's attitudes do not match the person's actions is called __________. p. 357----
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cognitive dissonance
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The primacy effect, as it relates to impression formation, is more commonly known as _________. p. 359-----
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Impression formation
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The social group viewed as the one with which a person identifies is called a(n) ________. p. 363----
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in-group
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Which term refers to a set of characteristics believed to be shared by all members of a particular group? p. 360 ----
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attribution
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What was the grade level of the students with whom Jane Elliott performed her famous blue eye-brown eye demonstration? p. 364----
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second grader
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Why do we engage in the stereotyping of people? p. 360----
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because they are a set of characteristics we believe is true
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Your best friend has been acting rather coolly toward you lately. As you try to figure out why, you are engaging in the process called ____________. p. 361-----
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Situational Cause
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A group of Ray's friends have been waiting for Ray for an hour. One says, "He never remembers anything." Another says, "He's probably caught in rush hour traffic." What are these friends doing that might be of interest to a social psychologist? p. 361----
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attribution theory
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What historical event prompted Jane Elliott to begin the blue eye-brown eye project with her students? p. 364---
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assasination of martain luther king
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A social group of people viewed as competitors, enemies, or different and unworthy of respect is a(n) ________. p. 363--
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...out group
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Ralph, a white student who grew up in Maine, is about to enter the University of Southern California on an athletic scholarship. He is aware that many of his teammates will be African American and assumes that they will dislike him and ostracize him. Ralph's attitude is BEST described as an example of_________. p. 363---
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...realistic conflict theory
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"Look, Officer, I didn't see the stop sign back there because the sun was in my eyes." The police officer responds, "You were not paying attention." How would a social psychologist describe this situation? p. 361----
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fundamental attribution
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Luther operates a small nightclub that specializes in soul music and features up-and-coming African American singing groups. He actively discourages white couples from coming in and always gives them the worst seats if they insist on being admitted. Luther's behavior is BEST described as an example of _________. p. 363----
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discrimination
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Alex is standing in line at Wal-Mart waiting to pay for his purchases. A man cuts in front of the line and drops his items on the counter. Alex says to his friend, "That man is incredibly rude." A social psychologist who is within earshot jots down a note so she can use the example in class. What does she write concerning Alex? p. 361----
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???
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A bank loan officer thinks people who speak with an accent are lazy; consequently, he refuses to grant them loans. The loan officer's belief is an example of __________________________. His refusal to grant them loans is an example of ___________________. p. 363--
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Prejudice,discrimination
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Prejudice is a(n) ___________________, whereas discrimination is a(n) ________. p. 363----
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negative attitude,treating people differently for reasons
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What do social psychologists call the tendency to rely on internal characteristics for explanations of the behavior of others and to ignore the influence of the situation? p. 361---
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????
