question

Domestic

answer

Concerning the internal affairs of a country. "It was convulsed... by foreign wars and domestic strife..."

question

Minister

answer

In politics, a person appointed by the dead of state to take charge of some department of agency of government. "France blossomed... led by a series of brilliant ministers..."

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Autocratic

answer

Marked by strict authoritarian rule, without consent of participation by the populace. "This royal regime was almost completely autocratic,"

question

Peasant

answer

A farmer or agricultural laborer, sometimes legally tied to the land and owing obligations to local nobles or gentry. "Landowning French peasants... had little economic motive to move."

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Coureurs des Bois

answer

French-Canadian fur trappers; literally, "runners of the woods." "These colorful coureurs des bois... were also runners of risks..."

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Voyageurs

answer

French-Canadian explorers, adventurers, and traders. "Singing, paddle-swinging French voyageurs also recruited Indians..."

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Flotilla

answer

A fleet of boats, usually smaller vessels. "The Indian fur flotilla... numbered four hundred canoes."

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Ecological

answer

Concerning the relations between the biological organisms and their environment. "... they all but extinguished the beaver population in many areas, inflicting incalculable ecological damage."

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Mutinous

answer

Concerning revolt by subordinate soldiers or seamen against their commanding officers. "But he failed to find the Mississippi delta,... and was murdered by his mutinous men."

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Strategic

answer

Concerning the placement and planned movement of large-scale forces so as to gain political or military advantage in confrontation with the enemy. (By contrast, tactical refers to specific, variable, smaller-scale methods of waging conflict or achieving strategic objectives.) "Commanding the mouth of the Mississippi River, this strategic semitropical outpost also tapped the fur trade of the huge interior valley."

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Guerilla Warfare

answer

Unconventional combat waged by small military movements, usually hit and run tactics. "... so the combatants waged a kind of primitive guerilla warfare."

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Sallies (sally)

answer

In warfare, very rapid military movements, usually by small units, against an enemy force or position. "For their part the British colonists failed miserably in sallies against Quebec and Montreal

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Siege

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A military operation of surrounding and attacking a fortified place, often over a sustained period. "After a ten-hour siege he was forced to surrender..."

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Regulars

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Trained professional soldiers, as distinct form part-time militia or conscripts. "...they had fought bravely alongside the crack British regulars..."

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Commissions

answer

An official government certification granted a commanding rank in the armed forces. "... the British refused to recognize any American militia commission..."

question

French colonization was late developing because of the nations internal religious and political conflicts

answer

True

question

The French Empire in North America rested on an economic foundation of forestry and sugar production

answer

False

question

Early imperial conflicts in North America often saw the French and their Indian allies engaging in guerilla warfare against British frontier outposts.

answer

True

question

Colonists in British North America managed to avoid direct involvement in most of Britain's world wars until the French and Indian War.

answer

False

question

In the early seventeenth century, both France and England committed large regular forces to what they considered the crucial struggle for control of North America.

answer

False

question

George Washington's' battle at Fort Necessity substantially resolved the issue of control of the Ohio Valley

answer

False

question

The delegates to the Albany Congress demonstrated a strong desire to overcome differences among different colonies and to control their own affairs

answer

True

question

William Pitt's successful strategy was to concentrate British forces and focus on capturing the French different colonies and to control their own affairs.

answer

True

question

British regular troops under General Braddock succeeded in capturing the key French forts in the Ohio Valley

answer

True

question

The French and Indian War left France with only Louisiana as a remnant of its once-mighty North American empire.

answer

False

question

American soldiers gained new respect for British military men after the British success against the French.

answer

True

question

The American colonists enthusiastically united in patriotic support of the British cause against the French.

answer

False

question

The removal of the French threat made American colonist more secure and therefore less reliant on the mother country for protection

answer

True

question

A British commander used the biological warfare tactic of distributing blankets infected with smallpox to suppress Pontiac's Indian uprising

answer

True

question

The British government's attempt to prohibit colonial expansion across the Appalachian Mountains aroused colonial anger and defiance of the law.

answer

True

question

Compared with the English colonies in North America, New France was

answer

more autocratically governed

question

The expansion of New France occurred especially

answer

to the north of the original St. Lawrence River settlement, around Hudson's Bay

question

Colonial Americans were unhappy about the peace treaty of 1748 following the War of Jenkins's Ear because

answer

it returned the Louisburg fortress they had captured back to France.

question

The original cause of the French and Indian War was

answer

competition between French and English colonists for land in the Ohio River valley.

question

The British and Indian War eventually became part of the larger world conflict known as

answer

the Seven Years' War

question

Benjamin Franklin's attempt to create intercolonial unity Albany Congress resulted in

answer

rejection of the congress's proposal for colonial home rule by both London and by the individual colonies

question

The British forces suffered crushing early defeats in the French and Indian War under the overall command of

answer

General Braddock

question

The fundamental flaw in British strategy before William Pitt gained control of the London government was it

answer

tried to attack numerous French wilderness forts simultaneously instead of concentrating on the key French fortresses.

question

The decisive event in the French-British contest for North America was the

answer

British victory in the Battle of Quebec

question

Among the factors that tended to promote British colonists' intercolonial unity during the French and Indian War was

answer

their desire to seize French land.

question

The French and Indian War weakened interior Indian peoples like the Iroquois and Creeks by

answer

eliminating their most effective leaders

question

Perhaps the most enduring result of France's years of colonial rule in North America was

answer

a permanent French-Canadian minority in Quebec in Canada

question

The British Proclamation of 1763

answer

halted American westward settlement for several years

question

The French and Indian War created conflict between the British and the American Military because

answer

the Americans opposed the forced resettlement of French Acadians ("Cajuns") to Louisiana.

question

The most significant effect on the colonists of the French defeat in North America was

answer

to reduce the colonies' reliance on Britain for protection and increase their sense of independence

question

Hugenots

answer

French Protestants who were granted toleration by the Edict of Nantes in 1598 but not permitted to settle in New France

question

King Louis XVI

answer

Absolute French monarch who reigned for seventy-two years

question

Beaver

answer

Animal whose pelt provided great profits for the French empire and enhanced European fashion at enormous ecological cost

question

Jesuits

answer

Catholic religious order that explored the North American interior and sought to protect and convert Indians

question

Courers de bois

answer

Far-running, high living French fur trappers

question

Ear

answer

Part of a certain British naval officer's anatomy that set off an imperial war with Spain

question

Louisburg

answer

Strategic French fortress conquered by New England settlers, handed back to the French in 1748, and finally conquered again by the British in 1759

question

Ohio Valley

answer

Inland river territory, scene of fierce competition between the French and land-speculating English colonists

question

Germany

answer

Bloodiest European theater of the Seven Years' War, where Frederick the Great's troops grained French strength away from North America

question

Albany Congress

answer

Unification effort that Benjamin Franklin nearly led to success by his eloquent leadership and cartoon artistry

question

George Washington

answer

Military aide to British General Braddock who defended the frontier after Braddock's defeat

question

Quebec

answer

Fortress boldly and Successfully assaulted by General Wolfe, spelling doom for New France

question

Fredrick the Great

answer

Prussian king whose defeats of the French and others in Germany provided a key to the British victory in the Seven Years' War

question

Spain

answer

Allies of the French against the British, who continued to fight under Pontiac even after peace settlement in 1763

question

Seven Years' War

answer

The larger European struggle of which the French and Indian War was part

question

Samuel de Champlain

answer

The Father of New France, who established a crucial alliance with the Huron Indians

question

Robert de la Salle

answer

French empire builder who explored the Mississippi Basin and named it after his monarch

question

Albany

answer

Site of a meeting that proposed greater unity and home rule among Britain's North American colonies

question

War of Austrian Succession

answer

Conflict that started with the War of Jenkin's Ear and ended with the return of Louisbourg to France

question

Fort Duquesne

answer

Strategic French stronghold; later renamed after a great British statesman

question

George Washington

answer

Militia commander whose frontier skirmish in Pennsylvania touched off a world war

question

Benjamin Franklin

answer

Advocate of colonial unity at a 1754 meeting upstate New York

question

William Pitt

answer

Splendid British orator and organizer of the winning strategy against the French in North America

question

Plains of Abraham

answer

Strategic French outpost at the mouth of Mississippi

question

Seven Years' War

answer

Conflict that began with George Washington skirmish in Ohio and ended with the loss of France's North American empire

question

Pontiac

answer

Indian leader whose frontier uprising caused the British to attempt to limit colonial expansion

question

Proclamation of 1763

answer

British document that aroused colonial anger but failed to stop frontier expansion

question

New Orleans

answer

Site of the death of Generals Wolfe and Montcalm, where France's New World empire also perished

question

Acadians (Cajuns)

answer

French colonists in Nova Scotia brutally uprooted by the victorious British and shipped to Louisiana

question

The French fur trade

answer

Decimated beaver population while spreading the French empire

question

The four world wars between 1688

answer

Were echoed by four small wars between French and British subjects in North America

question

Competition for land and furs in the Ohio Valley

answer

Prompted widespread Indian assaults on the weakly defended colonial frontier

question

The summoning of the Albany Congress by the British

answer

Represented the first major attempt at intercolonial unity

question

William Pitt's assumption of control of British government and strategy

answer

Resulted in decisive French defeat and British domination of North America

question

Wolfe's victory over Montcalm at Quebec

answer

Ended a string of defeats and turned the French and Indian War in Britain's favor

question

The colonial militia's military success in the French and Indian War

answer

Increased American military confidence and resentment of British redcoats

question

Colonial America smuggling and trading with French enemy

answer

Increased British government's disdain for colonial Americans and raised doubts about their loyalty to the empire

question

British issuance of the Proclamation of 1763

answer

Heightened colonial anger and encouraged illegal westward expansion

question

Braddock's defeat at Fort Duquesne

answer

Led to Washington's expedition and battle with the French at Fort Necessity

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