Chapter 7: Cognition, Language, and Intelligence – Flashcards
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mental representations of categories of objects, situations, and ideas that belong together based on their central features or characteristics
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Concepts
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mental activity associated with coming to a decision, reaching a solution, forming a belief, or developing an attitude
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Thinking
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the mental representations of categories that are created through rigid and logical rules, or features
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formal concepts
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the mental representations of categories that are created through daily life
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natural concepts
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the ideal or most representative example of a natural concept
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prototype
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the mental activity associated with obtaining, converting, and using knowledge.
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cognition
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meaning reaction time, the amount of time that elapses between an event and a person's response to that event
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RT
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which represent the broadest category, encompassing all the objects belonging to a concept.
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subordinate concepts
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the variety of approaches that can be used to achieve a goal
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problem solving
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the process of finding a solution through a series of attempts
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trial and error
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Problem-solving approaches that incorporate a rule of thumb or broad application of a strategy.
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heuristics
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represents an understanding that occurs in a sudden stroke of clarity
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insight
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A barrier to problem solving that occurs when familiar objects can only be imagined to function in their normal or usual way
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functional fixedness
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an approach to problem solving using a formula, or set of rules, that, if followed, ensures a solution
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algorithm
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Heuristic used to determine how to decrease the distance between a goal (the means) and the current status, leading to the solution of a problem (the end).
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means-ends analysis
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The cognitive process of choosing from alternatives that might be used to reach a goal
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decision making
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A decision-making strategy that predicts the likelihood of something happening based on how easily a similar type of event from the past can be recalled.
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availability heuristic
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A decision-making strategy used to evaluate the degree to which the primary characteristics of a person or situation are similar to our prototype of that person or situation
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representative heuristic
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The tendency to look for evidence that upholds our beliefs and overlook evidence that runs counter to them.
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confirmation bias
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Occurs when the wording of questions or the context of a problem influences the outcome of a decision.
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framing effect
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The basic building blocks of spoken language.
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phonemes
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The fundamental units that bring meaning to language.
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Morphemes
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The collection of rules concerning where to place words or phrases
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syntax
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The rules associated with word and sentence structure.
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grammar
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The rules used to bring meaning to words and sentences.
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semantics
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social rules that help to organize language.
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pragmatics
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A system for using symbols to think and communicate.
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language
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Innate ability to solve problems, adapt to the environment, and learn from experiences.
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intelligence
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Scientist Mathematician Sensitivity to, and capacity to discern, logical or numerical patterns; ability to handle long chains of reasoning.
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Logical-mathematical
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Poet Journalist Sensitivity to the sounds, rhythms, and meanings of words; sensitivity to the different functions of language.
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Linguistic
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Composer Violinist Abilities to produce and appreciate rhythm, pitch, and timbre; appreciation of the forms of musical expressiveness.
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Musical
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Navigator Sculptor Capacities to perceive the visual-spatial world accurately and to perform transformations on one's initial perceptions.
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Spatial
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Dancer Athlete Abilities to control one's body movements and to handle objects skillfully.
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Bodily-kinesthetic
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Therapist Salesman Capacities to discern and respond appropriately to the moods, temperaments, motivations, and desires of other people.
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Interpersonal
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Person with detailed, accurate self-knowledge Access to one's own feelings and the ability to discriminate among them and draw upon them to guide behavior; knowledge of one's own strengths, weaknesses, desires, and intelligences.
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Intrapersonal
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Sternberg's theory suggesting that humans have varying degrees of analytical, creative, and practical abilities.
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triarchic theory of intelligence
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An individual's potential for learning.
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aptitude
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Acquired knowledge, or representing what has been learned.
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achievement
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A score representing the mental abilities of an individual in relation to others of a similar chronological age.
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mental age (MA)
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A score from an intelligence assessment; originally based on mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100.
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intelligence quotient (IQ)
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The degree to which an assessment measures what it intends to measure.
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validity
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The ability of an assessment to provide consistent, reproducible results.
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reliability
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Occurs when test developers administer a test to a large sample and then publish the average scores for specified groups.
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standardization
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Depicts the frequency of values of a variable along a continuum; bell-shaped symmetrical distribution, with the highest point reflecting the average score.
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normal curve
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Highly intelligent; defined as having an IQ score of 130 or above.
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gifted
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the capacity to perceive, understand, regulate, and use emotions to adapt to social situations.
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emotional intelligence
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The degree to which hereditary factors (genes) are responsible for a particular characteristic observed within a population; the proportion of variation in a characteristic attributed to genetic factors.
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Heritability
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In problem solving, the ability to construct valuable results in innovative ways; the ability to generate original ideas.
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creativity
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The ability to devise many solutions to a problem; a component of creativity.
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divergent thinking
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A conventional approach to problem solving that focuses on finding a single best solution to a problem by using previous experience and knowledge.
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convergent thinking
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assessments designed to minimize cultural bias
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culture-fair intelligence test
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ability to refer to things not present
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displacement
