Chapter 9: Early Childhood test – Flashcards
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conservation
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The principle that the amount of a substance remains the same (i.e., is conserved) even when its appearance changes.
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balanced bilingual
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A person who is fluent in two languages, not favoring one over the other.
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guided participation
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The process by which people learn from others who guide their experiences and explorations.
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fast-mapping
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The speedy and sometimes imprecise way in which children learn new words by tentatively placing them in mental categories according to their perceived meaning.
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Head Start
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A federally funded early-childhood intervention program for low-income children of preschool age.
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preoperational intelligence
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Piaget's term for cognitive development between the ages of about 2 and 6; it includes language and imagination (which involve symbolic thought), but logical, operational thinking is not yet possible at this stage.
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static reasoning
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A characteristic of preoperational thought in which a young child thinks that nothing changes. Whatever is now has always been and always will be.
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irreversibility
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A characteristic of preoperational thought in which a young child thinks that nothing can be undone. A thing cannot be restored to the way it was before a change occurred.
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symbolic thought
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A major accomplishment of preoperational intelligence that allows a child to think symbolically, including understanding that words can refer to things not seen and that an item, such as a flag, can symbolize something else (in this case, for instance, a country).
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overimitation
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When a person imitates an action that is not a relevant part of the behavior to be learned. Overimitation is common among 2- to 6-year-olds when they imitate adult actions that are irrelevant and inefficient.
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scaffolding
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Temporary support that is tailored to a learner's needs and abilities and aimed at helping the learner master the next task in a given learning process.
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Montessori schools
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Schools that offer early-childhood education based on the philosophy of Maria Montessori, which emphasizes careful work and tasks that each young child can do.
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zone of proximal development (ZPD)
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Vygotsky's term for the skills--cognitive as well as physical--that a person can exercise only with assistance, not yet independently.
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theory-theory
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The idea that children attempt to explain everything they see and hear by constructing theories.
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private speech
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The internal dialogue that occurs when people talk to themselves (either silently or out loud).
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overregularization
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The application of rules of grammar even when exceptions occur, making the language seem more "regular" than it actually is.
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Reggio Emilia
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A program of early-childhood education that originated in the town of Reggio Emilia, Italy, and that encourages each child's creativity in a carefully designed setting.
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social mediation
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Human interaction that expands and advances understanding, often through words that one person uses to explain something to another.
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theory of mind
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A person's theory of what other people might be thinking. In order to have a theory of mind, children must realize that other people are not necessarily thinking the same thoughts that they themselves are. That realization seldom occurs before age 4.
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Preoperational intelligence
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What is Piaget's term for cognitive development between the ages of about 2 and 6?
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Centration
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Which of the following would best explain why a preoperational child would not be able to understand that cats can be both pets and wild animals?
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Egocentrism
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A 3-year-old who gives his mother a toy car for HER birthday and expects that she will love it is demonstrating:
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Number.
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An experimenter who lines up seven pairs of checkers in two rows of equal length and asks a child if the rows have the same number of checkers is likely testing for conservation of:
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Guided participation.
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After noticing that her 4-year-old brother was having difficulty putting a jigsaw puzzle together, Rose helped him with the task by praising his successes and helping him to recognize progress. From Vygotsky's perspective, this as an example of:
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Theory-theory.
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The idea that children attempt to explain everything they see and hear by constructing theories is called:
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Typically appears rather slowly.
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Theory of mind:
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Brain maturation
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What did a study comparing preschool children from various countries find to be the primary factor in development of theory of mind?
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A sensitive period
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Early childhood is ____ for language learning.
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Fast-mapping.
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The process by which children develop an interconnected set of categories for words is called:
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Overregularization
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The tendency of a young child to apply rules of grammar when he or she should not is:
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Become equally fluent in two languages.
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According to your text, it is best that children:
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Self discovery.
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Child-centered programs stress children's development and growth through:
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Were better at prereading and early math tasks.
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The results of a 2006 study of 5-year-olds in inner-city Milwaukee revealed that, compared to other children, children exposed to a Montessori program:
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Make all children "ready to learn."
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The goal of teacher-directed early-education programs is to:
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Preoperational intelligence.
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Piaget's second of four stages of cognition is:
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Egocentrism
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Which Piagetian term literally means "self-centered"?
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Static reasoning
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Which characteristic of preoperational thought involves a child assuming that the world is unchanging, always in the state in which the child currently encounters it?
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Underestimating cognition during early childhood.
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Piaget has been criticized for:
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Scaffolding
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Which of the following is a term associated with Vygotsky's approach to cognitive development?
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Most questions were about human behavior, such as "Why do people kiss?"
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A study of Mexican American children and the questions that they asked found that:
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Theory of mind.
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The understanding that other people can have thoughts and ideas unlike one's own describes:
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Age and siblings
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Which of the following has been shown to influence when a child exhibits a theory of mind?
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500; 10,000
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The average child knows about _____ words at age 2 and more than _____ at age 6.
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Overregularization
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Instead of saying "feet," 4-year-old Jasper says "foots." This error is best described as an example of:
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"Balanced bilingual"
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The term ____ refers to a person who is fluent in two languages, not favoring one over the other.
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Vygotsky.
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Child-centered programs that recognize that children learn through play with other children are most consistent with the views of:
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Reggio Emilia
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Which child-centered approach to early-childhood education places the most emphasis on individual differences, neither requiring children to engage in prescribed learning activities nor using any large-group instruction?
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Some programs involve parents; others do not.
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Which of the following statements about Head Start is true?
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Programs vary in length, curriculum, and goals.
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According to the text, what complicates the evaluation of Head Start programs?
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