Chapter 8 Quality Management – Flashcards
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Gold Plating
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Giving the customers extras i.e extra functionality, extra scopte etc.
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Prevention over Inspection
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Quality must be planned in not INSPECTED IN!!!
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Marginal Analysis
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Looking for the point where the benefits or revenue to be received from improving quality equals the incremental cost to achieve that quality. i.e sometimes added attention to something like quality does not always produce added value. When that point is reached stop trying to improve quality
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Continuous Improvement = (Kaizen)
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Continuously looking for small improvements in quality. Kai - to alter zen - make better or improve.
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Just in Time (JIT)
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Forces attention on quality. Having materials delivered when needed or shortly before. High level of quality practices not enough material for waste or rework
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Total Quality Management (TQM)
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Focuses on finding ways to continuously improve the quality of their products and business practices at every level of the organization
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Responsibility for Quality
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Pm has the ultimate responsibility for the quality of the product. Each team member must check his/her work.
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Impact of Poor quality
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Increased cost decreased profit low morale low customer sat increased risk rework schedule delays
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Differences between Plan Quality management Perform Quality Assurance Control Quality
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Plan Quality Management - Focuses on defining quality for the project and planning how it will be achieved. Perform Quality Assurance - Executing process, focus on work being done. Ensure the team is following organizational policies, standards, and processes. The PM can evaluate if processes need improvement Control Quality - M&C process Examines the actual deliverable. Ensure the deliverables are correct and meet the planned level of quality. find the source of problems and provide recommendations.
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Plan Quality Management
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PM needs org process assets, enterprise env factors, stakeholder register, requirements doc, and risk register. Identify all relevant organizational or industry practices, standards, and requirements for the quality of the project. Then plan how to meet those quality standards. Main result is the quality management plan
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United nations Convention on Contracts for International Sale of Goods (CISG)
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Standard that governs international sales transactions
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ISO 9000
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Created by International Organization for Standardization (ISO) to help ensure that organizations have quality procedures and that they follow them. Does NOT tell you what quality should be or recommend a system.
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Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
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Sets standards for the safety of American workers
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Cost Benefit Analysis
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PM weighs the benefits versus the cost of quality efforts to determine the appropriate quality level and requirements for the project.
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Cost of Quality (COQ)
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Making sure the project is not spending too much to achieve a particular level of quality. The cost of conformance should be lower than the cost of noncomformance.
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7 Quality tools 7QC
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Cause and Effect diagram Flowchart Checksheet Pareto diagram Histogram Control Chart Scatter diagram
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Cause and Effect Diagram (fishbone/Ishikawa)
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Is it better to fix a defect or get the root cause of the defect? 1. A creative way to look at the cause of a problem or to identify the best way to plan and clarify the definition of quality 2. Helps stimulate thinking, organize thoughts, and generate discussions 3. Can be used to explore the factors that will result in a desired future outcome.
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Flowchart (process map)
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Shows how a process or system flows from beginning to end. how the elements inter relate, alternative paths, inputs/outputs, Can be used in all 2 Quality Management processes Plan Quality Management Control Quality Management
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Checksheet (Tally sheet)
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Checklist that can be used to keep track of data such as quality problems uncovered during inspections. Used in Plan QM and in Control Quality. primary purpose is to gather data. I.e how often a defect occurs.
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Quality checklist
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May be a list of items to inspect or steps to be performed. used to verify a required action has taken place or has been included.
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Pareto Diagram (Pareto Chart)
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Bar chart that arranges the results from most frequent to least frequent to help identify which root causes are resulting in the most problems. ** 1. Help focus attention on the most critical issues 2. Prioritize potential "causes" of the problems 3. Separate the critical few from the uncritical many
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Pareto principle (80/20)
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80% of problems are due to 20% of the root causes.
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Histogram
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Displays in bars or columns. Helps Identify which problems are worth dealing with. Presents data in no particular order and w/o reference to time.
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Control Chart
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SET UP in Plan QM to define quality on the project. Determine mean, specification limits, and control limits. USED in Control Quality to help determine if the results of a process are within acceptable limits. Can be used to monitor project performance figures such as cost and schedule variance. Most commonly it monitors production and other processes to see if the results are within acceptable limits. (in control).
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Upper and Lower Control Limits
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* Two dashed lines on a control chart (acceptable range) Indicate what is stable versus unstable Normally calculated on a +/- 3 sigma or standard dev but can go as high as +/- 6 sigma * Data points outside this range are thought to be out of control
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Mean (Average)
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Indicated by a line in the middle of the control chart. middle of the range of acceptable variation.
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Specification limits
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Represent the customers expectations or contractual requirements for performance and quality. inputs from the customer. Control limits must be stricter than the specification limits. Spec limits are outside of the upper and lower control limits. = better quality than what is req'd by the customer.
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Out of Control
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Process is out of control when either two things happen 1. Data point falls outside the upper and lower control limits. 2. There are non random data points these may be w/in the upper and lower control limits.
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Rule of Seven
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process is out of control if 7 non random data points inside the upper and lower control limits that are all on one side of the mean.
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Assignable cause/Special Cause Variation
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Signifies that a process is out of control. A data point or series of data points falls outside the control limits and requires investigation to determine the cause of the variation.
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Scatter Diagram (Correlation Chart)
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Tracks 2 variables to determine their relationship. Regression/trend line is calculated to show the correlation of variables and can then be used for estimation and forecasting.
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Benchmarking
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Looking at other projects to get ideas for improvement on the current project and provide a basis for measuring quality performance.
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Design of Experiments (DOE)
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Experimentation to determine statistically what variables will improve quality. Fast and accurate
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Statistical Sampling
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Taking a sampling to inspect. Done if Individual sampling takes too long, costs too much, or is destructive. Sample size and frequency are determined in the Plan QM process actual sampling is done in the control Quality process.
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SiX Sigma and standard deviation
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How much variance from the mean. 1 sigma = 68.27% 3 sigma = 99.73% 6 sigma = 99.99999998%
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Outputs of Plan Quality Management
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* Quality Management Plan * Quality metrics * Quality checklist * Process Improvement Plan * Project Management Plan and Project Updates
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Quality Audits
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Check standard processes, policies, practices are being followed and looking for new lessons learned etc.
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Affinity diagrams
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Can help organize and group results of a root cause analysis.
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Tree Diagrams
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Useful for decision analysis. organize data map out relationships and decompose processes to find a solution.
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Process Decision Program Charts (PDPC)
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Typically used in conjunction with tree diagrams. Decompose a goals into the steps required to achieve it.
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Interrelationship Diagraphs
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Allows you to see and analyze the relationships among numerous different issues.
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Matrix Diagrams
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Used for Data analysis. Visual representation of the relationship between two or more sets of items.
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Prioritization Matrices
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Matrix diagram that is useful for decision analysis about process improvement and quality management plan components that need to change.
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Outputs of Perform Quality Assurance
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* Change requests including recommended corrective and preventative actions and defect repair * Updated standards, processes, and quality systems * Updated PM plan and project documents.
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Control Quality Process
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Ensuring a certain level of quality in a deliverable whether it be a product, service, or result. Control = measure. measures to see if products/services meet quality standards Helps insure customer acceptance confirming and documenting the achievement of agreed to requirments
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* Mutual Exclusivity
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Two events are said to be mutually exclusive if they cannot both occur in a single trial. i.e flipping a coin once cannot result in both a head and tail.
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*Probability
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likelihood that something will occur. usually a decimal or fraction on a scale to one.
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* Normal Distribution
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Bell Curve used to measure variation. Probability density distribution
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* Statistical Independance
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Probability of one even occurring does not affect the probability of another event occurring. i.e The probability of rolling a six on a die is statistically independent from the probability of getting a five on the next roll.
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* Control Quality Tools and Techniques
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* Cause and Affect Diagram * Flow chart * Checksheet * Pareto Diagram * Histogram * Control chart * Scatter Diagram Plan Quality Management uses these tools to define quality. Control Quality uses these tools to make sure standards have been met or evaluate how to solve a quality problem
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Outputs of Control Quality
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* Measurements * Validated Changes * Work Performance Info * Updates to the project Management Plan and Plan docs * Change requests including recommended corrective and preventative actions and defect repair * Lessons Learned * Verified deliverables
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