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Adoption

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A legal proceeding in which an adult or couple unrelated to a child is granted the joys and obligations of being that child's parent(s).

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Myelination

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The process by which axons become coated with myelin, a fatty substance that speeds the transmission of nerve impulses from neuron to neuron.

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Amygdala

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A tiny brain structure that registers emotions, particularly fear and anxiety.

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Perseveration

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The tendency to persevere in, or stick to, one thought or action for a long time.

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Child neglect

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Failure to meet a child's basic physical, educational, or emotional needs.

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Child maltreatment

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Intentional harm to or avoidable endangerment of anyone under 18 years of age.

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Child abuse

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Deliberate action that is harmful to a child's physical, emotional, or sexual well-being.

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Tertiary prevention

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Actions, such as immediate and effective medical treatment, that are taken after an adverse event (such as illness or injury) occurs and that are aimed at reducing the harm or preventing disability.

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Lateralization

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Literally, sidedness, referring to the specialization in certain functions by each side of the brain, with one side dominant for each activity. The left side of the brain controls the right side of the body, and vice versa.

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Hypothalamus

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A brain area that responds to the amygdala and the hippocampus to produce hormones that activate other parts of the brain and body.

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Hippocampus

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A brain structure that is a central processor of memory, especially memory for locations.

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Kinship care

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A form of foster care in which a relative of a maltreated child, usually a grandparent, becomes the approved caregiver.

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Secondary prevention

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Actions that avert harm in a high-risk situation, such as stopping a car before it hits a pedestrian.

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Foster care

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A legal, publicly supported system in which a maltreated child is removed from the parents' custody and entrusted to another adult or family, which is reimbursed for expenses incurred in meeting the child's needs.

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Primary prevention

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Actions that change overall background conditions to prevent some unwanted event or circumstance, such as injury, disease, or abuse.

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Corpus callosum

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A long, thick band of nerve fibers that connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain and allows communication between them.

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Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

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An anxiety disorder that develops as a delayed reaction to having experienced or witnessed a profoundly shocking or frightening event, such as rape, severe beating, war, or natural disaster. Its symptoms may include flashbacks to the event, hyperactivity and hypervigilance, displaced anger, sleeplessness, nightmares, sudden terror or anxiety, and confusion between fantasy and reality.

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Substantiated maltreatment

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Harm or endangerment that has been reported, investigated, and verified.

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Permanency planning

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An effort by child welfare authorities to find a long-term living situation that will provide stability and support for a maltreated child. A goal is to avoid repeated changes of caregiver or school, which can be particularly harmful to the child.

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Reported maltreatment

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Harm or endangerment about which someone has notified the authorities.

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Injury control/harm reduction

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Practices that are aimed at anticipating, controlling, and preventing dangerous activities; these practices reflect the beliefs that accidents are not random and that injuries can be made less harmful if proper controls are in place.

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Lower at age 5 than at any other age in the life span.

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The body mass index (BMI, the ratio of weight to height):

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Underweight

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A 2004 study of 2-to 4-year-olds from low-income families living in New York City found many children were:

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Tooth decay

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According to the text, what is the most common disease of young children in developed nations?

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The "just-right" phenomenon.

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When a young child insists that his or her potatoes be placed on a certain part of the dinner plate, he or she is exhibiting:

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75 percent

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The 2-year-old brain weighs ___ percent of what it will weigh in adulthood.

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Sidedness

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Another term for lateralization is:

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Myelination of the corpus callosum

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Which of the following most directly contributes to improved motor coordination in early childhood?

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The left half of the body

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Which of the following is controlled by the left half of the brain?

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More regular sleep.

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One of the benefits of the maturation of the prefrontal cortex that occurs from the ages of 2 to 6 is:

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Hypothalamus

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The ____ produces hormones that activate other parts of the brain and body.

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Pumping a swing.

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An example of a gross motor skill is:

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Peers.

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According to Sociocultural theory, children learn gross motor skills best from:

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Accidents.

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The most common cause of death in childhood is:

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After

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Tertiary prevention begins ____ an injury.

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40 and 50; 3 1/2

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By age 6, the average child in a developed nation weighs between ___ pounds and is at least ___ feet tall.

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Iron, zinc, and calcium.

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The major nutritional deficit in early childhood in DEVELOPED countries is insufficient:

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Refers to young children's insistence on routine.

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The "just-right" phenomenon:

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3.

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A child's insistence on routine typically peaks at around age:

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90 percent

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By age 6 the brain weighs ___ percent of what it will weigh in adulthood.

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Corpus callosum

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The ____ allows communication between the two hemispheres of the brain.

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Lateralization.

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The specialization in certain functions by each side of the brain is:

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Use both sides of the brain for all cognitive functions.

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Most people:

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Prefrontal cortex

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Which area is said to be the "executive" of the brain?

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Impulsiveness.

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Perseveration is the opposite of:

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Motor skills.

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Environmental hazards such as pollution interfere with the development of ____.

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Appropriate controls can minimize harm.

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Which of these statements is consistent with the notion of injury control?

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Primary

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Laws limiting the number of baby aspirins per container are an example of ____ prevention.

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Usually perpetrated by the child's parents.

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We recognize today that child abuse or maltreatment is:

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Decrease financial instability.

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A primary-prevention measure to reduce child abuse would be to:

Chapter 8: Early Childhood: Biosocial Development – Flashcards

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