question

The arboreal hypothesis proposes that defining primate characteristics were adaptations to life in the trees, such as

answer

grasping hands and feet, developed vision, and greater intelligence.

question

Biological anthropologists have posited the visual predation hypothesis, which proposes that primate traits arose as adaptation to preying on insects and small mammals. True or false.

answer

True

question

In trying to understand primate evolution, it is clear that certain primate traits were responses to the acquisition of fruit during the Cenozoic period; this assumption is proposed as the angiosperm radiation hypothesis. True or false.

answer

True

question

Proconsulids were Paleocene organisms that may have been the first primates. True or false.

answer

False

question

Paleocene organisms that may have been the first primates

answer

plesiadapiforms

question

Euprimates represent the

answer

first true primates

question

Plesiadapiforms are also called proprimates. True or false.

answer

True

question

Carpolestes is a fossil mammalian genus considered to be an ancestor to ____________.

answer

Adapids and omomyids.

question

As discussed in Chapter 9, basal anthropoids are ________

answer

Eocene primates that are the earliest anthropoids

question

As we discussed in class and in your textbook, the two genera of propliopithecids discovered at Fayum Egypt include _________

answer

Propliopithecus and Aegyptopithecus.

question

The evolution of apes began in Africa and continued into where during the Miocene?

answer

Europe and Asia

question

The best-accepted hypothesis for the dispersal of African monkeys to the New World is ___________

answer

platyrrhines evolved from anthropoids in Africa that migrated across the Atlantic to South America.

question

According to Larsen in Chapter 9, Chororapithecus is considered the ____________

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common ancestor of African apes and hominins.

question

According to our class discussion and Larsen in your textbook in Chapter 9: Monkeys underwent massive__________in the Pliocene and Pleistocene.

answer

adaptive radiation.

question

As discussed in Chapter 9, like that of Dryopithecus, a modern gorilla mandible has __________

answer

a Y-5 molar pattern, low rounded cusps, large canines, and a diastema.

question

Apes first appear in Europe and Asia from about ________

answer

17 mya

question

A rapid temperature increase about 55 mya created tropical conditions around the world, resulting in the _________

answer

adaptive radiation of Euprimates

question

According to Larsen in Chapter 9, which Eocene organisms had clear primate characteristics like a postorbital bar, opposable thumbs, nails, and a large brain?

answer

adapids and omomyids.

question

As discussed in lecture notes and in Chapter 9 in your textbook; the northern African fossil primate called Biretia may be an early anthropoid, based on the morphology of its ___

answer

lower premolar tooth.

question

Sivapithecus is widely recognized as an ancestral member of which ape lineage?

answer

orangutan.

question

According to Larsen in Chapter 9, if you are examining the fossil remains of the genus Dryopithecus, they are most likely from where?

answer

France.

question

During the Miocene epoch of the Cenozoic era, there was an adaptive radiation of which kind of primate?

answer

apes.

question

Anthropoids fossil groups are characterized by an eye orbit fully enclosed by bone. True or false.

answer

True

question

What is the most distinctive feature of ape dentition, clearly distinguishing apes from Old World monkeys?

answer

A Y-5 molar pattern

question

Which of the following apes has been proposed as the last common ancestor of living African apes and humans?______

answer

Ouranopithecus.

question

Why is the Fayum depression in Egypt such an important site for understanding the origin and diversification of anthropoid primates?

answer

The Fayum Depression in Egypt is an important site because it is where the first recorded anthropoids were found. The fossils found at this site were the first irrefutable higher primates, and had many of the traits expected of a higher primate.

question

According to Larsen (Chapter 10), a hominin is defined as having two obligate behaviors _______

answer

bipedal locomotion and nonhoning chewing complex.

question

Hunting and tool use was the foundational behavior of Hominini. True or false?

answer

False

question

Which of the following is an adaptive characteristic of bipedalism?

answer

longitudinal arch in the foot.

question

Hominins have canines that are _________

answer

small, blunt, and nonprojecting, with no diastema

question

Humans use their molars for ______

answer

crushing.

question

Thick dental enamel in ________ helps with crushing food.

answer

australopithecines

question

Bipedalism's advantages over knuckle walking (quadrupedalism) include:

answer

- an increased ability to see greater distances. - ease of transporting food.

question

An increased ability to see greater distances is one of the adaptations to bipedalism and diurnal sleeping patterns. True or false?

answer

False

question

The first recognizable ancestors of the lineage leading to humans

answer

Sahelanthropus tchadensis

question

Which of the following is a derived (character) trait of Sahelanthropus tchandensis?

answer

nonhoning chewing complex.

question

In an ape, the space between the upper lateral incisor and the canine that accommodates a large, projecting lower canine is a _______

answer

diastema.

question

The earliest australopithecines first show up in the fossil record more than _____

answer

4 million years ago

question

You find a fossil that you are sure shows evidence of obligate bipedalism. You know this because which of the following anatomical traits is present?

answer

thighbones (femora) that angle in toward the knees.

question

reduced sexual dimorphism in early hominins is an evidence for cooperation and pair bonding. True or false?

answer

True

question

Based on postcranial morphology, Ardipithecus ramidus "Ardi" was adapted to life in trees and on the ground. True or false?

answer

True

question

Ecological evidence from the site where Australopithecus ramidus "Ardi" was found shows that early hominins lived in a forest. True or false?

answer

False

question

Orrorin tugenensis lived in a dry savannah mixed with jungle and woodland.

answer

False

question

In East Africa robust australopithecines are also called _______

answer

Paranthropus

question

Distinctive traits of robust australopithecines include _____

answer

- small front teeth and large back teeth. - a big face and a sagittal crest.

question

Australopithecus garhi may be the ancestor of ______

answer

Homo habilis.

question

Australopithecus robustus was likely the longest-surviving species of australopithecine in South Africa. It had _______

answer

large molars, a big face, and a sagittal crest

question

The Laetoli footprints demonstrate that the foot of Australopithecus afarensis was humanlike in having ______

answer

a rounded heel. b. a nondivergent big toe. c. a double arch.

question

The discovery of Kenyanthropus platyops was important mainly because ______

answer

it showed diversity in the hominin fossil record 3.5 mya.

question

three key developments in the origins of primates

answer

The first primates the origins of higher primates (anthropoids) origins and evolution or the major anthropoid groups (monkeys, apes, and humans).

question

primate characteristics

answer

Forward-facing eyes, a postorbital bar (fully enclosed eyes), a large cranial vault, a reduced snout, and a versatile dentition

question

Plesiadaptis

answer

Primatelike animals that were likely ancestors of primate ancestors.

question

plesiadaptiforms

answer

Paleocene organisms that may have been the first primates, originating from an adaptive radiation of mammals.

question

proprimates

answer

Separate order of early primate ancestors from the Paleocene, such as the plesiadaptiforms.

question

euprimates

answer

First true primates from the Eocene the tarsierlike omomyids and the lemurlike adaptids.

question

Frederick Szalay

answer

American anthropologist that regards the omomyids as more likely candidates for the ancestry of anthropoids than lemurs are.

question

basal anthropoids

answer

A parapithecid genus from the Oligocene, possibly ancestral to anthropoids.

question

Eosimias

answer

A genus of very small basal anthropoids from the Eocene.

question

Biretia

answer

Larger basal anthropoid from the Fayum Depression in Egypt. From the late Eocene, about 37 million years ago.

question

Paleocene (66-56 mya)

answer

Primate ancestors didn't have the typical primate characteristics at this time. E.g. shortened snout, convergent eyes, increased brain size etc.

question

Eocene (56-34 mya)

answer

Two groups of closely related mammals that lived during this time, adaptids and omomyids have typical primate characteristics.

question

oligopithecids

answer

Earliest anthropoid ancestors in the Oligocene, found in the Fayum, Egypt.

question

parapithecids

answer

Anthropoid ancestors from the Oligocene, found in the Fayum, Egypt.

question

propliopithecids

answer

Anthropoid ancestors from the Oligocene, found in Africa.

question

Parapithecus

answer

A genus of later parapithecids from the Oligocene, found in the Fayum, Egypt.

question

Propliopithecus

answer

Oligocene propliopithecid genus.

question

Aegyptopithecus

answer

A propliopithecid genus from the Oligocene, probably ancestral to catarrhines; the largest primate found in the Fayum, Egypt. Earliest definitive catarrhine.

question

Epochs

answer

Paleocene: 66--56 mya Eocene: 56-34 mya Oligocene: 34-23 mya Miocene: 23-5.3 mya Pliocene: 5.3-2.6 mya Pleistocene: 2.6-.01 mya Holocene: .01-present

question

Anthropoids coming to South America hypotheses.

answer

1. Migrated from North America to become the platyrrhine species of the Oligocene. 2. After originating in Africa, the ancestors crossed the Atlantic. 3. After originating in Africa, the ancestors came to South America via Antarctica. 4. Catarrhines and Platyrrhines evolved independently.

question

Where did apes originate?

answer

Africa

question

During what epoch did apes begin to dominate the the primate world?

answer

Miocene

question

proconsulids

answer

Early Miocene apes from East Africa

question

Micropithecus

answer

A genus of very small proconsulids from the Miocene.

question

Proconsul

answer

A genus of early Miocene proconsulids from Africa, ancestral to catarrhines. Proconsul major was about the size of a chimp.

question

What parts of the Miocene apes looked like modern apes?

answer

skulls and teeth

question

timeline of miocene apes

answer

1. Africa to Europe (16.5-17 mya) 2. Spread through Europe and Asia (14-16 mya) 3. Continued presence in Europe and Asia (9-13.5 mya) 4. To southeast Asia and back to Africa (6-10 mya)

question

Dryopithecus

answer

A genus of dryopithecid apes found in southern France and norther Spain.

question

dryopithecids

answer

Early Miocene apes found in various locales in Europe.

question

sivapithecids

answer

Early Miocene apes found in Asia.

question

Sivapithecus

answer

A genus of Miocene sivapithecids, proposed as ancestral to orangutans.

question

Khoratpithecus

answer

A genus of Miocene apes from Asia, likely ancestral to orangutans.

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