Chapter 6 The Science of Prevention – Flashcards

1. Which was the leading cause of death in the United States in 1900? A) Major cardiovascular-renal disease B) Influenza and pneumonia C) Tuberculosis D) Gastritis, duodenitis, enteritis, and colitis

2. Who first described pulmonary tuberculosis in detail? A) Hippocrates of Cos B) Aretaeus the Cappadocian C) Claudius Galen D) Susruta

3. Who is considered the first epidemiologist? A) Hippocrates of Cos B) Aretaeus the Cappadocian C) Claudius Galen D) Susruta

4. Which occurs in the epidemiologic process that is similar to the diagnosis phase of the nursing process? A) Data are gathered from reliable sources B) Healthcare needs and assets are identified C) Goals and objectives for care are established D) A tentative hypothesis is formulated

5. Who in the history of epidemiology developed mortality surveillance systems, addressed basic epidemiologic concepts, and is considered the founder of modern statistics? A) William Farr B) John Graunt C) Florence Nightingale D) John Snow

6. Which most accurately describes how disease patterns have changed from 1900 to the present? A) Morbidity and mortality from infectious diseases have increased. B) Morbidity and mortality from unintentional injuries have decreased. C) Morbidity and mortality from chronic degenerative conditions have decreased. D) Morbidity and mortality from noninfectious diseases have increased.

7. The community health nurse knows that early attempts to understand illness and disease focused on the study of the experiences of individual people. Using this knowledge, how would the nurse define epidemiology to a group of nursing students? A) An outbreak that occurs when there is an increased incidence of a disease beyond that which is normally found in the population B) Model based on the belief that health status is determined by the interaction of the characteristics of the host, agent, and environment C) Study of the distribution and determinants of states of health and illness in human populations D) Epidemiologic model that strongly emphasizes the concept of multiple causation while de-emphasizing the role of agents in explaining illness

8. Which most accurately defines "rate"? A) Course of a disease or condition from the onset to resolution B) Primary measurement used to describe either the occurrence or the existence of a specific state of health or illness C) Probability or likelihood that a disease or illness will occur in a group of people who presently do not have the problem D) Characteristic or event that has been shown to increase the probability that a specific disease or illness will develop

9. Who was one of the first people to study patterns of disease in populations and analyzed the weekly reports of births and deaths in London, the results of these analyses becoming the precursor of modern vital statistics? A) William Farr B) John Graunt C) Florence Nightingale D) John Snow

10. Who was the best known epidemiologist of the 19th century and used population data and personal observations to investigate the epidemic of cholera that occurred from 1848 through 1854? A) William Farr B) John Graunt C) Florence Nightingale D) John Snow

11. In researching cases of West Nile virus in the community, the nurse explores how the interactions among people infected with this virus, mosquitoes, and the environment they share contribute to outbreaks of this disease. Which epidemiologic model is used in this case? A) Epidemiologic triad B) Wheel of causation C) Web of causation D) Natural history

12. The nurse explores all of the possible factors that contribute to coronary artery disease in the community as links in multiple interrelated chains. Which epidemiologic models is the nurse using? A) Epidemiologic triad B) Wheel of causation C) Web of causation D) Natural history

13. The community health nurse addresses an outbreak of viral spinal meningitis in the community. Referring to Leavell and Clark's natural history of disease model, which example of tertiary prevention might the nurse consider in this situation? A) Initiate vaccinations for all people who have not yet been infected. B) Familiarize yourself with the signs and symptoms of the disease so that you can provide early diagnosis and treatment of it. C) Encourage any who think they might have symptoms of the disease to come to the community health clinic to be assessed as soon as possible, to prevent associated disabilities. D) Refer clients who have experienced neurological deficits because of the disease to a neurologist to begin rehabilitation.

14. Which occurs in the epidemiologic process that is similar to the implementation phase of the nursing process? A) Data are gathered from reliable sources B) Actions are initiated to carry out the plan C) Actions are evaluated and report prepared D) Further research is conducted if necessary

15. Which best describes a risk factor? A) Course of a disease or condition from the onset to resolution B) Primary measurement used to describe either the occurrence or the existence of a specific state of health or illness C) Probability or likelihood that a disease or illness will occur in a group of people who presently do not have the problem D) Characteristic or event that has been shown to increase the probability that a specific disease or illness will develop

16. Which represents the correct order of the three stages of the natural history of disease? A) Pathological onset, manifestation of clinical disease, presymptomatic B) Presymptomatic, pathological onset, manifestation of clinical disease C) Pathological onset, presymptomatic, manifestation of clinical disease D) Manifestation of clinical disease, presymptomatic, pathological onset

17. The nurse has been requested to investigate the outbreak of H1N1 in the community. In documenting the outbreak, which should be included in its description? Select all that apply. A) The names of all people who have been infected by the virus B) The geographical area within which the outbreak has occurred C) A brief history of all of the other viral outbreaks that have occurred in the community in recent years D) The time of onset and duration of the outbreak E) The anticipated economic impact of the outbreak on the community

18. In researching an outbreak of malaria in the developing nation where the nurse currently works, the nurse decides to not focus on the role of mosquitoes in transmitting the disease but on how the physical environment of the community, biological aspects of the community, and social customs interact to affect the prevalence of this disease. Which epidemiological model is the nurse using? A) Epidemiologic triad B) Wheel of causation C) Web of causation D) Natural history

19. The nurse is in charge of the flu vaccination program in the community. Which actions should the nurse take when planning and evaluating this program? Select all that apply. A) Measure epidemiologic statistics before and after administering the flu shots. B) Plan and evaluate influenza vaccinations regularly. C) Interview clients regarding their perception of the effectiveness of the vaccinations and use these data in planning future vaccinations. D) As new data regarding influenza vaccinations become available, modify the intervention accordingly. E) Evaluate the success of your program by comparing its results with those in other communities.

20. Who used statistics to improve public health in England? A) William Farr B) John Graunt C) Florence Nightingale D) John Snow

21. You have heard rumors in the hospital where you work of an Ebola outbreak in your community and you would like to investigate it further. Which of the following should be your first step in the investigation? A) Identify the names of the people infected by the virus B) Formulate and test hypotheses as to the most probable causative factors C) Implement a plan for control of the outbreak D) Establish the existence of the outbreak