question

In Pavlov's experiments, the dog's salivation triggered by the sound of the tone was a(n):

answer

Conditioned response

question

According to B.F. Skinner, human behavior is controlled primarily by:

answer

External influences

question

Rats easily learn to associate nausea-producing radiation treatments with:

answer

Bitter tastes

question

An animal trainer is teaching a miniature poodle to balance on a ball. Initially, he gives the poodle a treat for approaching the ball, then only for placing its front paws not eh ball, and finally only for climbing on the ball. The grainer is using the method of:

answer

Successive approximations

question

Because of the discomfort and embarrassment associated with his childhood bedwetting Andrew becomes nervous whenever he has the urge to urinate. If genital arousal subsequently makes Andrew unusually anxious, this would best illustrate:

answer

Generalization

question

You would be most likely to use operant conditions to teach a dog to:

answer

Retrieve sticks and balls

question

In explaining juvenile delinquency, B.F. Skinner would most likely have emphasized:

answer

Faulty child rearing practices

question

Marly quit gambling after he lost over a thousand dollars betting on horse races. This best illustrates the effects of:

answer

Punishment

question

The idea that any perceivable neutral stimulus can serve as a CS was challenged by:

answer

Garcia and Koelling's findings on taste aversion in rats

question

The highest rate of operant responding are associated with the ___ schedule of reinforcement.

answer

Fixed ratio

question

On the 1st day of class Professor Smith tells her geography students that pop quizzes will be given at unpredictable times throughout the semester. Clearly, studying for Professor Smith's surprise quizzes will be enforced on a ____ schedule.

answer

Variable interval

question

Researchers condition a flatworm to contract its body to a light by repeatedly parting the light with electric shock. The stage in which the flatworm's contraction response to light is established and gradually strengthened is called:

answer

Acquisition

question

The predictability rather than the frequency of CS-UCS associations appear to be crucial for classical conditioning. This highlights the importance of ___ in conditioning.

answer

Cognitive processes

question

Extinction occurs when a ___ is no longer paired with a ___

answer

CS; UCS

question

In classical conditioning, the __ signals the impending occurrence of the ____

answer

CS; UCS

question

The introduction of a pleasant stimulus is to __ as the withdrawal of a pleasant stimulus is to ___

answer

Reinforcement; punishment

question

Jake is a carpet installer who wants to be paid for each square foot of carpet he lays rather than with an hourly wage. Jake prefers working on a ___ schedule of reinforcement.

answer

Fixed ratiob

question

Positive reinforcers ___ the rate of operant conditioning and negative reinforcers __- the rate of operant responding.

answer

Increase increase

question

Smoking, excessive drinking and drug abuse demonstrate our greater responsiveness to ___ reinforcement than to __ reinforcement

answer

Immediate delayed

question

Jeremy wears his baseball cap backwards because he noticed his older brother doe so. This illustrates the importance of: Correct Answer

answer

Modeling

question

Asking women for dates is most likely to be reinforced on a ___ schedule

answer

Variable ratio

question

A person adhering to the cognitive perspective would be likely to emphasize that classical conditioning depends on:

answer

an organism's expectation that a UCS will follow a CS

question

If a bell causes a dog to salivate because it has regularly been associated with the presentation of a food, the bell is called a(n):

answer

Conditioned stimulus

question

An executive in a computer firm works with his office door closed. At the same time every hour he opens the door to see what his employees are doing. The employees have learned to work especially hard during the 4 minutes before and while the door is open. Their work pattern is typical of responses that are reinforced on a ___ schedule

answer

Fixed interval

question

On the 1st day of class Professor Smith tells her geography students that pop quizzes will be given at unpredictable times throughout the semester. Clearly, studying for Professor Smith's surprise quizzes will be enforced on a ____ schedule.

answer

Variable interval

question

5 year old Tim is emotionally disturbed and has refused to communicate with anyone. To get him to speak, his teacher initially gives him candy for any utterance, then only for a clearly spoken word, and finally only for a complete sentence. Te teacher has used the method of:

answer

Shaping

question

Rhesus macaque monkey are more likely to reconcile after a fight if they grow up with forgiving older stump-tail macaque monkeys. This best illustrates the impact of:

answer

Observational learning

question

Watson and Rayner's study of Little Albert demonstrated how specific fears:

answer

May be produced through classical conditioning

question

According to Myers textbook, learning:

answer

Enables us to adapt to our environemnetn

question

Because Mr. Mike demonstrates appreciation only for classroom performance that is flawless, his students have become poor unmotivated learners. Mr. Mike most clearly needs to be informed of the value of:

answer

Shaping

question

An aversive consequence that decrease the recurrence of the behavior that precedes it is a:

answer

Punishment

question

A fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a(n):

answer

specified number of responses have been made

question

Watching the night sky for shooting stars is likely to be reinforced on a ___ schedule.

answer

Variable interval

question

John B. Watson believed that psychology should be the science o

answer

Observable behavior

question

Kathleen developed an intense fear of flying 5 years ago when she was in a plane crash. The fact that today she can fly again without distress indicates that her fear has undergone:

answer

Extinction

question

Which of the following is the best example of the over justification effect?

answer

Paul loses his former interest in playing the violin after his mother promises to pay him 50 cents for each hour of practice

question

Sarah's psychotherapist reminds her so much of her own father that she has many of the same mixed emotional reactions to him that she has to her own dad. Her reaction to her therapist best illustrate the importance of:

answer

Delayed reinforcement

question

When grocery shopping with his mother, 4 year old Hakim sometimes throws temper tantrums if his mother refuses his request for a particular snack food. Parent training experts would suggest that his mother should:

answer

continue shopping while ignoring Hakim's tantrums

question

An event that increase the frequency of the behavior that it follows is a(n):

answer

Reinforcer

question

Gamblers who insert coins in a slot machine are reinforced on a ___ schedule

answer

Variable ratio

question

Jacky is sexually aroused by the sight of her handsome boyfriend but not by the sight of her equally handsome brother. This best illustrates the value of:

answer

Discrimination

question

If rats are allowed to wander through a complicated maze, they will subsequently run the maze with few errors when a food reward is placed at the end. Their good performance demonstrates:

answer

Latent learning

question

Children learn to fear spiders more easily than they learn to fear guns. This best illustrates the impact of ___ on learning.

answer

Biological predisposition

question

Last year, Dr. Sears cleaned Nancy's skin with rubbing alcohol prior to administering each of a series of painful rabies vaccination shots. Which of the following processes accounts for the fact that Nancy currently becomes fearful every time she smells rubbing alcohol?

answer

Classical conditioning

question

A Skinner box is a

answer

chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a reinforcer

question

The predictability rather than the frequency of CS-UCS associations appear to be crucial for classical conditioning. This highlights the importance of ___ in conditioning.

answer

Cognitive processes

question

After a week at college, Su-Chuan has formed a mental representation of the layout of the campus and no longer gets lost. Su-Chuan has developed a :

answer

Cognitive map

question

Nikki has learned to expect the sound of thunder whenever she sees a flash of lightning. This suggests that associative learning involves:

answer

Cognitive processes

question

Experiments have shown that children who are promised a payoff for playing with an interesting toy subsequently lose interest in the toy. These experiments provide an example of:

answer

The over justification effect

question

Garcia and Koelling's studies of taste aversion in rats demonstrated that classical conditioning is constrained by:

answer

Biological predisposition

question

Which of the following is an unconditioned response?

answer

Run through a maze to get food

question

Who would be most likely to emphasize the importance of observational learning?

answer

Bandura

question

Pavlov attached miniature vibrators to various parts of a dog's body in order to demonstrate the process of:

answer

Generalization

question

Operant behavior is to ___ associations as respondent behavior is to ___ associations.

answer

Response, stimlus; stimlus, stimlus

question

Smoking, excessive drinking and drug abuse demonstrate our greater responsiveness to ___ reinforcement than to __ reinforcement

answer

Immediate delayed

question

In a well-known experiment, nurse school children pounded and kicked a large inflated Bobo doll that an adult had just beaten on. This experiment served to illustrate the importance of:

answer

Observational learning

question

The occurrence of spontaneous recovery suggests that during extinction the __ is ___.

answer

CR; suppressed

question

It's easier to train a pigeon to peck a disk for a food reward than to flap its wings for a food reward. This illustrates the importance of ___ in learning

answer

Biological predispositions

question

Which of the following is the best example of a conditioned reinforcer?

answer

Applause for an excellent piano recital

question

Dan and Joel, both 4 years old, have been watching reruns of "Superman" on television. Joel's mother recently found the boys standing on the garage roof, ready to try flying. What best accounts for the boys behavior?

answer

Observational learning

question

Every Saturday morning Arnold quickly washes the family's breakfast dishes so that his father will allow him to wash his car. In this instance, washing the car is a(n):

answer

Positive reinforcer

question

Studies of latent learning highlight the importance of:

answer

Cognitive processes

question

The ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus is called:

answer

Discrimination

question

A geometric figure is most likely to become sexually arousing if presented shortly ___ an appropriate ___

answer

Before; UCS

question

Which of the following is LEAST likely to be considered an important component of effective student instruction involving the use of interactive software?

answer

Operant conditioning

question

In which form of learning is behavior said to be influenced by consequences?

answer

Operant conditioning

question

For several years Ruth played softball for the sheer enjoyment of the game. Her loss of intrinsic interest in playing after being recruited by a professional team for $100 a game best illustrates:

answer

The over justification

question

Megan fails to see any connection between how hard she works and the size of her annual pay raises. Consequently, she puts little effort into her job even though she strongly desires sizable pay increase. This best illustrates the importance of__ in the operant conditioning of work habits.

answer

Cognitive processes

question

A real estate agent showed Henry several pictures of lakeshore property while they were eating a delicious, mouth-watering meal. Later, when Henry was given a tour of the property, he drooled with delight. For Henry, the lakeshore property was a

answer

CS

question

Months after she was raped, Mary's heart pounds with fear merely at the sight of the apartment in which she was attacked. This best illustrates:

answer

Delayed reinforcement

question

Response-stimulus associations are to ___ as a stimulus-stimulus associations are to ___.

answer

Operant conditioning; classical conditioning

question

Studies of latent learning highlight the importance of:

answer

Cognitive processes

question

B.F. Skinner's critics have claimed that he neglected the importance of the individual's:

answer

Personal freedom

question

After pigs learned to pick up and deposit wooden coins in a piggy bank, the pigs subsequently dropped the coins repeatedly and pushed them with their snouts. This best illustrates the importance of ___ in operant conditioning.

answer

Biological predisposition

question

In order to quickly teach a dog to roll over on command, you would be best advised to use __ rather than __.

answer

Immediate reinforcement; delayed reinforcement

question

Humans most easily develop a conditioned aversion to alcohol if its taste is associated with a(n):

answer

Nausea producing food

question

In Aldous Huxley's "Brave New World", infants develop a fear of books after books are repeatedly presented with a loud noise. In this fictional example, the loud noise is a(n):

answer

Unconditioned stimulus

question

After learning to fear a white rat, Little Albert responded with fear to the sight of a rabbit. This best illustrates the process of:

answer

Generalization

question

B.F. Skinner believed that teaching machines could promote effective learning because

answer

Shaping and immediate reinforcement

question

Resistance to extinction is most strongly encouraged by __ reinforcement

answer

Intermittent

question

According to B.F. Skinner, human behavior is controlled primarily by:

answer

External influences

question

John By. Watson considered himself to be a(n)

answer

Behaviorist

question

Jake is a carpet installer who wants to be paid for each square foot of carpet he lays rather than with an hourly wage. Jake prefers working on a ___ schedule of reinforcement.

answer

Fixed ratio

question

The predictability rather than the frequency of CS-UCS associations appear to be crucial for classical conditioning. This highlights the importance of ___ in conditioning.

answer

Cognitive processes

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