Chapter 6-The French Revolution and Napoleon (study guide) – Flashcards
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France's Three Estates
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First Estates:made up of the clergy-church, second estates:made up of the nobles, third estate:made up of the vast majority of the population.
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Estates General
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legislative body consisting of representatives of the three-estates.
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bastille
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a grim medieval fortress used as a prison for political and other prisoners.
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national assembly
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After Claiming to represent the people of France, the Third Estate declared themselves to be...?
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declaration of the rights of man
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The assembly issued this ...all men were "born and remain free and equal in rights". They enjoyed natural rights of "liberty, property,security, and resistance to oppression."
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national convention
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New legislative body called by the Third Estate(radicals).
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nationalism
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a strong feelings of pride in and devotion to one's country.
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napoleonic code
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laws that embodies Enlightenment principles such as the equality of all citizens before the law, religious toleration, and abolition of feudalism.
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bourgeoisie
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the middle class, part of the Third Estate but sat at the top of them all.
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scorched earth policy
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*A military tactic*; in which Russian *soldiers* retreated eastward, *burning crops and villages in their path*, leaving the French hungry and cold as winter came. Napoleon realized he wasn't able to feed and supple his army through the long Russian winter, Forcing him to turn homewards.
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battle of the nations
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Russia, Britain, Austria, and Prussia all went against a weakened France. Defeating Napoleon in the Battle of the Nations at Leipzig.
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battle of waterloo
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British forces under the Duke of Wellington and a Prussian army commanded by General Blucher crushed the French in an agonizing day-long battle.
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congress of Vienna
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assembly of European leaders that met after the Napoleonic era to piece Europe back together
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tennis court oath
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oath made by the Third Estate in which, They swore "never to separate and to meet whenever the circumstances might require until we have established a sound and just constitution"
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reign of terror
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time period during the French Revolution; when people in France were arrested for not supporting the revolution and many more were executed (7 thousand).
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guillotine
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device used during the Reign of Terror to execute thousands by beheading.
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Marseilles
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French port city; troops marched to a patriotic song as they marched from city, the song eventually became the French national anthem.
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continental system
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blockade designed by Napoleon to hurt Britain economically by closing European ports to British goods; ultimately unsuccessful.
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Concert of Europe
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European powers met periodically to discuss any problems affecting the peace of Europe.
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Louis XVI
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a well-meaning but weak and indecisive man. Who summoned the Estates-General to meet at Versailles. Later in prisoned and executed by the radicals.
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Jacques Necker
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a financial expert(advisor), who urged the king to reduce extravagant court spending, reform government, and abolish burdensome tariffs on internal trade. He proposed to tax 1st and 2nd estates,but the nobles and high clergy forced the king to dismiss him.
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Marquis de Lafayette
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an aristocratic "hero of two worlds", who fought along side George Washington in the American Revolution. He led the National Guard, In response to the arrival of royal troops in Paris.
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Olympe de Gouges
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a journalist demanded equal rights in her Declaration of the Rights of Woman and Female Citizen. She proclaimed "and her rights are the same as those men". "all citizens, be men or women, being equal in the state's eyes, must be equally eligible for all public offices, positions, and jobs". Later in the revolution , women met with resistance for expressing their views in public, and many, including Gouges, were imprisoned and executed.
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Marie Antoinette
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Austrian-born queen (daughter of Maria Theresa, and brother of Joseph II). Lived a life of great pleasure and extravagance, this led to further public unrest. She was against reform and bored with the French court. She refused to leave Versailles until the king met their most important demand-to return to Paris. She was executed after her husband Louis XVI.
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Emigres
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they were nobles who fled France and wanted to end the Revolution.
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Sans-culottes
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Working class men and women who were wage earners and shopkeepers wanted change and a voice in government.
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Jacobins
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members of a radical political club during the French Revolution. Mostly middle-class lawyers, or intellectuals.
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Robespierre
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A shrewd lawyer and politician,who rose to the leadership of the Committee of Pubic Safety. His selfless dedication to the revolution earned him the nickname "incorruptible". He promoted religious toleration and wanted to abolish slavery. He was one of the chief architects of the Reign of Terror. Members of the Convention turned on the Committee of Public Safety, arresting Robespierre and executing him the next day.
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Napoleon
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a popular military hero who had won a series of brilliant victories against the Austrians in Italy.
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What impact did Enlightenment ideas have on the French Revolution?
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It Planted ideas such as equality(the feeling that everyone should have say in the government),liberty(everyone should have natural rights), progress(ideas that moving ahead as society is important),and reason(research instead of just relying on the bible for answers).
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What caused discontent in France?
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-Unequal representation of the Third estate -taxation -Lack of food and lack of representatives - 1st and 2nd estates' better benefits -high prices -business failing and unemployment.
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Why was the committee of Public Safety created?
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To help deal with the treats being made towards France.
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How were the French and American declaration similar?
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-They were written 15 years from one another -It contained freedom of speech,freedom of expression, and freedom of election. -It contained ideas from the philosophers.
