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1. Which of the following statements about children's motor development is true?

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a. Children develop motor skills in a consistent sequence. The age at which a child develops a motor skill may vary from one child to another. Both genetic codes and environment influence the development of motor skills. All of these.

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____ 2. The stages of information processing in memory are

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encoding, storage, and retrieval.

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____ 3. Atkinson and Shiffrin proposed the three stages of memory referred to as

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sensory, short-term, and long-term.

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____ 4. Humans experience a "stream of consciousness" rather than discrete choppy impressions because

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sensory memory briefly holds perceptions, making them seem connected.

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____ 5. Visual experience appears as a smooth and continuous "stream of consciousness" because of the combined action of __________ and __________.

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iconic memory: saccadic eye movements

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____ 6. Memory traces of sounds

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decay more slowly than those of visual stimuli.

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____ 7. What is the typical maximum number of chunks of information that can be held in short-term memory?

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seven

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____ 8. The way in which we conceptualize our worlds, our beliefs, and our expectations are built around cognitive structures called

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schemas.

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____ 9. The __________ model of memory proposes that memory consists of a single dimension that varies in depth.

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levels-of-processing

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____ 10. Which of the following is true regarding long-term memory organization?

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Long-term memory is usually well organized. People organize information according to a hierarchical structure. Categorization of stimuli is a basic cognitive function used to store information efficiently. all of these

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____ 11. In Ebbinghaus's classic curve of forgetting, the greatest memory loss occurs

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most rapidly just after the material is initially learned.

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____ 12. The structural changes in the brain that take place with the formation of new episodic memories most likely begin in the

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hippocampus.

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____ 13. What part of the memory system is the prefrontal cortex thought to be?

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executive center

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____ 14. George Miller found that the average person is able to keep about _______ digits in mind at a time.

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seven

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____ 15. Explicit memory, also called _________ memory, can be clearly stated or explained.

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declarative

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____ 16. The memory of things that happen to us or occur in our life are referred to as

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episodic memory.

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____ 17. General knowledge of history, algebra, and literature refers to __________ memory.

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semantic

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____ 18. The memory that tends to fail when we are feeling stressed, distracted, and preoccupied is called

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prospective memory.

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____ 19. Which of the following is NOT a psychological format that can be used to transform information to be encoded?

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sensory code

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____ 20. Mentally repeating a list or saying it to yourself refers to

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maintenance rehearsal.

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____ 21. The correct order of events in memory processing is

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encoding, storage, and retrieval.

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____ 22. The eyes fixate from point to point several times each second. What is this called?

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saccadic eye movements

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____ 23. The significance of Sperling's partial-report procedure study is that he established time limits for _____ memory.

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sensory

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____ 24. Information at the beginning and end of a list tends to be more easily recalled than information in the middle of the list. This cognitive process is called

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serial-position effect.

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____ 25. The process by which new information displaces older information in short-term memory could explain why

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the most recently learned bit of information is less likely to be forgotten. the least recently learned bit of information is more likely to be forgotten. both a and b

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____ 26. What is the third stage of information processing, according to Atkinson and Shiffrin?

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long-term memory

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____ 27. A psychology student wants to know how to remember the various aspects of operant conditioning. His teacher tells him to relate it to classical conditioning, which he already knows. This is an example of ______ rehearsal.

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elaborative

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____ 28. Emotionally charged events that arrest public interest, like the attacks of September 11, 2001, tend to be remembered as

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flashbulb memories.

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____ 29. Evidence from a number of studies demonstrates that recall is __________ when the person is tested in a place different from where the material was learned in the first place. These findings illustrate the significance of __________ memory.

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worse: context-dependent

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____ 30. In the effects of mood on memory, a happy mood may evoke happy memories, and a sad mood may evoke sad memories. What do these effects illustrate?

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state-dependent memory

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____ 31. Who pioneered the classic studies that first made use of nonsense syllables in the study of forgetting and memory?

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Hermann Ebbinghaus

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____ 32. What is the memory task for most of the items in a multiple-choice test, such as the one you are taking?

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recognition

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____ 33. The paired associates task is used to measure the ______ memory task.

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relearning

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____ 34. When an old piece of information interferes with your ability to learn something new, this memory problem is called ____________ interference.

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proactive

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____ 35. Which of the following statements is true regarding Freud's concept of repression?

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The desire to avoid painful memories motivates repression. Repression is an attempt to remove painful memories from conscious awareness. Evidence for repression is weak. All of these.

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____ 36. The lack of support for the existence of recovered memories is based on

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evidence that therapists may be suggesting traumatic memories. studies that show how easily false memories can be implanted through leading questions. both a and b

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____ 37. Which of the following is a physiological factor contributing to infantile amnesia?

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The hippocampus does not mature until about two years of age. The myelination of brain pathways is incomplete for the first few years of life. both b and c.

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____ 38. In __________ amnesia, there are memory lapses for the period following a trauma such as a blow to the head, electric shock, or a surgical operation.

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dissociative

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____ 39. When sea snails, such as Aplysia and Hermissenda, are conditioned, more of the neurotransmitter __________ is released at certain synapses.

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serotonin

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____ 40. All of the following naturally occurring chemical substances have been shown to play a role in memory EXCEPT

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dopamine and GABA.

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